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ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF INDIA

I9Z4-25

J F BLAKISTON

Offtaalai- />irn/o, CvnrJ of Inlueotjgu m India

CALCUTTA: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

CENTRAL PUBLICATION BRANCH

1927

P/Vf /}< JC-i'J ,>, //s tf.l.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.

FAOE.
SECTION I. CONSERVATION

INTRODUCTORY ............. 1

NORTHERN CIRCLE (Muhammadan and British Monuments} -
United Provinces

Agra . . 2

Sikandra ...... ... 3

Fathpur Sikn . . . .... 4

Jagner ... ... 5

Lucknow ...... ... .5

Jaunpur ....... .... .6

Benares ...... .... 6

Etawah . . .6

Sardhana .... .... 6

Gardens .... . 6

Miscellaneous ... . ..... 7

Delhi Province

Delhi . ... 7

Gardens 10

NORTHERN CIRCLE (Hindu and Buddhist Monuments)

Punjab

Baijnath .... 11

Suraj Kund .... U

United Provinces

Dwarahat 12

Garhwa .... 13

Bilsar 13

Kasia 13

Sarnath - - - ] *

FRONTIER CIRCLE (Muhammadan and British Monuments)
Punjab

Lahore Foft .... .15

Sh&lamar Gardens ... 16

Gulabi Bagh Gateway .16

Buddhu's Tomb . 16

Asaf Khan'a Tomb .... 16

North- West Frontier Province

Takht-i-Balii ' ... 16

SECTION L- CONSERVATION contd. PAGE.

m WESTEKX CIRCLE

Bombay Presidency and Sind -

Elephanta .... , . ... 17

Karla . .... 17

ShanwarWada 18

Nanaghat ... . 18

Sivneri .... ... 18

Sarnal 19

Ahmednagar 19

Jaigarh 19

Mohenjo-daro 20

Bijapur 20

Badami 21

Pattadkal and Aihole 21

Bhatkal 21

Sholapur 21

Ankai 21

Pratabgarh . 22

Ahmedabad 22

Mahmudabad 22

Hyderabad (Sind) 22

Naokot 22

CENTRAL CIRCLE

Bihar and Orissa

Nalanda 23

Bajgir 28

Colgong 2t>

Palamau ........ 29

Bhuvanesvar 29

Khandagiri and Udaigiri 30

Konarak 8

Cuttack 8 1

Central ProviDoes

Sirpur 3 1

Chanda 31

Balepur 32

Markandi 32

Akola 33

Kharod 33

Janjgir 33

Billiari 3 *

Buihanpur < 34:

Asirgarh 35

SECTION ICONSERVATION mf<7. PAGE.

EASTERN CIRCLE

Bengal

Raghurampur ............. 36

Sabhar .............. 37

Vishnupur ............. 37

Bahulara .............. 37

Kenduh .............. 37

Deopaia .............. 37

Kusumba ............. 37

Gaur .............. 37

Gaurangapur ............. 38

Kheraul .............. 38

Dacca .............. 38

Kampal .............. 38

Masjidpur ............. 38

Assam

Garligaon ............. 38

Sibsagar ............. 39

Kasomari Pathar ............ 39

SOUTHERN CIRCLE
Madras Presidency

Motupalle ............ 39

Masulipatam ............. 39

Bezwada .............. 39

Udayagin ........ ..... 39

Gooty .............. 40

Hampi .............. 40

Mahabalipurara .... ...... 40

Sadras . . ........... 40

Salem .............. 40

Gmgee ............. 41

Vellore .............. 41

West Coast ............ 41

Anjengo ......... ... 41

Coorg .............. 41

BURMA CIRCLE

Pagan . * ............. 41

Mandalay ............. 44

Amarapura ............. 44

Sagaing and Pegu ............ 44

Myohaung ... ..... . . . 44

RAJPUTANA AMD CIKVR&L INUJA-- t

Ajraer ..... ........ 46.

SECTION I. CONSERVATION *>nft2. 1>AGB -

, INDIAN STATES
Jaipur

Amber .... 45

Chhatarpur and Dhar

Khajuraho 46

Mandu 46

SECTION II EXPLORATION AND RESEARCH

NORTHERN CIRCLE (Hindu and Buddhist Monuments)
Punjab

Taxila 46

Chaitru M

FRONTIER CIRCLE
North- West Frontier Province

QasimKale 5I

Baluchistan 5l

Lum Mound near Sibi 62

Three mounds near Kuchlak 52

Mound at Saranan ^

But Kalan, Mastung 64

Safaid Bulandi Mound near Mastung 54

Sampur Mound, Mastung ^

The prehistoric civilization of the Indus 60

WESTERN CIRCLE
Sind

Mohenjo-daro .63

NORTHERN CIRCLE (Hindu and Buddhist Monuments)
Punjab

Harappa 73

^WESTERN CIRCLE
Bombay

Vaghli 80

Deolana 81

CENTRAL CIRCLE
Bihar and Orissa

Nalanda - S2

Kharaghpur Hills near Paharpur 86

EASTERN CIRCLE

Bengal

Bangpur District ... 86

Defensive works in N. R. Bengal .87

Dariyaon 88

Kanta Duar .... 89

Debipur 80

Fort at Bafa Beel 90

Bara-dargah 90

SECTION II. EXPLORATION AND KESEABOH-oe>n^. PAGE.

EASTERN CIRCLE contd.

Bengal contd. *

Rangpur District contd.

Baghduar 90

Maheshpur 90

The Great Wall 90

Cooch Bihar State

Gosanirnan 91

Dacca District

Mosque of Kartalab Khan 92

Murshidabad District

The Katra Masjid of Murshidabad . 92

Mughal Water forts

Fort at Idrakpur .... .93

Fort at Sonakanda 93

Fort at Khizrpur 94

Assam

Pre-Ahom Art and Architecture 94

Darrang District

Tezpur 94

A Saiva temple of the tenth century 95

A temple of the Sun 96

DahParbatiya 98

Bamuni Hill 100

Bishnath 100

Sibsagar District

Nignting 100

Kamrup District

Kamakhya 100

Umananda 101

N. E. Frontier Tract

Sadiya 101

Neolithic implements from the Abor country 102

SOUTHERN CIRCLE
Madras Presidency
Mahabahpurarn ,......- 102

BURMA CIRCLE

Hmawza 106

Sagaing 109

Tada-U 109

Pagan - UO

INDIAN MUSEUM (Superintendent, Arcbwological Section)
Mayurbhanj State

Khiching 131

Bengal
Sultanganj . 113

SECTION III. EPIGRAPHY
SANSKRIT EPIGRAPHY

Decipherment of inscriptions 114

Publications 116

Progress in the publication of South Indian Inscriptions (Texts) . . . .118
Tour in connection with the publication of the Epigraphia Indioa and the South

Indian Inscriptions (Texts) 118

FRONTIER CIRCLE 119

NORTHERN CIRCLE . H9

CENTRAL CIRCLE . no

WESTERN CIRCLK 119

SOUTHERN CIRCLE 120

BURMA CIRCLE 121

MOSLEM EPIGRAPHY 122

SECTION IV MUSEUMS- -

Indian Museum, Calcutta .... 125

Delhi Mustiun' 132

Peshawar Museum ............. 134

Sarnath Museum 135

Nalanda .Museum ............. 135

Museums in Burma 136

SECTION V OFFICERS ON SPECIAL DTJT*

Sir Aurel Stem's work .......... . 137

Mr F H. Andrews's work .138

SECTION VI ---ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMIST

Recipes for the cleaning of copper, bronze and silver objects .... 141

Paraffin paste treatment for the preservation of decaying stone 141

SECTION VII.- TREASURE TROVE-
NORTHERN CIRCLE

United Provinces ....... .... 142

FRONTIER CIRCLE-

North-West Frontier Province . . 143

Punjab . ... .... .143

WESTERN CIRCLE--

Bombay Presidency . ... 143

CENTRAL CIRCLE-

Bihar and Orissa .... 144

EASTERN CIRCLE- *

Assam . 145

SECTION VUL- -MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

Third Central Asian Expedition by Sir Aurel Stem, K.C.I.E., Ph.l>., Litt D., D So. . 145
A Mathura image of the Naga Dadhikarnna of the Kuuh.an period by Rai Bahadur Daya

Ram Sahni, M.A 149

Three unidentified Graeco- Buddhist reliefs by Mr. II. Hargreaves .... 150

Vll

^SECTION VIE MISCELLANEOUS NOTBS contd. PAOJB.

An ancient slate quarry in the Monghyr District, Bihar, by Mr. J. A. Page, A.R.LB.A. 152

Mediaeval images in the Eastern Circle by Mr. R. I). Banorji, M.A. .... 154

Note on an Ahom stone pillar inscription by Mr. K. N. Dikshit, M.A 157

Some Andhra coins from the Guntur District by Mr. C. R. Krishnamacharlu . . 158

-SECTION IX. INDIAN STATES WITH ARCHJEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENTS OF THEIR OWN

Hyderabad (Deccan)

Conservation 161

Kashmir

Exploration 162

Publications 162

Gwalior

Conservation ......... ... 163

Exploration 165

Epigraphy . . . . . . . - . . . .367

Numismatics ............. 168

Archaeological Museum . . . . . . - . . .169

Bhopal 169

.^SECTION X. DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES-
ANCIENT MONUMENTS PRESERVATION ACT AND LISTING OF MONUMENTS

United Provinces ...... 169

Delhi 169

Punjab 169

North- West Frontier Province 169

Bombay Presidency and Bind . . . . . . . . 170

Bihar and Orissa . . 171

Central Provinces and Berar . . . . . . . . .171

Bengal .... 172

Assam 172

Burma 172

Publications 173

Photographs

Director General 174

Northern Circle, Agra 174

Northern Circle, Lahore 174

Frontier Circle 174

Western Circle 174

Central Circle 175

Eastern Circle . 175

Southern Circle 176

Burma Circle , . 175

Archaeological Section of the Indian Museum 175

Assistant Superintendent for Epigraphy, Southern Circle > . .176
Drawings

Director General . ... 176

Northern Circle, Agra 176

SECTION X DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES contd. PAGE.

Drawings oontd.

Northern Circle, Lahore ........... 176

Frontier Circle 176

Western Circle 176

Central Circle 176

Eastern Circle 177

Southern Circlo 17T

Burma Circle ............. 17T

Personnel 177

APPENDICES-
APPENDIX A.- Expenditure on Office Establishment including Museums, Excavation,

etc 179

Conservation ........... 193

APPENDIX B List of exhibits acquired for the Indian Museum, Archseological Section 255

List of coins acquired for the Indian Museum, Archaeological Section . 258

List ol exhibits acquired for the Delhi Museum 263

List of coins acquired for the Delhi Museum ..... 264

List of exhibits acquired for the Taj Museum, Agra .... 267

List of antiquities found at Taxila and added to the Museum . 267

List of coins purchased for the Taxila Museum ..... 269

List of coins unearthed at Taxila ....... 269

APPENDIX C. Additions to Departmental Libraries 270-

LIST OF PLATES,

PULTE I. (a) European Rest House at Ram Bagh, Agra, before conservation.

(6) European Rest House at Ram Bagh, Agra, after conservation.

(d) Indian Rest House at Ram Bagh. Agra, after conservation.

M II. (a) Jagner Fort, the interior courtyard behind the 2nd entrance on the North,

before clearance

(b) Jagner Fort, the interior courtyard behind the 2nd entrance on the North,

after clearance.

(d) Sher Shah's gate at Delhi, from inside, after conservation.
^ III. (a) Dwarahat : Mntyunjaya temple, before conservation.

(6) Dwarahat * Mrityunjaya temple, after conservation.

(d) Dwarahat : Ban Deo temple, showing new plinth and back wall of the stkhara

after conservation.
ff IV. (a) Kasia : Monastery D, after conservation and removal of jungle.

(b) Kasia : Monastery D, showing the courtyard and well after removal of jungle

and debris.

from west.

(d) Samath : View of several stupas in the foiecourt of the Mam Shrine, after

conservation.
V. (a) Nalanda : Monastery No I-A, East side cells before repair ; from south.

(b) Nalanda : Monastery No. I-A, East side cells after conservation ; from south.

east

(d) Nalanda : Monastery No. I-A, East external wall after repair , from north-

east.

VI. (a) Nalanda Monastery No. I-B, Internal court as excavated, showing stair in

north-east corner and east wall under repair , from south.

(b) Nalanda : Monastery No. I-B, Internal coint, after conservation.

later brick facing and earlier structure below, as excavated ; from south-
east corner.

(d) Nalanda : Monastery No. 4, East external wall around santum, showing

later facing supported on a series of concrete lintels ; from south-east.
VII. (a) Pagan : Dhammayazika Pagoda.

(b) Pagan . Plan of Dhammayazika Pagoda.

VIII. (a) Taxila : View of excavations on the Bhir Mound, looking East.
(6) Taxila : A soak- well m the Bhir Mound.

(d) Taxila : Decorated vase showing Hellenistic influence. Ht. 6^*.

IX. Taxila: Specimen* from the hoard of 1167 punch-marked Indian, Greek and^
" Persian coins found in the Bhir Mound.

X. Taxila : General view of Blocks B and C, Sirkap, from the East.

PLATE XI. Taxila : Figs. 1 to 10. Gold jewellery and miscellaneous objects, etc., from^

Sirkap.

Taxila : Figs. 11 and 12. Seals from the Bhir Mound.
XII. Taxila : Miscellaneous objects from Sixkap.

XIII. Taxila: Fig. 1, Grindstone from Sirkap, Ht. 2]".

Taxila : Fig. 2, " Offering tanks " beside stupa m Sirkap.

Taxila : Fig. 3. The same " offering tanks " cleared of earth. Dianas, ranging
from 11 \" to 15".

XIV. (a) Chaitru. Kangra District : View of the Bhimtilla showing basement of three -

small stupes, after excavation.

(6) Andhra coins from Penumuli.
,, XV. (o) Sampur Mound, Mastung.

(&) Sampur Excavations : Vessels in situ. Trenches B and G.

(d} Sampur Excavations . Nine large excvated vessels.

(/) Sampur Excavati ons : Silver vase from Trench A.

(g) Sampur Excavations : Drinking cups frc ai Trench A.

(h) Sampur Excavations : Miniature wheel-turned wares.

() Sampur Excavations : Hand -made vessels.
XVI. Mohenjo-daro : Contour plan of ancient sites.

XVII.' (a) Mohenjo-daro : Site A, before excavation, from north-west.

(b) Mohenjo-daro : Room at north-east end of Site B with herring-bone masonry,

from north-west.

XVIII. (a) Mohenjo-daro : General view of well and pavements in Site C, from north-
west.

(b) Mohenjo-daro : Site C, passage to south of well showing drains and three
periods of construction, from south-west.

(<?) Mohenjo-daro : Site D (West), building at north end, general view from north-
east

(d) Mohenjo-daro : Site D, general view of drains in courtyard.

XIX. (c) Mohenjo-daro : Substantially built structure m centre of Site E, eastern

building after excavation ; from north-east.

(b) Mohenjo-daro : Site E, western building room in which the jewellery deposit
was found, from north-east.

,, XX. (a) Mohenjo-daro : Copper jar containing jewellery and another vase as found in

Site E.

(b) Mohenjo-daro : Site E, a necklace from jewellery find.

(d) Mohenjo-daro : Site E, pointed gold and other head ornaments from jewellery

find.

() Mohenjo-daro : Gold, silver and stone beads from jewellery find.
(/) Mohenjo-daro : Copper lids and vases found along with the jewellery in Site
E.

XXI, (a) Mohenjo-daro : Copper chisel, bar, double axe and other implements.

(b) Mohenjo-daro : Umnscribed ivory objects found in excavations.
(<0 l Mohenjo-daro : Paste ornaments found in excavation*.
(<0 Mohenjo-daro : Stone beads and pendent* found in excavations.

PLATE XXII. (a) Mohenjo-daro : 16 prominent seals found in excavations.

(b) Mohenjo-daro : 13 terracotta impressions and an inscribed terracotta bangle

found in excavations.

a rhinoceros, an elephant and a gavial found in Site A.

(d) Mohenjo-daro : Terracotta figurines and animals found in excavations.
XXIII. - Mohenjo-daro : Well-preserved painted vase found in excavations.

XXIV.- (a) Harappa : Mound F, a burial structure resembling a modern samadhi un-
earthed in Trench A (e).

(b) Harappa : Mound F, a burial structure resembling a modern tamadhi un-

earthed in Trench A (e).

walls with an open corridor between them.

(d) Harappa : Mound F, contents of a cinerary jar (A (/) 317).

(e) Harappa: Mound F, stone obelisk (ht. 11") found in Trench A ().
XXV. (a) Harappa Mound B, general view from east.

(b) Harappa : Mound B, a large brick building.

mouth downwards.

(d) Harappa : Mound B, a double burial structure.

V", XXVI.- (a) Harappa : Mound B, a large collection of animals' bones.

(b) Harappa : Mound B, pit I, a large dram with gabled roof.

(d) Harappa : A large sized ring of polished stone.
V, XXVII. (a-i) Harappa . Terracotta and other objects.

XXVIII. (1-28) Harappa : Seals and other objects.
., XXIX. Nalanda : Plan of Excavations, 1924-25.
' XXX. (a) Nalanda : Squaie chaitya m courtyard of Monastery No. 1.

(&) Nalanda : Square chaitya in courtyard of Monastery No. 1, after removal of
north-east corner.

cavation and underpinning of wall in pi ogress ; from south-west.

(d) Nalanda Site No. 5, Stair as excavated in 1924-25 ; from south-east.
XXXI . (a) Rampart and moat between Bengal and Kantaduar , District Bangpnr.

(fo) Mughal Fort at Kedderpur or Narayanganj.

(d) Mam shrme of Kamakhya, plinth moulding and dado.

XXXII. (a) Yamuna from the foot of the left door- jamb, Bah Parbatiya, District Darning.

(b) Ganga from the foot of the right dooi-jamb, Dah Parbatiya, District Darrang.

Darrang

(d) Pillar of the early Gupta type in Planters' Club at Tezpu*.
XXXIII. (a) Mahabahpuram : Arjuna's penance, before repair.

(b) Mahabalipuram : Arjuna's penance, after repair.

(d) Mahabalipuram : Arjuna's penance, detail of the penitent cat.

XXXIV. (a) Seated Buddha found in a relic chamber of the Dhammayazika Pagoda,
Pagan.

(b) A subsidiary temple on the platform of the DhamiicayazikA Pagoda, Pagan.

gyon Village, Hmawza, Old Prome.

PLATE XXXTVomfcZ.

(d) Terracotta plaque found in the excavation at a mound neat Kinmungyon

Vilkge, Hmawza, Old Prome.

(e) Seated Buddha flanked by a disciple (frament only) found at Hmawza, Old

Prome.

(/) Seated Buddha (headless) found at Hmawza, Old Prome.
(g) Seated Buddha flanked by a disciple (fragment only) fooud at Hmawza, Old

Prome.

(h) Seated Buddha found in a ruined temple near Ananda Pagoda, Pagan.
XXXV. (a) Fragments of door-jambs recovered from the Khandiya Deul at Khiohing,

Mayurbhanj.
(6) Female figure with child recovered from Khandiya Deul, Khiching.

(d) Three female figures, recovered from the Khandiya Deul at Khiching.

(e) Siva Nataraja from Khiching.

XXXVI. (a) Sarnath, bronze casket with domical lid.

(6) Sarnath, Buddhist monk's bottle of bronze.

(d) Sun image in a niche from Bhumara. Gupta period.

(e) Siva Nataraja from Chittagong, Bengal.

XXXVII. (a) Chaturmukha linga from Java : figure of Suiya.

(b) Chaturmukha linga from Java : figure of Vishnu.

XXXVIII. (a) Siva Nataraja from Southern India.

(b) Garuda from Panchasara near Rampal, District Dacca.

(d) Coins of new type acquired for the Indian Museum.

(e) Coins of new type acquired for the Indian Museum.
(/) Inscribed Lakshmi-Narayana from Mathura. Front.
(g) Inscribed Lakshmi-Narayana from Mathura. Back.

XXXIX. (a) Avalokitesvara from Bandarbazar, District Sylhet.
(6) Tnvikrama from Jora Deul, District Dacca.

(d) i. The Temptation. 11. Buddha with three mutilated persons.

(e) A novel representation of the Bath of the Bodhisattva.
XI* (o) Image of Naga Dadhikarna found at Mathura.

(b) Fish incarnation of Vishnu at Bajrajogim, near Rampal, District Dacca.

(d) Wooden image of Vishnu from Muradnagar, District Tippera.

(e) Chandi (?) from Sonarang, Dacca Museum.

(/) Buddhist (?) goddess from Tippera District (Dacca Museum).

XLI. (a) Facade of Cave No. 4 at Bagh (Gwahor State). Before clearance of debris.

(6) Facade of Cave No. 4 at Bagh (Gwahor State). After clearance of debris.

(d) Interior of Cave No. 5 at Bagh (Gwalior State). After clearance of debris.

XLII. (a) The Samrat yantra and Narivalaya yantra in Jaieingh's ^observatory at Ujjain

1 p (Gwahor State). After conservation.

(ft) The Digamna yantra in Jftiwngh's observatory at Ujjam( Gwahor State).
After restoration.

PLATE XLUcantd.

(d) Some images from the rums of Jama temples at Budlii Chanderi (Gwalior

State), collected and arranged after clearance of site.

XLIIL (a) A large brick building excavated in a mound at Pawaya (Gwalior State).
(6) Terracotta heads and carved bricka excavated at Pawaya (Gwalior State)

(d) Piece of lintel of a large gateway excavated at Pawaya (Gwalior State).

(e) Brahmamcal rock-cut sculptures near Budhi Chanderi (Gwalior Htate)

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF INDIA

FOR THE YEAR
1924-25

SECTION I

CONSERVATION

TT is with much regret that I have to record the great loss that the Introductory

* Archaeological Department has sustained by the untimely death of Dr.

D. B. Spooner, O.B.E., B.A., Ph.D., on January 30th, 1925. Dr. Spooner was

a scholar of rare distinction and had served in the Department from the

year 1906, where he did extremely good work in an unassuming manner.

He commenced his career in the Archaeological Department as Superintendent

of the Frontier Circle being afterwards transferred in the same capacity to the

Eastern Circle which in those days included what is now the Central and

Eastern Circles. In the year 1917 he was appointed Deputy Director General

which post he held till the time of his death. He officiated as Director General

several times during Sir John Marshall's absence and should under ordinary

circumstances have been editing this report. During the period when the report

is usually compiled Sir John Marshall was very much occupied in conducting

the excavations (1925-26) in Sind and therefore the task of editing it has

fallen upon me and I should acknowledge the very great assistance which Rai

Bahadur Daya Bam Salmi has given me in its execution.

The grant for the conservation of our ancient monuments was the same
as that for the previous year viz. Rs. 6,52,200 while for exploration Rs. 12,000
were allotted. But notwithstanding the fact that a considerably larger amount
could have been expended without difficulty, plenty of useful work has been*
undertaken and carried out, to which assertion is is hoped the following pages
will testify.

CONSERVATION 2

Northern "A sum of Rs. 1,32,033 was spent on the conservation of Muhammadan

Circle an British Monuments in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Out of

United j.y g amoun tj R B . 51,202 weie expended by the Archaeological Superintendent

Muhammadan (^ 8 - 22 > 159 on special repairs and Rs. 29,043 on annual repairs) and Rs. 39,995

and British by the Public Works Department (Rs. 20,425 on special repairs and Rs. 19,570

Monuments annual repairs) and the balance of Rs. 40,836 went to the maintenance of

Khan Sahib f , i / j

MaulviZafar the archaeological gardens.

Haaan " The repairs and maintenance of the protected monuments in the Agra

Agra* District, the execution of which, as remarked in the last year's report, has

been transferred to the Archaeological Department, were carried out depart-
mentally. They consisted of no less than 9 works of a special nature, besides
a large number of petty works executed in connection with annual repairs.
At the Agra Fort the conservation of the Moti Masjid, Machhi Bhawan and
Jahangiri Mahal was continued from the last year and the pavement of the
courtyard to the north of Jahangiri Mahal was completed. The outer court-
yard to the east of the Mahal is also to be paved and this it is proposed to
take in hand next year. Among the minor works executed at the Fort
were the relaying of part of the missing pavement of the Akbari Mahal
and the dismantling and rebuilding of the east guUasta of the north gate
in the fore-court of the Diwan-i-Am which was in imminent danger of col-

( At the Taj Mahal the chief work undertaken was the dismantling and
re-constructing of the dome surmounting the north-west minar. Owing to the
rusting of the central iron rod the maujpatti or lotus cresting had cracked and
the finial had become very shaky. The rod has been replaced by a new
galvanised one and the maujpatti and finial reset. The work although a small
one required a very high and strong scaffolding which formed the heaviest item
in its cost. Other works executed at the Taj were the repairs to the roofs
of the colonnades surrounding the fore-court, underpinning and pointing the
compartments and verandahs of the enclosure used as a chick nursery and
filling up the open joints in the parapet walls of the mosque and jawab making
them water-tight.

" Mention should also be made of the replacement of the old underground
lighting cable at the Taj by a new armoured cable, a work which was executed
under the direction of the Electrical Engineer, United Provinces. The old cable
which had been in position for more than thirteen years, had become defective
and often the lighting, particularly in the shrine, was interrupted. The new
cable, which is of an improved type, should put an end to this trouble. Now
that Agra hf.s been provided with an electrical installation it is under considera-
tion as to whether it will not be more economical and satisfactory to obtain
current from the city supply and put the Taj engine to other uses.

" At the Ram Bagh the modern additions which had been made to the
old baradaris werr dismantled and the baradaris restored. The Ram Bagh is
one of the oldest Mughal gardens in India, its present name being, probably,
the corruption of Aram Bagh (the garden of rest). Of its ancient buildings.

CONSERVATION

only a few chhatris and a marble platform with a central tank and a baradari United
on either side now exist. These baradaws were transformed sometime ago into Provinces
two rest houses, one for Europeans and the other for Indians. But as they

lay outside the city, where there are now a number of European and Indian Monuments
hotels, they had ceased to perform their original functions and it was, therefore,
considered desirable to dismantle them and bring back the old baradaris as
far as possible to their former form. The removal of modern additions revealed
many interesting features which have been restored (Plate J). The work is
still in progress and will be completed next year.

" In consequence of heavy rain and abnormal floods in the Jumna river
in the month of October, the compound walls of several buildings particularly
of those standing on the river bank viz. the Khan-i-Alam garden near the
Taj, Itimad-ud-Daulah, Chini-ka-Rauza and Ram Bagh were badly damaged-
A special estimate for their immediate repairs was framed and the damage
was made good. For future record stone tablets indicating the highest flood
level and the date (7th October 1924) have been set in the river-side walls of
the Khan-i-Alam garden and the Ram Bagh ; at Itimad-ud-Daulah the record
was engraved on the north plinth of the pavilion facing the Jumna.

" At the Roman Catholic Cemetery the Padre Santos' Chapel has been
provided with new iron grated doors, and the missing facing stones on the
dome of the tomb adjacent to that of Thomas Gunner have been replaced*
by new ones. Many dilapidated tombs have been thoroughly repaired and
a portion of the compound wall which collapsed in the heavy rain, mentioned
above, has been rebuilt. The work of extending the archaeological office building
continued from the last year, has been completed. The extension consists
of two rooms for the accommodation of Conservation Assistants and drafts-

men.

"At Akbar's tomb, Sikandra, the restoration of the west end of the Sikandta
western causeway mentioned in the last year's report has been executed. The
estimate for the work amounted to Rs. 5,700, but byre-using the old serviceable
stones and with the low tender rate, it was completed at a cost of Rs. 3,638
only, and the saving of Rs. 2,061 has been re-appropriated for other works.
The mosaic work at the Akbar's tomb which consists of white marble set in
red sand-stone shows signs of decay, and many of its inlaid pieces have become
loose or have disappeared. The restoration of this whole inlay ornamentation
is a very big work, requiring a special estimate and grant. A start was, however,
made on it during the year under report out of the annual repairs grant and
it is proposed to do it gradually as far as funds permit. ^At Maryam's tomb
the decayed stone brackets in one of the south-east chhatrls were replaced by
new ones and a shaft which was out of plumb was dismantled and rebuilt.
The roof of the Kanch Mahal was made water-tight and a few broken patches
hi its floor were repaired. The tube well at the Kanch Mahal which was
being constructed by the Public Health Department has be*n completed. The.
proposal is to provide an engine and pumping plant for the irrigation of
the garden in Akbar's tomb. An estimate for the erection of an engine

o 2

CONSERVATION

Northern
Circle

Maulvi JfcJar
Hasan

Fathpw Sikri

house has been prepared and this will be undertaken departmentally next
year. Petty repairs were carried out at Sadiq Khan's and Salabat Khan's
tombs, where the approach path to the extent of some 350 ft. was
remetalled.

" At Fathpur Sikri the paved pathway to the Rang Mahal which was
commenced last year has been completed. The palace is reputed to be the
birfch place of the Emperor Jahangir, but the statement does not receive any
support from original historical works. The Emperor Akbar had lost several
of his children before Jahangir was born and he was very anxious that a
son should survive to succeed him on the throne. Jahangir writes in his
Memoirs " At the time when my venerated father was on the look out
for a son, a dervish of the name of Shaikh Salim, a man of ecstatic
condition, who had traversed many of the stages of life, had his abode
on a hill near Sikri, one of the villages of Agra, and the people of that
neighbourhood had complete trust in him. As my father was very submis-
sive to dervishes, he also visited him. One day when waiting on him and in
a state of distraction, ho asked him how many sons he should have. The
Skaikh replied, 'The Giver who gives without being asked will bestow three
sons on you.' My father said, ' I have made a vow that, casting my first
son on the skirt o| your favour, I will make your friendship and kindness his
protection and preserver'". 1 According to a local tradition Akbar ordered the
erection of the Rang Mahal, when he learnt of the possibility of a child being
born and sent his wife to stay there in close vicinity to the Saint ; but
there is nothing to prove that the birth of Jahangir actually took place in
that palace. On the contrary the Emperor says, " When my mother came near
the lime of her delivery, he (Akbar) sent her to the Shaikh's house that J
might be born there." 2 It seems that the queen stayed in the Rang Mahal
with all her establishment, but repaired to the Saint's house for the auspicious
event. The assumption that the palace was constructed for the special purpose
of the stay of Jahangir 's mother appears to have given rise to the tradition
that the Emperor was born there. The Rang Mahal is, therefore, the first
palace built by Akbar at Fathpur Sikri, which he subsequently made his capi-
tal and embellished with magnificient and ornate buildings which still attract
people from afar. The palace lies in the neighbourhood of the residential
houses of the Pirzadas or the descendants of Shaikh Salim Ohishti, and as
the approach to it led through the compounds of their houses, it was not
without inconvenience that visitors could inspect it. The pathway has given
an easy access to the building which is now more frequently visited by the

public.

"Repairs were undertaken at the Chor Darwaza, one of the several gate-
Ways of the walled town of Fathpur Sdkri, which had been badly damaged
by the heavy rain mentioned above and stood in need of immediate repairs.

1 The Tiwmk-i- Jahangin or Memoirs of Jahangir, English translation by Kogre ard Beveridgo, gage 2.
Op. eft.

CONSERVATION

At the palaces the chief works executed unde/ the head of annual repairs were United
as follows : Provinces

(a) Restoration of the building known as the kitchen.
(6) Repairs to Chanderpol Darwaza which included the repaying of it* Monument!
floor with coursed rubble masonry, relaying its roof with concrete
and underpinning and pointing its walla.

" The contribution works at the Dargah of Shaikh Sahm (Jhiahti mentioned
in the last year's report have been completed. Other works executed under
this head were the paving of the chabutra to the east of Nawab Islam Khan's
tomb and the clearance of the birkha or the water reservoir under the court-
yard of the Dargah opposite the Badshahi Gate. The birklia consists of a
vast water tank surrounded by arched galleries with a staircase descending to
it from the pavement of the courtyard. On account of the scarcity of drink-
ing water at Fathpur Sikri it was constructed to collect rain water from the
roof of the shrine of the Saint and the neighbouring buildings. This purpose
it still serves and supplies drinking water to devotees urid the public, residing
in the neighbourhood. But for a very long time it had not been cleaned,
with the result that a considerable quantity of mud hud accumulated in it.
The work, however, was made easy by the discovery of an outlet which WHS'
not known before. A plan of the reservoir indicating the outlet has been pre-
pared and it will now be possible to clean the tank annually.

" The old lort of Jagner which stands on the top of a rocky hill is related Jttgner
to owe its origin to the Hindu rulers of the country, but it was rebuilt during
the time of the Emperor Akbar, as recorded by a Nagan inscription dated
Sambat 1628 (1571 A.D.) on the red sandstone gateway of its inner court.
In the year 1915 a conservation note was drawn up for its repairs by the
late Mr. Gordon Sanderson, who had, however, suggested that no extravagant
programme for the restoration of the structure should be embarked upon, but
the fort and the buildings contained in it should be rescued from falling into
total rum. Initial measures of conservation, however, had not been undertaken
before the year under report. All the jungle growing on the walls of the fort
and on the buildings has now been removed, and the inner courtyard together
with the gateways has been cleared of debris (Plate TI, a and 6). The cracked
lintels two in the gateway of the inner court and one in the main entrance
to the north were supported by rubble masonry pierK.

"At Lucknow the special repairs to the Kazmain continued from the
year have been completed, and the Hurrounding chambers used as residences
were evacuated. The paving of the inner compound with small lakhauri brick*
and the clearance of the chambers mentioned above, of mud infilling^ and
unsightly straw ckhappars erected by their occupants have resulted in a marked
improvement to the building. Other works earned out a Lucknow weie-
repairs to certain monuments damaged by floods and the renewal of a wheel
of one of the cannon at the Residency.

Northern
Circle

Kbfeit Sahib
Maulvl Zafar
Hasan

Jaunpur

Benares

Etawah

Gardens

CONSERVATION 6

" At Jaunpur repairs were undertaken at the Jami mosque where the ablu-
tion tank, which leaked was made water-tight, cracks in the west wall filled
in, and broken parnalas replaced by new ones. The floors of the gateway of
the Fort and of hammam were relaid with kankar and the open joints in the
ashlar masonry on the west front of the gate Were pointed. The floor of the
Sherzaman Khan-ka-Rauza, which had been dug up by porcupines, was also
laid with concrete, and a new wire fencing was provided to the approach road
at the south end of the Sai bridge at Sikrara.

" At Benares the water-pipe supplying water to the tank in the Aurangzeb's
mosque was refixed and wooden doors were provided to the opening of the
north stairway leading to the roof. The ground adjoining the Battis Khamba
was levelled and the chabutra exposed ; at the same time the grave to the
south was repaired and made tidy.

" In the Etawah District the dilapidated gateways of the Ekdil and Ajitmal
Sarais were repaired. In the former a broken arch was supported by a brick
masonry relieving arch and the loose facing stones together with a few Majja
slabs and brackets were reset. At the Ajitmal Sarai the broken arch of the
west gateway was rebuilt and the cracks in the roof were grouted. Wooden doors
were provided to the entrance of the staircase leading to the roof, and the decayed
brick-work of the northern chhatn was repaired. The sarais of Ekdil and Ajit-
rnal lie on the Etawah-Kalpi Road, about 6 and 24 miles respectively from
Etawah. The Ekdil Sarai bears an inscription on its east gate to the effect
that it Was constructed by one Ekdil Khan m the year 1046 A. H. (1636-7
A. D.). The Ajitmal Sarai is approximately of the same date. Both these
Sarais stand on the ancient road passing through Agra and Etawah to
Bengal.

" At Sardhana the dilapidated graves in the Roman Catholic Cemetery were
repaired. As mentioned in the last year's report it was agreed to pay a moiety
of the expenditure incurred by the Mission on the repairs to the Roman Catholic
Church of Sardhana. A sum of Rs. 7,500 was paid to the Mission last year
and the balance of Rs. 2,367-8-0 was given during the year under report.

'' The Ta] Mahal gardens were maintained in good condition throughout the
vear, The new floral scheme and the introduction of more coloured foliage
plants into the shrubberies had a very satisfactory effect. A large number of
new rose trees was obtained and planted in the rose gardens which have there-
by been considerably improved. The canna gardens were also well looked after
and gave a good show of bloom. The lawns are gradually being taken in hand,
four plots having been trenched and regrassed during the year under report.
Some gold fish were obtained and placed in the central tank, which was fur-
ther improved by the planting of some lotus plants presented by Mr. R. L.
Clarke, the Commissioner of Agra. The nurseries at the Khan-i-Alam garden
supplied all the .plants required in the other archaeological gardens at Agra,
and in addition contributed considerably to the revenue. Propagation received
due attention, and the sweet pea collection in particular wa* much improved.

CONSERVATION

The lower part of the nurseries suffered some damage from the floods and United
a number of chrysanthemums and other plants were destroyed. Provinces

"At the Fort efforts were made to improve the shrubberies, climbers and

turf which still are not very satisfactory. In the Itiniadu-d-Daulah garden Monument*

the lawns and shrubberies received due attention. A few trees were removed

from the shrubberies to let in more light, and new shrubs were planted where

necessary. The shrubberies really require entire replanting, but this is not

feasible until the proposed conservation of the causeways has been completed.

At the Rambagh a large number of fruit trees were planted, and from the

present rate of progress it is believed that the whole garden will be replanted

in the course of the next two or three years. The Jumna floods did great

damage here, nearly all the newly planted trees having been destroyed. As far as

possible all this damage has been repaired, but considerable labour was entailed

in clearing the garden of silt and rubbish left behind by the floods. The

Chini-ka-Rauza garden and the old Roman Catholic Cemetery received the

usual attention and at the latter casuaripas were planted along the boundary

walls.

" The extensive grounds of Akbar's tomb, Sikandra, were kept as neat
as possible. A few shrubberies were planted along the sides of the newly
paved causeways to the west of the tomb, and all gaps were filled where
necessary in the old shrubberies. Casualties in the groups of trees planted the
previous year Were replaced. The planting of an avenue of pines (Pinus
lomjifolia) from the main entrance to the tomb platform is under consideration.
Pines were included in the original planting of this garden and they would
therefore be appropriate

" The Residency Garden and the grounds attached to the Nadan Mahal
and Ibrahim Chishti's Tomb at Lucknow were maintained in good condition
throughout the year and kept neat and tidy.

" At the Khusro Bagh, Allahabad, the central portion only of the garden
round the tombs, embracing an area of about six acres has been accepted by
the Archaeological Depaitment. Hitherto this area has not been an independent
section, but a scheme tor its lay out has been prepared in order to provide
the tombs with a suitable setting.

" It was mentioned last year that the Archaeological and Military areas
in the Fort at Agra had been separated and that the small charge of two
annas a head was levied. It may be of interest now to note that a sum of
Rs. 8,011* has been realised at the gate during the year under review,
and that this sum added to Rs. 3,415 received from shopkeepers licensed to
trade in the Archaeological area fully repays in the first full year's work-
ing the original cost of the undertaking.

" Out of a sum of Rs. 83,023 spent on the conservation and maintenanc
of Muhammadan and British Monuments in the Delhi Province Rs. 17,170 was Province
expended on special repairs, Rs. 18,274 on annual repairs and* Rs. 47,579 on the Muhammadan
maintenance of gardens. On account of the limited grant tor conservation, only Monuments
a lew works of a special nature were carried out during the year the chief

CONSERVATION

Northern
Circle .

MaulviZafar

of these being the repairs to Sher Shah's gateway opposite the Parana Qila
(Hate II c and d), which was one of the city gates of Sher Shah's Delhi. To
the east of it is a long range of compartments on either side of the road
which passes through the gate. These compartments, which are supposed to
have originally belonged to a bazar, are in an advanced state of decay, and
the only measures of conservation undertaken here were to clear them of
debris and make their walls water-tight in order to prevent them from falling
into total ruin The northern bastion of the gate and the connecting wall
which had been in a crumbling state were repaired and strengthened with a
rubble masonry buttress. On the south a portion of the parapet and a few
l)ioken merlons crowning it Were rebuilt, and their original features, the arrow
slits and the machic&uhs, restored. The work is still in progress and will be
completed next year.

"Connecting the Fort gardens with the permanent irrigation water supply,
a Work which was commenced last year, has been completed. Another engineer-
ing Work in connexion with the gardens was the deepening of a well to the
west of the Qutb areas and providing it with a steam elevator to supply water
to the Qutb gardens.

" At Humayun's tomb a portion of the east enclosure wall which collapsed
last year during the rains has been rebuilt. The mortuary chambers under the
terrace containing a large number of graves oi the members of the royal
Mughal family were cleaned of rubbish and the floor of a few* of them laid
with concrete. At the same time the loose paving stones at the south-west
corner of the terrace were reset and made water-tight and the broken slabs
under the pa-malas replaced by new ones. The enclosure wall of Isa Khan's
Mausoleum together with the dwarf wall round the main tomb were extensively
underpinned and rebuilt where broken. At Safdarjang's tomb the loose stone
railings on eithei side of the staircases leading to the raised terrace were reset
and the missing jalis at the tomb proper and the south staircase were renewed.
The floors of the chhatris standing at the four corners of the enclosure Were
relaid with concrete and new chhajjas, where such were missing, were provided.

" Repairs were also executed at the Moth-ki-Masid where the back wall
and especially the corner turrets Were underpinned and liberally treated with
grouling. The open chambers on the first storey of these turrets together with
the projecting windows on the north and south had their floors relaid with
concrete, and the broken plaster was secured. The mosque is a very^ interesting
structure of the Lodi period, and the following story is related in the Khula-
eatu-t-Tawarikh 1 about its erection and explains the origin of its curious name
" moth '* which is an Indian pulse.

" One day Sultan Sikandar Lodi (1488-1517) saw a grain of mvth in the

Jami Mosque which lie held up and handed over to his wise and sagacious

minister Mian Bhoia (Farishta part I, p. 191 has Bhura) who made an obei-

" sauce and took it. " The latter considered that, as the grain had received the honoui

1 Khulagatu-t-Tawwikh by Sujan Rai of fiatalft, dited by Mawlvi Zafsr Hasan, 1918, p. 228.

9 CONSERVATION

of the touch of the emperor's hand, he should make arrangements to give it Delhi
an everlasting fame. He accordingly sowed it in the orchard attached to his Province
house, and the plant which grew from it yielded more than 200 grains. They J^^nS
were multiplied by this process for several years, until from their produce he Monument*
acquired a large sum of money, which he spent in building an imposing mosque
in the city of Delhi. He informed the emperor of the erection of the mosque,
and the story of the grain of moth, and the mosque was thereafter known
as Moth-ki-Masjid.

" Other buildings which received attention were the Bijai Mandal and the
domed tomb immediately below it to the west. According to Sayyid Ahmad
Khan the Bijai Mandal Was a tower in Jahanpanah, the city of Delhi founded
by Muhammad Shah Tughlaq, and its original name was Badi Manzil. Ad-
joining the Mandal on the east, at a lower level, is a dilapidated structure
with heavy grey stone pillars supporting a flat roof which extends as an open
terrace, while on its north and west is a high mound of earth marking probably
the remains of other ancient buildings lying buried under it. A flight of steps
and an open passage were, however, disclosed this year at the south-east cor-
ner and at the back of the domed tomb m the course of removing earth for the
drainage of rain Water. These steps and the passage have been exposed to
view and it is not unlikely that the clearance of the mound may result in
new interesting discoveries. Conservation measures applied to the domed tomb
included the provision of an iron bar in each of its open archways to keep
out cattle, making water-tight its roof and rebuilding the broken clerestory
windows. At the Bijai Mandal the west wall has been pointed, while breast
Walls have been built at the openings in the winding staircase to prevent
accidents.

" At the tomb of Ghiyasu-d-Din Tughlaq the underground chambers to the
west were cleared of the earth and debris accumulated there, and the bulg-
ing stones in the facing of the outer entrance were dismantled and reset. The
former work was executed departmentally. It was believed that the graves of
Ghiyasu-d-Din Tughlaq, his wife and Muhammad Shah Tughlaq lying in the
central shrine were merely cenotaphs, while their real sepulchres were in a
crypt beneath them, with an underground passage opening into it. Explora-
tion undertaken met with no success however except to prove that the graves
are real ones and that there is no vault or cell under them. At the Khirki
Masjid a glazed earthenware pipe line has been laid to drain off rain water
from the excavated area round the building, and the broken patches in the
lower cells have been underpinned. The Wooden doors of the mosque have
also been repaired arid covered with galvanized iron sheets to protect them
against the attacks of porcupines. In the Delhi Fort the tahkkana under the
Bang Mahal, which is used as a godown for the Museum, was paved with
brick, and the carved marble plinth stone in the central arch of the Mumtaz
Mahal was restored.

" Among the minor works may be mentioned (a) the replacement of the
turnstile at the entrance to the Hauz Khas enclosure by an iron wicket gate ;

CONSERVATION

Northern
Circle

Khan Sahib
Maulvi Zafar
Hatan

Gardens

(b) the erection of rubble masonry steps bridging over the wire fencing on the
pathway to Muhammad Shah's tomb at Khairpur ; (c) repairs to the roof,
parapet walls and chhajja of the baradari surrounding the Raushanara's
tomb, and fixing wire netted frames in the openings of its corner
chhatris ; (d) pointing the arches and walls of the Kashmiri Gate ; and (e)
rebuilding the broken steps and making water-tight the roof of the Chauburji
Mosque.

" At the Delhi Fort Garden the usual standard of efficiency was main-
tained except in the case of the lawns which deteriorated on account of the
appearance of several troublesome types of weeds, the seeds of which are in-
troduced by the Jumna water pumped into the garden for irrigation. Steps
have been taken for hand weeding, but for the proper maintenance of lawns
it is very necessary to make use of seed niters, if possible, in the new irriga-
tion system.

" The garden of Humayun's tomb has improved steadily in response to
the more liberal New Capital Water Supply installed last year. The soil which
had been impregnated with salt from the brackish well water is gradually
becoming fresh and clear again, and this helped a great deal in making the
flower scheme successful. The number of casualties amongst the trees and
shrubs was very small. At the garden of Safdar Jang's tomb a start Was
made on the new scheme of lay out which, it is hoped, will be completed
next year. In the Purana Qila grounds the improvements which took place
last year by the introduction of the New Capital Water Supply was maintained,
although minor difficulties were experienced on account of the new lines being
partially blocked up, at times, through silt accumulating in them. The uneven
surface of the lawns, due to sinkage and the porous nature of the soil referred
to in the last year's report, still exists owing to lack of funds for re-dressing.
The garden of the Kotla Firoz Shah suffered badly from lack of water at the
commencement of the year. The electrical pump in the baoli Was abandoned
on the connection of the garden pipes with New Capital Water Supply, but
it was not until the month of May that Water Was made available from the
new source. The supply, however, rapidly improved matters and an excellent
monsoon was further helpful in making and maintaining the whole ground
a pleasant green.

" The water supply in the Hauz Khas grounds was sufficient and the garden
was in good condition throughout the year. At the garden of the Qutb Minar
extreme difficulty was experienced in maintaining the general flora during the
spring and early summer months, although very few casualties occurred. The
well to the east of the garden, which had been rapidly deteriorating for some
time past, collapsed early in June and there remained only two wells from which
to draw water. The well in the west of the garden was accordingly deepened
and a steam elevator was erected there. All the garden pipe lines have now
been linked up to this well, the third well to the north of the garden being
held in reserve. It has yet to be seen whether the deepened well will yield
sufficient water throughout the year."

11 CONSERVATION

"For the year under review a sum of Rs. 50,532 inclusive of agency charges Pun jab
was sanctioned by the Government of India for the conservation and mamte- S'^JJ*
nance of Hindu and Buddhist Monuments in the Punjab, and subsequently an Monuments
additional Us. 397 were sanctioned for the construction of a petrol and oil store Mr. Madho
-at Taxila. Of the total of Rs. 50,929, the sum of Rs. 38,534 was utilised n Sarl| P Vat8
the following works at Taxila, viz. :

(1) Rs. 30,000 for the new museum under construction, (2) Rs. 397 for the oil
store, (3) Rs. 3,520 for the annual maintenance of the temporary
museum, excavated monuments, etc., (4) Rs. 3,000 for special conser-
vation works and (5) Rs 1,617 for the maintenance of a Police Guard.
The balance was expended on the special repairs to the temple at Baij-
nath and the tank at Surajkund, while Rs. 5,540 were withdrawn for
excavations at Harappa and other purposes and Rs. 3,882 were spent
on the annual repairs and maintenance of Hindu and Buddhist Monu-
ments (Rs. 2X>15) and on agency charges (Rs. 1 ,865). Rs. 700 were given
for the purchase of notice boards. Of the thirty-one boards procured,
three were fixed on the ancient mounds at Harappa, and the rest
are awaiting distribution.

" Repairs to the temple at Baijnath were continued from last year, an additional Saynath
sum of Rs. 135 being sufficient to complete the work.

" As foreshadowed in the last year's report only such work at Suraj Kund Xuraj Kund
as was absolutely indispensable for making the place tidy and finishing off the
repairs already commenced was undertaken during the year at a cost of Rs. 1,405.
The balance of the allotment, viz., Rs. 596 was reappropnated to other pur-
poses by the Director General.

" A sum of Rs. 25,887 inclusive of agency charges was granted for the United
conservation and maintenance of the protected Hindu and Buddhist Monuments Provinces
in the United Provinces. This was later supplemented by Rs. 1,068 bringing g^J[JjJJ d
the total allotment to Rs. 26,955, but from this, the sum of Rs. 500 was handed Monuments
over for exploration at Harappa leaving a final balance of Rs. 25,596 for con- Mr. Madho
servation proper. From this grant, Rs. 19,955 were placed at the disposal Sarup atl
of the local Public Works Department for (1) special repairs to several monu-
ments or groups of monuments at Dwarahat (Rs. 6,845), (2) special repairs to
the Fort at Garhwa (Rs. 5,000), (3) conservation of Gupta relics at Bilsar
(Rs. 1,036), (4) completion of the surface drain to the north of the museum at
Sarnath (Rs. T14) and (5) for annual repairs to Hindu and Buddhist monuments
in the United Provinces (Rs. 3,173). The residue of Rs. 5,641 was allotted to
the Archaeological Superintendent for the conservation of the Buddhist ruins
at Sarnath including the purchase of new bricks and for the provision of notice
boards. Thirty-seven standard enamelled notice boards were purchased and have
been fixed at various sites or made over to the Archaeological Superintendent
at Agra on whom will devolve the conservation of these monuments from next-
year. A brief summary of the works carried out dunng the year under review is

given below.

CONSERVATION

Northern
Circle
Mr. Madfao
Sarup Vats
Dwarahat

" The conservation works upon the temples at Dwarahat which have been
carried out under the direction of Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni from
beginning to end were brought to completion during the year under review.
During the year 1924-25 the areas around the six groups of temples were
turfed and provided with quickset hedges and wicket gates and at the
Maniyan and the Mrityunjaya groups, the Ratan Deo shrines, the Ban
Deo temple and the Thalkuraka naula the following structural repairs
done.

k ' In the Maniyan group the amalakas of temples Nos. 5 and 6, which
were lying broken have been restored and provided with finials. The small but
entirely ruined niche lying between them was also cleared away and thick
stumps and roots of trees growing at its back were removed. Temple
No. 4 of this group, the southern portion of which had already collapsed,
was attended to. The broken parts of the plinth and floor were restored,
some underpinning done to the west wall and the remaining inclining portions
straightened. No attempt was made to restore the superstructure of the
southern portion. The area to the south of these three shrines had been
washed away by heavy rains. This was raised to its original level and the
dry stone retaining wall, which runs along the entire south side was built
up another 3 feet. A retaining Wall had also to be built up along part of
the east side in order to provide a space in front of shrine No. 1, and
approach steps were constructed close to the south-east corner of the group.
Unfortunately part of this work had to be done twice, as immediately after
the completion of the retaining wall a heavy ram swept away a length of 52
feet (Plate III, c). The floors of shrine No. 1 and of the mandapa of temple
No. 2 were cleared and levelled. The bulged out walls of temple No. 2
were set straight and its roof made Water-tight, and a pillar was also supplied
for the mandapa of temple No. 3.

" The Mrityunjaya group is a collection of four temples, the principal
shrine, No. 1, consisting of a cella and mandapa, being dedicated to Siva in the
form of mrityunjaya or the vanquisher of death. It enshrines a Sivalingam
and a relief of Siva and Parvati, but in none of the other three shrines are
there any objects of worship now. The crowning portion of the sikhara of
temple No. 1 had fallen and was resting partly on the flat top of the spire
and partly on the ground (Plate III, a). The east or front face had badly
opened out and was repaired by rebuilding the bulged out portions and
replacing numerous missing stones where large cracks had formed. Damaged
stones in the sikhara were changed and secured, and the amalaka and the
finial restored. In addition, the roof of the mandapa was plastered and
the joints in the ceiling were made water-tight (Plate III, 6). The greater
part of the southern wall of the mandapa had to be rebuilt with old and new
stones. The sikhara of shrine No. 2 is missing, and the floors of the cella
and the porch wpre hidden below a mass of 5 feet of debris which has now
been cleared. The leaning pillars of the porch were set straight and the roof
and walls made water-tight. The area at the back of these two temples and

13 CONSERVATION

to the north of No. 1 was excavated to an average depth of 4. feet and re- United
vealed the basement of two smaller shrines. Provinces

" The Ban Deo temple which is a deserted siMtara shrine stands on the jjjjjjjyjj*
bank of the stream known as the Khiro. Its spire is not so attenuated as Monuments
those of the others, nor is the severe monotony of its facade broken by
the usual amalaka string course. Compared with the xest, it is of inferior
technique and possibly somewhat later in date. The conservation of this shrine
consisted in clearing the cella, removal of vegetation, replacing a missing pillar,
rebuilding, after dismantling, part of the back wall with old and new stones
and grouting cracks on the front face. It has also been provided with a
dwarf retaining wall oi dry stone masonry and the enclosed area has been
levelled and grassed (Plate III, d).

" At the Ratan Deo group, the plinth of the common portico of the three
principal shrines on the south was broken and has been entirely rebuilt and the
missing amalaka of the central shrine on the west replaced. Lastly repairs
were carried out at the Thalkuraka naula or covered spring. This is coeval
with the Kacheri and Ratan Deo shrines, and contains in a niche in the back
wall a beautiful image of SesJiasayi Vishnu. The god Brahma issues, as usual,
from his naval, while Lakshmi holds his right foot, arid a representation of
the NavagraJias is carved in the upper field. The pedestal bears an inscrip-
tion in five lines and is dated Thursday, the seventh day of the bright half
of Magha, ol the fiaka year 1130 or 1214 A.D. Mr. Hargreaves also noticed
a few years ago a damaged relief of Siva and Parvati, the defaced inscription
on which bore the year 1065 of the Saka era, but the relief is- no longer there.
The chhajja of this naula was repaired with large stone slabs, the pavement
in the court relaid and the compound walls repaired.

'* For special repairs to the fort at Uarhwa in the Allahabad District only Gwhwa
a sum of Rs. 958 was spent against the allotment of Rs. 5,000. This was paid
to the contractor for rebuilding the western wall of the fort 4 feet high for
a length of 75 feet. The work was actually completed last year but payment
was withheld owing to the unsatisfactory nature of the repairs which had to
be redone during the year under report. The balance of the allotment was
not utilized as the local Government did not think it advisable to start a
new work at this site as the question of transferring all conservation works
in the United Provinces to the Archaeological Department for execution from
the 1st April, 1925, was under consideration.

" For the conservation of Gupta relics at Bilsar, Rs. 900 were provided, Bihar
but the expenditure amounted to only Rs. 382 which were spent on the
purchase from Calcutta of fencing material and depositing the same at the
site Owing to the excavation of the site in 1923-24, it was necessary to
alter the method of fencing as previously proposed, but correspondence on
the subject was somewhat protracted the balance had to be surrendered.

" Out of the sum of Rs. 2,758-12-8, being the balance .of Rs. 5,000
vided by Mr. Khee Za Rhee, the representative of the Buddhist community
in Calcutta, for repairs to ruins at Kasia, Re. 1,029-8-3 only were utilized,

CONSERVATION

Northern
Circle
Mr. Mmdho
Sarup Vat*

Sarnath

as Work could not be started earlier than the beginning of March. This sum
was spent in conserving Monastery D, which occupies the north-western part
of the Mathakuar-ka-kot. But even here lack of time compelled the Superin-
tendent to leave untouched the thick coats of lime on the north and east
walls. To understand the importance and the extent of work done, it is neces-
sary to describe briefly the monastery itself. In plan the monastery resembles
other Buddhist convents, but it is of a strikingly large size and of remarkably
.solid construction. It measures 150' XI 48' on the outside and has a large
central courtyard about 74 feet square. On each side there is a row of monks'
cells, which open into corridors 9 to 10 feet wide (Plate IV, a). The main
old entrance was on the east and faced the sacred Parimrvana stupa. The
entrance was guarded by two turrets, of which traces Were found by Dr.
Vogel in 1904-05. The outer and inner walls of the monastery are respectively
8J and 5 feet in thickness leading Dr. Vogel to suggest that the convent may
have been several storeys in height. This assumption is fully borne out by
descriptions of similar buildings by the Chinese pilgrims. The cells are of
uniform size and, like the verandahs, are paved with concrete. The court-
yard is paved with brick tiles measuring 15i"x9"x2i" and 14"x8"x2i"
and has two wells, one to the north and the other to the south. The top
of the latter well, rises very much higher than the level of the original court,
' in fact to the same height as did the mound itself before excavation (Plate
IV, a and b). Its construction, therefore, marks the later occupation of the
site. The other well, connected with the original floor, having been buried
after the desertion of the monastery about 900 A D. The principal measures
of conservation undertaken were to carefully remove the lime mortar, which
had been plastered on the tops of the south and West walls, and to then
build up the walls to an average height of some five or six feet. Old bricks
were gathered from all over the site to repair the walls but, as such were not
available to the extent required, the two courses on the top Were constructed
of specially manufactured bricks of the same size. The brick-work throughout
has been laid in mud mortar recessed J" behind the face, except in the case
of three top courses which are in lime. The conserved walls have been neatly
dressed on top with 9" of clean earth to induce the growth of grass. Before
actual repairs could be undertaken, the thick jungle which literally enveloped
the monument was thoroughly cleared. In this process the most laborious,
though equally useful work has been the effective destruction of roots and trees
growing out of joints in the walls, and from the later well in the court.
The courtyard was also cleared of debris.

" At Sarnath the brick drain attached to the main shrine and forecourt,
which was repaired to a length of 40 feet last year, was cleaned and conserved
for the remaining length of 219 feet. Its sides were repaired, the floor paved
with old bricks, and the top recovered throughout with old stones, except
for open spaces purposely kept at intervals to allow of easy cleaning. The
floor of this drain under the second gateway of the Dharmachakrajinavihara
being practically level with the flood level of the jUl to the north, the broad

15 CONSERVATION

channel more than 200 feet long, 40 feet broad and over 17 feet deep, exca- United
vated last year was found insufficient to contain all the Water. It was, Provinces
therefore, deepened further and given a slope at the bed of 1 in 50 to ^ ee P BudShSt**
the water away from the second gateway. But during the rains even this Monuments
was found inadequate and being kathha the channel is gradually silting up.
This question is at present rather a troublesome one and some means will
have to be devised to overcome it.

" The unexcavated mound which stood between the second gateway of the
Dharmachakrajinavihara and monastery No. 4 has been cleared and the area
levelled and dressed. Nothing now obstructs the view between the first and
the second gateways. The south boundary wall of the Dharmachakrajinavihara
has been built up for a total length of 425 feet and ranging in height from
2 to 4* feet. As old bricks in large quantities Were not available only a
portion of the Wall could be constructed with them, the greater part being
built with specially manufactured bricks which were used for facing, while the
core was filled with fragmentary old bricks. In the course of clearing the
above mound, some interesting copper antiquities lying two feet below the
surface were discovered. They consisted of three stout bangles and three
anklets in pieces, an arghapatra and a tiny tray, possibly, for sandal paste,
a broken ]ug and a beautiful casket decorated with concentric ribs all over
the body. The casket is in two portions, the upper part or lid being fitted
round the lip of the lower and clasped to it by means of three ring hooks held
together by a copper wire. On opening, the reliquary was found to be empty.

" Several stupas and shrines in the forecourt of the main shrine were also
conserved and the sides of the raised causeway in front were repaired and the
top levelled and dressed with clean earth to a length of 130 feet (Plate IV
c and d).

" All the above works at Sarnath were completed at a coat of
Rs. 2,939-6-0 including the cost ot bricks (Rs. 215). The contractor who under-
took to supply the latter having failed to do so in time, another was asked
if he could manufacture bricks within the period required, but he could not
supply more than 4,000. In the circumstances, therefore, Rs. 1,359 could not
be spent and this sum was reappropriated for the maintenance ol the Archaeo-
logical Museum at Sarnath and the exploration work at Harappa as stated in
a previous paragraph/'

" The Lahore Fort having been evacuated by the Military in February Punjab
1924 it became possible to take in hand the preliminary measures for the Muhammadan

contemplated lav out of the archaeological area. It bad been hoped that it would ? nd * rl * l *h

,1-1-1 1111 i Monuments

be possible to include in the archaeological enclave the land lying between the Mr H

Diwan-i-Am and the road in front of the present police barracks in order to Hargreavea
arrange that the Diwan-i-Am might stand in the midst ot spacious lawns and Lahore Fort
thus become suitable for Durbars and similar official functions. Unfortunately
the Government of the Punjab were unable to agree to this and it will now*
be necessary to erect the boundary fence only twenty-five feet distant from
the edge of the platform of the Diwan-i-Am. This is to be regretted as the

CONSERVATION

Frontier
Circle
Mr. H.
Hargreav**

Shalamar
Gardens

GvtibiBagh
Gateway

Buddhu't Tomb

Asaj Khan's
Tomb

North-West
Frontier
Province
Mr. H.
Hargreaves

Jamalgarhi

appearance of the monument will suffer greatly in consequence of the proxi-
mity of the fencing. 1

" Before any decision could be reached as to the lay out of the archeeo-
logical area it was necessary to ascertain by trial trenches what ancient
remains of the Mughal and Sikh periods still existed underground. The opera-
tions carried out have revealed the existence of a large tank of unsuspected
form, some of the fountains of the Sikh period, ruined hammams and other
structures of which drawings have been made. The dismantling of the numer-
ous modern additions to the historical buildings has yet to be undertaken.
The chief item of expenditure has been the six-foot iron railing to be erected
around the historical area.

" A scheme for the provision of Water for the proposed lawns and gardens
has been prepared and the work will be put in hand as soon as funds become
available. The projected works at the Lahore Fort are extensive and, even
if funds are available from year to year, are not likely to be carried to com-
pletion under five years.

"No other important special conservation measures were undertaken in the
Punjab but at the Shalamar Gardens near Lahore the iron railing on the edge of the
upper terrace overlooking the main tank was replaced by a marble balustrade
of appropriate design, and the east wall of the nursery garden was rebuilt.

" In order to obtain water for the garden around the Gulabi Bagh Gateway
on the road to Shalamar a syphon drain was made to cany canal water under
the Grand Trunk Road.

" The enclosed area around Buddhu's Tomb, Lahore, referred to in last
year's report was discovered later to be the property of the North Western
Railway. It therefore became necessary to purchase this land for which a
sum of RH. 466 was paid.

" Of the imposing group of monuments at Shahdera in the Sheikhupura
District one of the most pleasing is that of Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur
Jahan, whose tomb lies but a short distance away. For many years this
monument, garden and extensive enclosing wall have received continuous
attention and during the year under review Rs. 1,050 were expended in com-
pleting the work. No formal gardening has been attempted here and the
tomb stands in the midst of grassy lawns broken here and there by groups
of palm and other trees. Despite its simplicity there is a sense of restful
quietude at this site which renders it one of the most fascinating of the monu-
ments in the neighbourhood of Lahore. Numerous trees which formerly grew
on the brick-on-edge pavement have been removed to prevent further damage.

''Only RB. 1,375 were expended on two special conservation works in

the North- West Frontier. The first was the improvement of the long and

steep path to the Buddhist monument of Takht-i-Bahi in the Mardan Tahsil of

tho Peshawar District, the second being the conservation of a few of the recently

1 excavated monastic buildings at Jamalgarhi, some ten miles north of Mardan."

1 Since thw wa* written the Government of the Punjab ha* offered to make over to the Arohieologioal Department
the whole Fort except for a small portion in one corner, Ed.

17 CONSERVATION

" The effects of the recommendations of the Inchcape Committee still Western
c ontinue to be felt in the Western Circle where as a result of the shortage Circle
of funds, the programme of works has had to be confined to strictly urgent Bombay
measures of conservation and a number of estimates framed on the basis of' - * nff zi
proposals of the Department, which have been awaiting allotment for several Mn K> N< *
years,, had to be postponed further. Out of the grant of Us. 83.810 for conserve- Dikehlt
tion Ks. 1,687 were surrendered by the Public Works Department leaving a
balance of Us. 82,123. Works to the extent of Us. 22,330 were executed
departmentally at various centres which included Elephanta, Karla, Shamvar
Wada, Ahmednagar, Sarnal, Nanaghat and Jaigarh. The balance of Its. ,">9,793
was placed at the disposal ol the Public. Works Department. The total expen-
diture incurred during the vear on conservation amounting to Ks 70,528 exclud-
ing agency charges is shown in Appendix A.

"At the Elephanta caves several improvements were effected. The \von\ElepJianta
out surfaces of the concrete blocks of the landing pier were repaired by adding
6* of cement concrete to their height. A training wall was built over the
top of the Main Cave to divert water from the front facade. Beside these
measures carried out by departmental agency, the clearance of the water reser-
voir in the west wing of the main cave was entrusted to the Public Works
Department. The latter work was undertaken at the instance of the Public
Health Department which objected to the unsatisfactory quality of the water?
The amount of silt that had gathered in this reservon during the last ten
centuries or more since its excavation, was as much as 18 feet in places.
The variety and age of the objects discovered in course of clearance bear
testimony to the long continued use of this cistern as the principal source
of water supply to the dwellers of the rock-cut temples. The most remarkable
find was that of an inscribed copper jar dating back to H)87 A.D., which
has now been deposited in the Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay, along \\ith
certain pottery found in the silt. After exposing the bed steps wore tuken,
before allowing the tank to be refilled, to encase with cement the loose dis-
integrated stone pillars left in the cistern to support the roof.

" The removal of the unsightly stone booths from the foreground of the Karla
Chaitya Cave at Karla was followed by further levelling and dressing which
has considerably improved the surroundings of this impressive monument. The
problem ol stopping the disintegrating action of rain water on the facades
of caves in Western India is always difficult to tackle and in the case of
Karla had assumed serious proportions, as all the water from the hill -top
found its way in the form of a torrential stream just over the Vihara Caves.
Elaborate arrangements were made during the year to divert the water from
its course. Two masonry dams were built in the bed of the water courses
on the hill-top above and a training wall was constructed, so as to restiict
the flow to a fixed channel. The course of the stream on the level ground
in front of the caves was further regulated and diverted o a specially eorf-
structed channel. AJB a result of this undertaking, the flow of water over the
cave front is now reduced to a minimum.

CONSERVATION

Western
Circle ,

DUnUt***

Nanaghat

Sivnen

"The further conservation of the enclosure walls of the Shanwar Wada
Palace of the Peshwas in the city of Poona was carried out at a cost of
Rs. 3,700 during the year. The interior facing brick-work of the northern
and western walls was renewed with specially moulded bricks for a length of
about COO feet. The passage on the top of the rampart which was broken
throughout the west and part of the north sides was made level to receive
the final course of 4* concrete terracing over it and thus render the structure
waterproof. As the lawns laid out in the Palace grounds in front of the
main square and over the side courts were in urgent need of a more reliable
supply of water than the existing old reservoir in the south-east corner of
the rampart near the Ganesh gate could give, arrangements were made with
the Municipality of Poona city for laying a new pipe line in the Shanwar Wada
enclosure. With the generous support of the Government of Bombay, to whose
interest and initiative the whole scheme of the demolition of modern buildings
and excavation and preservation of the Palace remains owes its existence,
it is hoped that the final treatment of this sole surviving relic of the Peshwas
in their capital will be taken up and completed before long.

" The great inscription of Nanaghat situated in a pass of the Sahyadris
or Western ghats, and invaluable to the student of Indian Epigraphy owing
to its preservation of certain rare early forms of lettering and numerals, may
aptly be described as the Hathigumpha inscription of Western India. Lying,
picturesquely at the head of the pass, which strikes one as one of the most
important high-ways marked out by nature for communication between the
west coast littoral and the centre of the Deccan plateau, the Nanaghat route
must have been in the early centuries of the Christian era the chief artery
of the maritime commerce of the Andhra Empire, connecting the country
round the capital Pratishthana (modern Paithan) with the port of Surparaka
(modern Sopara). It was therefore appropriate that the Andhra kings recorded
here their various sacrifices and pious gifts for the illumination of their
subjects. Rao Bahadur Krishna Sastri, Government Epigraphist for India r
who visited the place last year to revise certain readings drew attention to
the necessity of preserving the inscribed rock-surface from further disintegra-
tion. Measures suggested by the Archaeological Chemist were at once taken
in hand. These consisted of rendering the roof of the cave water-tight, divert-
ing water from the inscribed walls, stopping unrestricted access to the caves
by erecting an expanded metal partition wall, and filling the crevices of the
rock preliminary to the preservative treatment of the inscribed surface. Most
of the work was completed before the monsoon and the application of the
preservative solution, which must be done in perfectly dry weather has been
left over for the next cold weather.

" Anotner work executed by the department was the contribution work
at Sivaji's birth-place, at the hill fort of Sivneri near Junnar, 56 miles
north of Poona. TJhe hill on which the fort stands has a long history extend-
ing from the times of the Satavahana dynasty to the period of the Maratha
Empire, of whose founder it possesses the proud distinction of being the-

19 CONSERVATION

birth-place. The protected area here is of considerable extent and comprises Bombay
the fort, which must have been built in the time of the Yadaviw of Devagiri Presidency
in the 12th century, the three groups of Buddhist caves in the scarp of th excluding Stud
rock below the fortifications and the fine rock-cut reservoirs of the same period,
the Muhammadan tomb and mosque in the fort dating back to the time of
the Nizamshahi rulers of Ahmednagar and the ruined house of the Killedar
or commandant of the Fort, where a little two-storied room is shown as the
birth-place of Sivaji. In such an extensive group, it has been scarcely possible
to attempt more than the annual clearance of vegetation out of the annual
maintenance grant. The Hon'ble Mr. 13. V. Jadhav, Minister of Education,
Bombay, having drawn the attention of thr Hombay Government to the neces-
sity of improving the condition of the Killeclar's house in a manner befitting
its historical associations and through the munificence of His late Highness
the Maharaja Scindia of Gwahor, a contribution of Us. 1,000 was made a\ till-
able for starting the work of repairs to Sivaji's birth-place. The plinth of
the house, scarcely visible before, has now been excavated from the debris
and the ground plan of the building of which the existing rooms form a corner
have been almost fully exposed. The work was in progress at the end of this
vear, and the treatment of the existing remains is expected to continue next
so far as funds permit.

" One of the most important conservation works in progress in th&Sarnal
Western Circle is the reconstruction of the GalteHvara temple at Sarnal in the
Kaira District with the materials preserved at the site. The nwndaixi of the
temple was carefully dismantled a few years ago as the whole structure was
in a dangerous condition, but with the interval of several years since the stones
were numbered and sorted, the task of resetting every stone in its proper
position has not been rendered easier. The necessity of obtaining skilled labour
from long distances adds also to the difficulty of executing the work. During
the year under report, the stones of the plinth on the north of the numdafia
were reset in their original beds and preparations were made for setting aright
the pillars of the mattdaiM.

" At the Fariabagh or the Water Palace of the Nizamshahi kings of Ahmed- Ahtnednagar
nagar, certain preliminary works were done, such as clearance of debris,
repairs to the steps leading to the roof, and provision of an expanded metal
doorway. These were considered necessary before taking m hand the actual
meausres of strengthening the terraced roof of the building. The complex of
baths and other buildings found in the course of excavation in the Ahmed-
nagar Fort was treated in accordance with the requirements of the Military
authorities, who hold charge of the Fort. The work done during the year
includes the provision of a wire-fence to demarcate the limits of the archaeo-
logical area and the filling up of certain low portions of the excavated build-
ings, after having entered them on the plans preserved for record.

*' The Fort of Jaigarh in the Ratnagiri District protects Jhe entrance to the Joigark
important port of the same name, which was at one time one of the chief
ports of southern Konkan. The fortifications consisting of an upper and a

Western
Circle

Mr. K. N.
Dikshit

Molwnjo-daro

Bijapur

CONSERVATION 20

lower enclosure arc supposed to have been built by the Sultans of Bijapur
in the 10th century. The mam entrance to the sallyport in the lower enclosure
"rienr the se.i was in urgent need of repairs, the voussoirs of the arch and the
parapet wall on the top of the gateway being in danger of collapsing. The
officers of the Public Works Department favoured the course of dismantling
and rebuilding, but it, was considered more desirable to keep the old arches
intuct and strengthen them by careful grouting. On the instructions of Sir
John Marshall the repairs were undertaken departmentally and the voussoirs
have been successfully treated with grouting and the gateway has been given
u fresh lease of life.

" While conducting the excavation at Mohenjo-daro, opportunity was taken
by the Archaeological Superintendent to erect at the cost of Rs. 2,992 a few
rooms to house the tents, tools, furniture and minor antiquities and to serve
as quarters for the staff employed to look after the remains throughout the
year

" The preservation of the great dome of the Got Gumbaz at Jtijapur is
work winch requires the constant solicitude and meticulous care of all officers
entrusted with its charge. The measures begun last year which aimed at
maintaining intact the fabric of the dome, were continued during the year
under review and the wider cracks in the external plaster were carefully
Vepaired strictly m accordance with the old method of construction. The work
of repairing the fallen patches of plaster in the soffit of the dome is now
being taken in hand, an expenditure of Ks. 70 being reported during the year
for erecting the scaffolding necessary for preparing a detailed estimate of the
work. The magnitude and difficulty of the work can be imagined when it
is remarked that the apex of the dome is over 150 feet from the ground floor
and this will have to be reached by the scaffolding when the central part of
the soffit is taken in hand.

"The tower in the heart of the city of Hijapur known as Haidari or
Upli Buruj was another monument under repairs during the year. It is said
to have been built m 1584 A. D. by Haidar Khan, a famous general of the
Bijapur forces in the time of Ah Adil Shah and Ibrahim Adil Shah II and
presumably served the purpose of a watch-tower, as it commands a good
view of the whole city within the walls, as also of the country beyond all
round. A stone parapet wall was constructed on the outside edge of the steps
of the helical stairway leading to the top, to prevent the possibility of
accident, as the tower is a favourite resort of the citizens of Bijapur. Other
monuments where special repairs were in progress at Bijapur during the year
under report were the Uagan and Asar Mahals. The tank in the courtyard
of 1he latter Mahal is a link in the chain of the Adilshahi water-works leading
from the Begnm Talao to the Gol Gumbaz. Unfortunately the silting up of
the tank and the connecting channels led to the complete stoppage of water
in the Gol Gumba/ area. It was therefore with the object of renewing the
old supply of water in the Gol Gumbaz as a preliminary to the lay out of
lawns in the grounds, that the work of clearing silt from the Asar Mahal

21 CONSRKVATTON

tank and intervening water -towers has been taken in hand. At Torvi, 4 miles Bombay
from Bijapur the short-lived capital of Ibrahim Adil Shah, the work of
pinning the spalled brickwork of the lofty compound walls ot the Nan Mahal 1
was resumed.

"At Badami, the beautiful capital of the early Hialukyas, further improve- Badami
ments have been made near the Jaina Cave in the northern group. The space-
in front of the cave has been widened by providing a retaining wall and
filling up the intervening area up to the plinth level of the cave. The Juina
Cave probably had at one time independent means of access to the tank on
the east, since fallen into disuse, the present pathway from the Krahmanicul
group of caves having been recently made through the Htone wall which sepa-
rated it from the Juina enclave. The open court in front of Cave No. 4 (old
No. 3) has now been properlv levelled and dressed and the whole group now
presents a neat and impressive appearance. The special repairs to the Suvali
temple, also of the early Chalukya period, perched on the top ot one of the
spurs in the northern hill at Badami, were brought to a completion during
the year. The north and west face* of the basement of the temple are now
cleared of debris and reveal a frieze ot sculptured panels in good preserva-
tion, depicting scenes from the early life of Krishna and other mythological
incidents.

"Reference was made in last year's report to the temples at I \ittud kalJVi//<uM and
and Aiholo Detailed site plans have now been prepared showing how much
{Additional land will lc required for the preservation of these IAVO most im-
portant groups of monuments.

" The port of Bhatkal in the Kanara District, the southernmost town of
the Bombay Presidency, is famous for a group of temples built in a peculiar
style where stone is exclusively used even in the sloping roofs. One of these
temples, known as the Narasimha Devasthana, which was in serious disrepair,
was taken in hand this year. The repairs consisted of the renewal and replace-
ment of fallen members of the roof and holding them together by means of
copper clamps and dowels, the stopping of open joints in the roof with suitably
coloured mortar and other minor works. Karwar being a great distance from
headquarters the supervision of works in the District IB rendered very difficult.

"The surroundings of the ancient temple of the ' Chalukyan ' style dis-
covered under the rampart of the fort at Sholapur were further improved
during 1924-25 by underpinning the loose overhanging masonry of the fort
wall and constructing a buttress against the east wall of the inner gateway.
The area inside the barbican of the fort was properly levelled and drained bv
cleaning earth accumulation and exposing the old water-outlets.

"The group of Brahmanical caves probably of the 10th or llth century Anton
situated at a distance of about 2 miles from Ankai Railway Station have
been made more accessable by constructing a night of regular masonry steps
to the top of the hill and the front face of the two caves has been cleared by
removing the earth accumulation. It is proposed to trace the old drainage

CONSERVATION

Western channels on the cave-top and then arrange, if necessary, to divert the water

Circle now failing over ^j ]e f ron ^ f ace O f ne Cav e 8 .

Dik'shit " " -^e hill-fort * Pratabgarh near Mahabaleswar, the summer residence

Pratabgarh * *^ e Government of Bombay, is one of the most famous in early Maratha
history, as being the scene of the murder of the Adilshahi General, Afzal
Khan, by Sivaji and the complete rout of the Bijapur forces in 1659 A.D.
The tomb of Afzal Khan which was declared protected several years ago has
recently attracted a number of votaries, whose pious activities have well-nigh
destroyed the pristine simplicity of the original structure. A sum of Rs. 900
was spent during the year for rebuilding a collapsed corner of the retaining
wall, but it has since been decided to leave the future maintenance of this
monument to the Provincial Government.

Akmedabad " The management of the endowment of the tomb of Shah Alum at

Ahmedabad, a monument famous for its wonderful stone jali work, is vested
in the Collector of Kaira, who made an allotment of Rs. 5,000 during the
current year for certain necessary repairs to the shrme. The work executed
consisted of rebuilding some portions of the compound wall, renewal of the
floor of the caretaker's quarters, fixing iron doors into the underground tank
and the provision of piano wire netting in the tomb to stop the nuisance
caused by bats.

Mahmudnbad " Of Muhammadan well architecture in Gujarat, the Bhamaria well near

Mahmudabad in the Kaira District is an important specimen and was taken
jn hand for conservation during the year. The disintegrated brickwork of the
walls of the octagonal chambers in the first underground floor was carefully
repaired with bricks laid in, lime mortar. The broken steps of the stair-
way have been made good and the plan of the structure at the present ground
level exposed in the course of clearance.

Hyderabad " The Haram of the Talpur Mirs, the last ruling dynasty of Sind, situated

/Siwrf) in the fort at Hyderabad, is a modest building dating from the end of the

eighteenth century. Its chief interest lies in the multi-coloured painted designs
on the walls and roof of its main apartment. The high plinth, on which the
building stands, being rather unsound, had to be supported by a retaining
wall of brick masonry. Other necessary repairs to the verandah roof and
wooden pillars were also done.

Naokot " The Fort at Naokot in the Thar and Parkar District is situated far

away in the interior of the sandy wastes of the Thar desert. The heavy rain-
fall of 1919 and subsequent years having seriously damaged the rampart of the
fort, it was considered necessary to fill up the numerous gaps in the stone-
work to prevent the penetration of water into the structure. The surface was
accordingly made water-tight and all vegetation cleared. Suitable earthenware
spouts have now been provided for the disposal of rain water from the walls
in future."

Central Circle " In the rentral circle durin 8 tte y ear under review a sum of Rs. 36,881

Mr. J. A. Page in all (exclusive of agency charges) was expended on the conservation of
ancient monuments.

23 CONSERVATION

"Of this amount Ks. 16,716 were spent in the Provinces of Bihar and Bihar and
Orissa, namely, Rs. 13,496 on special "repairs and RB. 3,220* on annual repairs Orissa
and maintenance and the residue of Rs. 20,165 in the Central Provinces and
Berar, where Rs. 10,074 were spent on special repairs and RB. 10,088 on annual Jfalanda
repairs.

" The operations at Nalanda in Bihar were carried out by the Archaeo-
logical Superintendent direct ; but all other conservation works in the Central
Circle were done through the agency of the Public Works Department.

" On the conservation of the monastic remains excavated at Nalanda, a
sum of Rs. 9,998 was spent during 1924-25 out of a total grant of Rs. 10,000. 2
A brief note on the outstanding features of this Buddhist site is given in the
account under exploration (pages 82-86 ^nfra)^ and need not be repeated here.

" The existence of numerous successsive levels of occupation in the same
structure, which is a prominent characteristic of all the remains yet uncovered
at Nalanda, necessarily imports considerable complication into the work ot
excavation and repair ; for it is the aim in conserving these remains to exhibit
as far as possible a definite portion of each structure erected on the one site,
from the earliest to the last. Walls that emerge too badly shattered to pre-
serve, are being reconstructed with new materials in strict conformity with the
old work, the constructional features of which are being reproduced in the
new repair.

et No attempt is being made to raise the walls of these monasteries beyond
what is necessary to reveal their planning ; and no feature is being reconstructed
for wh:ch definite warrant is not forthcoming from the internal evidence the
site affords. " Restoration " IB a word rightly in bad odour among critics
of the 1 9th Century repairers of English historical buildings ; and if the work
is avoided in reference to the works at Nalanda, so are the sins it has come
to connote.

" Monastery No. I. Among the individual sites affected wan Monastery
No. I noteworthy for the nine separate levels of occupation it embraces-
where the badly undermined wall of the courtyard m the N.-E. quarter was
underpinned. This operation entailed cutting out the badly bulging parapets
of the two earliest levels of occupation, and reconstructing them with nev-
bricks of the same large size as the old ones.

" As those bulging parapets carried the whole of the weight of a high
wall built directly on their ruins at a later period, their removal and replace-
'ment had necessarily to be carried out with considerable care; and the work
was done in short lengths of 3 feet at a time, after the supporting earth in
that distance had been removed. Some eighty feet run of this underpinning,
of an average height of about 6 feet, has been done, and only the contiguous
side of the later *' caves "-structure now remains to be similarly supported,
when the whole of the N.-E. quarter of the monastery, representing the earliesi

* Includes expenditure on Nalanda and on enamel notices incurred by the Archaeological Superintendent diiect
1 The original grant wa RB. 7,500, which waa subsequently increased by reappiopnation.

CONSERVATION 24

Central Circle l eve l of occupation, can be safely exposed to view . Reference to this operation
Mr. J. A. Pafte is also made in the account of the excavations earned out on the site (pages
82-86 vtifra).

" Another work done in this monastery \vb the repair of the originally
( olonnaded chabutra that projects into the courtyard from the south wall.
Tin 1 missing portions of the later cut-brick facing (coincident with the 3rd
earliest level of occupation in the court) were made good on all three sides,
with the exception of a short length on the front, which has been omitted to
show the plain brjck facing of the earlier chabutra behind it. On the north
side of this cJiabutta, where the earth has been reduced to reveal the earliest
level of occupation, the exposed foundations of the cut-brick facing have been
supported on a system of concrete piers and lintels, so that both earlier and
later structures can be seen here.

" The west end of the south external wall of this monastery, together
with its contiguous coll. has been built up where it abuts on monastery No.
I-A, thus marking the separate entity of each of those two adjoining buildings.

" Monastery No. I-A.- The most extensive repairs were done at Monastery
site F-A, situated to the immediate south-west of Monastery I. The walls
here, as excavated some 4 years ago, were in so altogether shattered a Condi-
tion that the greater part of them has had to be rebuilt with new materials
(Plato V, a, b, c and d). In this reconstruction work many points of interest
came to notice, and the careful study and correlation of fragmentary items of
evidence in the old remains has peimitted the reconstruction of several features
in the new work that might easily have been overlooked. Thus, it has been
possible by inference to ascertain the precise construction of the door-frames
and woodwork in the openings of the monks' cells , and, while the actual join-
ery is not being replaced, the peculiar brick construction of the walls in which
it was fixed has been indicated in the new repair.

" These door-frames were constructed in a very different fashion from those
of the present day. They had a double sill : one, of which the ends passed
into Square holes in the jambs on either side, and another immediately below
and in front of it to help xo keep it in position. This latter sill also was car-
ried into the walls at each end for one-third of its height, and the brickwork
actually built over it This curious construction, though of interest, is techni-
cally unsound ; and evidence of its unsoundness was afforded wholesale in the
collapse of the old jambs above it where the wood had either decayed or had
been reduced to charcoal in the ruin of the monastery by fire.

" Other points of constructional interest in these old doorways that have
been retrieved and repeated in the new work are the curious square slots, some
8* square and 20* deep, that were left in the brickwork of one jamb imme-
diately inside the door frames. A clue to the purpose of these was obtained
in the find of charcoal and a burnt iron hook and chain-link in a correspond-
ing hole in the* entrance gateway of Monastery I adjacent, and it became at
once apparent that these holes served to accommodate short wooden beams or
bars that could be drawn forward to fasten the doors, which must necessarily

25 CONSERVATION

have been a single leaf swung from the opposite jamb (for with such a method Win and
of fastening, it could not have been a double one, hinged from both j
and meeting in the middle of the opening), and moreover must have opened
inwards into the cell and not outwards to block the verandah.

" In the opposite jambs of the cell doorways were discovered the ruined
remains of deep little niches oi corbel construction, which turned on themselves
at right-angles, forming a letter " L " in plan. These would be concealed by
the door when open. A similar niche, but shallower and of simple square plan,
occurred in the side walls of the cells themselves , and these, too, have been
reconstructed in the new work

" The fragmentary remains of the mam entrance doorway of this monas-
tery, again, have been rebuilt breast-high on the internal evidence they afforded
and on the analogv of the almost identical doorway in Monastery No. T, o{
which much more of the old work is extant . und here, too, the original method
of affixing the door frames and joinery has been indicated in the repair. The
concrete floor of this entrance vestibule has also been made good in conformity
with the old work, necessary drainage bring effected bv a slight slope toward 8
the entrance threshold

" Another feature of interest that, came to light in this work was the
existence, in the thickness of the " party- wall " between this monastery and^
Monastery I-B to its west, of a long narrow passage, which connecting at its
north end with si cell of Monastery I-A, led out round the south-west corner
of Monastery T-B a sort of f ' ba<,k stairs " exit for the monks. At the north
end of this passage were disclosed the foundations of a straight stair leading
up to the connecting loofs of the two monasteries, direct descent fiom which
again into Monasterv F-B was provided bv u dog-legged 1 stair found in its
.north-east corner.

* Thus, private communication was aifcmled between the two adjoining
monasteries and between both and the open court at the lear of them ; and
the " unofficial " character of this jacibty is indicated in the very low, narrow,
niche-like entrance, high in the wall of the north-west corner cell of Monastery
No. J-A, to get through which would require considerable agility. The extreme
lowness of this little opening was doubtless due to theie not being .sufficient
space between its sill and the cell ceiling above, to permit of its being made
higher. But one thinks of the discovery oi the gaming dice in a cell here
last year ; and wonders if this very convenient and unobstrusive feature of th e
monastery plan had any bearing on it The connecting stair in Monastery 1-A
has been partly reconstructed in the repair, together with its concrete treads
and risers.

" Flanking the entrance of a typically planned monastery here at Nalanda
have always been found two deep cells, in which no doorway or othnr normal
means of access has been apparent. It seemed probable that they were used

x " Dog-legged ", it should perhaps be explained, is the technical name given to a stair that ascends for half
its height to a landing and then turns on itself in the opposite direction to complete the asoent, so that in section
,the stair reaembles in shape a dog's hind leg.

CONSERVATION 26

Central Circle ,as stores for treasured possessions or, more likely perhaps, for grain. A point
Mr. J. A. Pagec] eare( j U p j n the reconstruction of the walls of Monastery I-A to the east of
its main entrance was the means of access provided to these cells in this par-
ticular case. An adjacent stair was heing repaired, which careful study of its
fragmentary remains revealed to be a " dog-legged " construction, rising for
half its height to a landing and then turning again in the opposite direction
to leach the roof Fn one coiner of the landing, tiaces of the filled-in jambs
oi a small opening coi belled ovei at the top were found, an opening through
which a man on all fours could just crawl. This was carefully cleared, and
j1 proved to be the entrance to a narrow passage that curved round and led
into the adjacent store cell, which it entered at a height of about 12 feet
from the floor.

" Tho question arose, why so small and low an opening when apparently
the height available above the landing that gave on to it was sufficient for an
opening that one could enter upright ? The answer disclosed itself in the ves-
tiges of beam-holes lu the cell wall that originally contained the timbers of the
ceiling and thus limited the height available for access to the store cell from
the stuir landing. These and similar points lend much interest to the conser-
vation of an ancient nun, and incidentally illustrate the importance oi Hie
closest supei vision in the conduct of such operations.

" The walls oi this Monastery No. 1-A have now been carried up to
suitable height (varying between 3 and 8 ieet) on all foui sides, together
with the cells along them , and practically the whole of the repair needed for
this building has been made. The Wall-tops have all been concreted over to
keep them water-tight, and on this concrete brick-bats and earth have been
laid to facilitate the giowth oi giass and so induce a more natuial appeal ance
of ruin.

" The floors of the verandah and cells have been made good with rammed
biick, and the thresholds of the cells with concrete, in accordance with old
work ; and except for the repair of the lines of cooking cJiulas found in the
centre of the courtyard, which will be done next year, the conservation of this
monastery is now complete.

" Monastery No. I-B. Here in this smaller monastery, which abuts on
Monasteiy I-A lo the east, the external wall on the east side was raised some
3 feet higher, and the cell walls contiguous to it, which were tadly ruined,
were rebuilt from the floor level. Jn the north-east corner the Walls of a dog-
legged stair found on the cleaiance of debris have been leconstructed, togethei
with its concrete steps , the rums as disclosed being too shattered to repair.
This stair and its connection with that in the adjacent monastery ,I-A have
been mentioned earlier in this account. The badly ruined entrance hall and
gateway on the north of the monastery, of which the merest vestiges remained,
have been built up, and the lower of the concrete floors here repaired ; care
hav.ni; been taken,, to preset ve and leave open to view the features .of both
earlier and later structures erected on this same site, with an interval of some
seven feet between their respective floor levels. The corresponding pavement.

27 CONSERVATION

in the cells, too, have been left exposed, the upper pavement over the eastern Bihar and
half and the lower over the Western half of the monastery. Ofissa

" Inside the small courtyard of this monastery, at the later level, a length
of the concrete parapet, which projected some 8 inches beyond the face of the
earlier wall beneath it, has been supported on a pair of reinforced concrete
lintels, similar to those to be described below. This expedient has permitted
the earth to be removed over half the court to expose to view the brick
paving of the earlier monastery, so that here also the remains of both periods
can now be seen.

" The wall-tops of this monastery, again, have all been made water-tight
with a layer of concrete, concealed beneath a further covering of brick-bats
and earth ; the thresholds of the surrounding cells have been made good with
concrete, together with those of the later entrance vestibule ; and the floors
of the cells and of the inner verandah have been consolidated with rammed
brick ; so that the conservation of this monastery also, which was brought to
light two years before in an extremely shattered condition, is now complete
(Plate VI, a and b).

" The completion of the repairs needed tor these two adjoining monas-
teries, designated I-A and I-B, during the past year, represents very substantial
progress ; for together they cover an area of some 21,000 square feet and theif
walls, seven feet thick and more, have had to be raised in many places from
several feet below floor level. This progress has only been possible through
the manufacture on the site itself of the special large brick required for the
purpose .

" Monastery No. 4, situated immediately north of Monastery No 1, also
received attention, and the projecting facing of a later Wall built around the
shrine chambei of an earlier monastery was similarly supported on a series of
nine reinforced concrete lintels constructed on the site (Plate VI, c and d),
The lintels Were affixed over short lengths oi rail-iron let into the earlier wall
beneath the later projecting face ; and theii reinforcement was contrived by
the simple, though effective, expedient of embedding in both areas of the
" resistance couple " galvanized iron-wire netting, so that the lintels could be
used either side up. This, the most urgent Work demanded in Monastery No.
4, was the only repair carried out here during the year.

" Brick-Making Op&ratwns.- A round lakh of large " Gupta " bricks aver-
aging IS'XIO'XS" m size have been made this year on the site, and their
manufacture has greatly facilitated the progress of the conservation work on
these monuments.

"It is no exaggeration to say that the Work has been speeded up to five
times its rate than when the larger fragments of old bricks had to be gathered
from the debris, dressed and cut for use in these repairs ; and the cost has
been reduced correspondingly. *

*' In the current year the cost of making a lakh of these bricks works
.out at approximately Ks. 31 per 1,000, us against tne Rs. 56 per 1,000 in the

CONSERVATION 28

Central Circle estimates for this work obtained from outside contractors. 1 Though their manu-

Mr J. A* Page fibture throughout the winter months involves a great deal of extra trouble,

especially in times of wet and unsettled weather, 2 it is gratifying to be able

to record how largely this work has helped on the conservation of the Nalanda

remains.

" At Rajgir, a sum of Rs. 323 was spent against an estimate of Rs. 967
towards the conservation of the ancient walls of the Old and New forts. The
ancient history and the antiquities of Rajgir have been discussed at length in
the Annual Report for 1905-06. The inner walls of the Old City were con-
tained within the plain bounded by the enclosing hills ; and the outer forti-
fications have been traced over a line up and down hill from Vaibharagiri over
Sonagiri, thence to Udayagiri and along the southern range of hills to Giriak,
and so back at intervals over Saligiri, Chhatagiri, Ratnagiri and Vipulagiri,
over a distance that agrees closely with the 150 U (approximately 25 miles}>
mentioned as the length of their circuit by Yuan Chwang, the Chinese Bud-
dhist pilgrim, who visited the locality early in the 7th century A.D. The
fortifications, which are built of massive undressed stones, are standing at their
greatest height on the east and west of the Banganga pass, where their eleva-
tion is about 12 feet. It in here that the greater number of the original
bastions are still to be seen ; and other features of interest in the walls are
the stairs, or rather ramps, which give access to the top. Watch towers,
erected at a later date, are also in evidence, and conspicuous among them is
the tower on the Vaibhara Hill, which has been identified with the " Pipala
Stone House " described by the pilgrims Fa Hian and Yuan Chwang. The
walls of this tower have a slight batter, and towards the base contain numer-
ous small cell-like chambers entered through openings about 3 feet high. It is
in this structure that the Buddha is reputed to have dwelt while at Raja-
griha. This tower, which is now better known locally as Jara-sandh-ki-baithak,
s among the remains that are under repair here, which also embrace the ruins
of the north entrance gateway to the Old City, a zig'zag length of wall that
ascends the hill side to the east as one passes through the defile towards the
Banganga River, and further a length of the wall of the New Fort, with its
contiguous bastions, in the immediate vicinity of the Dak Bungalow. It is, of
course, impossible to take active measures to preserve the whole circuit of the
remains, and attention has therefore been concentrated on these portions as
being more readily accessible to the visitor. Here, again, no restoration is
being attempted : all that is being done is the clearance of jungle-growth
from the remains and the replacement of the large stones that have fallen
rom the facing and now lie at the foot of them. The repair of the modern
wall erected around the so-called " Shell inscription " cut in the rock-path
through the small defile, which was in progress from the previous year, was
completed at a total cost of Rs. 246 against an estimate of Rs. 245, Re. 38

1 Th repnuenti ft toUl wring of some R. 2,400.

<tavytagteeatowhfta"bhtt"wM #-

regard to the MtUorologioft] Depftrtment'i view..

29 CONSERVATION

being spent during the year under review. Furthermore the Sonbhandftt cave BifeftfjUKt
at the southern foot of the Vaibhara Hill, a Jain monument excavated in OHM* v
about the 3rd or 4th century A.D. and the so-called Maniyar Math, a briok
monument of the same approximate date which was brought to light during
the excavations of 1906-06 have now been made more accessible to the visitor
by the cutting of a foot-path through the dense jungle around them. Provi-
sion for this work was included in the estimate mentioned above.

" The New Fort under reference above lies some two -thirds of a mile out-
side the northern entrance to the valley containing the Old City. Protected by
a wall of massive masonry, it appears to have resembled an irregular pentagon
in shape, with a circuit of some 3 miles. On the south, towards the hill, a
portion of the interior was cut off to form a citadel, and here some sections
of the wall are still in fair preservation. It is on this side that the repair
is to be done.

" A curious little monument that received attention during the year is Colgong
the Rock Temple at Colgong in the Bhagalpur District. A solid masB of gra-
nite with a small excavation in its south side forming a cell, it stands promi-
nently on a small hill close to the Ganges. With its sloping sides and barrel-
shaped roof, it is reminiscent in a way of an early structural chaitya. The
temple is peculiar in style and is probably assignable to the 7th or 8th century
A.D. The works carried out here comprised the construction of a foot-path
up the hill side to render the temple more accessible, and the erection of a
notice board under Section 5 of the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, on
which a sum of Rs, 61 was spent against an estimate ol Rs. 86,

" The special repairs in hand against an estimate of Rs. 3,557 on the two Po/ommt
old Chero Forts at Palamau were completed at a total cost of Rs. 3,588, a
sum of Rs. 178 being spent in the year under review. The Forts are located
deep in the jungle of the Forest Reserve, and the principal item of the work
was for jungle clearance from the ciroumvallations of the old structures. Though
the estimated work has been completed, much more remains to be done to
reclaim the old walls from the ever-encroaching jungle, land it is hoped to
fund a further estimate of Rs. 4,281 next year to carry on this work. A
description of these forts, known respectively as the Purana and Naya QUa,
and a note on their history, from their founding in the first half of the 17th
century A.D. by Medni Rai and his son, respectively, to their surrender to
the East India Company in 1772, have already been given in the report on thiy
work for the year 1922-23.

" On the repair of a number of the temples at Bhuvanesvar, which has Bhwcmeavar
been in progress since 1922-23, a further sum of Rs. 1,589 was spent during
the year under review, making a total expenditure to date of Rs. 3,000 against
an estimate, as revised, of Rs. 4,0*0. The works in hand are of a minor
nature and embrace fifteen different shrines. A* remarked in the previous
year's report on this work, the repairs consist fwrintsipally in the provision ol
expanded metal doors for the openings in the shrines to exclude bjrds and
animals, minor fepalfcs to masonry, jungle awdication and the like. These

CONSERVATION 30

Central Circle monuments, with the single exception of the Raja Rani shrine, are not now
Mr. J. A. Pafu protected under the Act VII of 1904, since it has not been possible to recon-
cile the divergent points of view of the Archaeological Department and the
Temple Committee in regard to the appropriate manner of their preservation
and the measures requisite to that end. As a special case the Government
of India have agreed to finish certain repairs commenced prior to the raising
of thin issue, and on these repairs being completed, responsibility for the preser-
vation of the temples will devolve on the Managing Committee. Noteworthy
among these shrines under repair is the Parasuramesvar temple, probably the
earliest of the whole group and dating from about the 8th century A.D.; the
Maghesvara, representative of a middle period of development; the Vetal Deul,
with its horizontal Dravidian features blended into the dominent verticality
of the Indo-Aryan style ; and the Raja Rani, exhibiting the later development
of this temple architecture. A descriptive account of these Orissan temples
and of the local evolution of the Indo-Aryan style of architecture that they
exhibit is contained in the report for the year 1922-23, to which a reference
in invited for particulars of interest in this connection.

Khandagin and " Special repairs were commenced during the year under review on the famous
Odmgvn Jaina Caves excavated in the Khandagin and Udaigiri Hills in the Pun District,

against an estimate of Rs. 690, and a sum of Rs. 474 was spent. The work
comprises principally the erection of simple square pillars to support a detached
mass of rock above the Khaudagiri Cave ; the tilling in with concrete of a
wide fissure in the top of the Tatwa Cave No. II, after the removal of the
covering earth above ; jungle clearance generally and the improvement of foot-
pathfe to the caves ; and the removal of daubings of red lead, turmeric and
whitewash from the cave sculptures, which had been applied by visiting pil-
grims. The caves, which date from about the middle of the 2nd century B.C.,
have often been deacribed, but it may be of interest here to recall that the
practice of excavating them from the solid rock originated in Egypt and found
its way into India through Persia and the rock-cut tombs of the Acheemenian
kings. Distinguished from the Buddhist caves of Western India by an entire
absence of chaitya halls, these Orissan caves are all Jaina in origin ; but per-
haps their archaeological importance is best exemplified in the evolution of the
indigenous sculptural forms that they exhibit, with the advent and eventual
disappearance of the Western Asiatic influences that affected them as they
passed into the Christian era. And the epigraphic importance of the Khara-
vela Inscription in the Hathi Gumpha Cave here, with its record of campaigns
in the Andhra Dominions of the Deccan and in Magadha in the 2nd century
B.C., is well known.

Konarak " Monuments under maintenance embrace the following : the Black Pagoda

at Konarak, and the Museum erected in 1914-15 in its vicinity to accommodate
the many fallen sculptures recovered on the site. Built in the 13th century
by Narasimha I of the Eastern Gangs dynasty, this Surya shrine is perhaps
one of the most noble monuments dedicated to the service of Hinduism. Of
stupendous size, perfectly proportioned, and with a delicate and profuse orna-

81 CONSERVATION

mentation subdued to broad effects, the temple, even in its present state of Bihar and
ruin, is profoundly impressive ; and in its original entirety compelled the ad-
miration of the muslim Abul Fazl, who describes it in his Ain-i-AEbaris A
prominent feature of the design is the high plinth, carved with numerous
wheels, on which the shrine is set up, the whole being intended to represent
the Rath or chariot of the Bun-god Arka, to which the temple is dedicated ;
and grouped around the mass are figures of colossal elephants, tigers and caparisoned
horses. A smaller temple of Mahadevi and a Nat Mandir or dancing hall
exist in the same enclosure, which measured some 890' X 540' and originally
was bounded by a battlemented wall, of which little trace, however, now
remains. The name " Black Pagoda " originated with the early European
mariners, for whom the monument served as a convenient landmark, and it
is so mentioned in the diary of Sir Streynsham Master, Governor of Fort
St. George (Madras), in connection with a vojage along the coast in 1675 A.D.

" The Barabati Fort at Cuttack was built by Mukandadeva, the last indepen- Cuttack
dent Hindu ruler of Gris^a, in the latter half of the 16th century A,D. Main-
tenance here, however, is limited to the moat walls and the entrance gate ;
for nothing now remains to indicate the original internal arrangements of the
fort, which the Ain-i-Akbari describes as containing a palace of nine courts.
Apart from the Mosque within the area, which is not maintained by the Ar-
chseological Department, the only structure extant above the moat walls is the
entrance gateway, which is &aid to have been subsequently erected by a Gov-
ernor under the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah in A.D. 1760. And this gate-
way is badly shattered by the ingrown roots of a great bar tree that rises
from the top of the gate itself. Picturesque a feature as this great tree is,
it undoubtedly imperils the existence of the ruined gateway, especially during
a high wind, and it is hoped to fund an estimate next year for its removal
piece-meal from the ruins, preliminary to putting them in weather-tight repair.

"At Sirpur, in the Eaipur District, the shelter under constmction to Central
accommodate the many Buddhist, Sivaite and Vishnuite sculptures collected Province*
from the surrounding jungles, was completed at a total cost ol Ks. 4,308, Mr ' J *
against an estimate of Es. 4,349. Tbe shelter has teen built in the immediate wpw
vicinity of the old brick temple of lak&lman, the ruins of which, reputed to
date from the 9th century A.D., weie jut into rejair a few years before. The
shelter is a structure of biick piers roofed with concrete on jack-arches, and
has been erected on an old falla platfcim Keasuriig scnue 70 feet and 36

feet.

" At Chanda, the work of building up the fallen inner front of the Acha- Chanfo
lesvar Gate of the fat, which was staittd two jeais ago, is now all but com*
plete, a sum of Bs, 3,700 having leen sjent on it up to the end of March
1925, against an estimated cost of Ks, 3,8SO. As stated in the pievious year's
report, this work reflects much credit on the Public Work* Department officers
concerned, for the difficulties attending it were oousideiable. The only recmd
of the gate available, from which its original fe&tmes could fce reconstructed
was an enlargement of a photograph taken before its collapse, which the

CONSERVATION

Central Circte
Mr. J, A.

Marktmd*

Archaeological Superintendent Was able to supply. The Achalesvar gate is one
four main gates affording entry into the Chanda Fort, which, is reputed
to have been built in the 16th century A.D., and is perhaps the most im-
portant and best preserved monument of the Gonds that has survived to pre-
sent times. Certain of the other gates have also fallen into disrepair, and it
is hoped to take up the work of their conservation next year, if funds are
forthcoming. On the maintenance of the fort walls generally an additional
sum of Rs. 425 was spent. A description of the Chanda Fort and a brief
history of the Gonds have been given in the report for the year 1922-23, to
which a reference is invited.

" On the Balapur Fort, in the Akola District, the conservation of which
was continued from the previous year, a sum of Rs. 3,000 Was spent, making
a total expenditure of Rs. 5,295 to the end of March, against an estimate
of Rs. 8,700. The outer walls of this old brick tort, which was erected about
the middle of the 18th century by Ismail Khan, the first Nawab of Ellichpur
under the Nizam of Hyderabad, had suffered dilapidation, and a bastion on
the north side and another on the west had collapsed, together with a length
of an adjacent curtain wall. The fallen portions are being rebuilt about breast
high from the foundations, the earth above them will be dressed back to
" natural slope " and stone-pitched to facilitate the drainage of surface water
and the broken ends of the adjacent walls underpinned to arrest further col-
lapse. This method of repair, though less pleasing in appearance than a com-
plete reconstruction of the fallen portions would be, is equally effective from
a structural point of view, and it has the additional merit in these times of
financial stringency of being very much more economical. A further sum of
KM. 150 was spent on the upkeep of this monument. An account of this Fort
and its history is given in some detail in the report for the year 1922-23.

" Among the monuments under maintenance the following may be men-
tioned :

<- The Markanda Rishi temple of Mahadeo at Markandi in the Chanda
District. Badly shattered by lightning some 200 years ago, its spire and man-
dap roof are now largely missing but even in its ruin it is a stately struc-
ture, with its dominant horizontal bands, continuous around the sikhara base
and mandap walls, relieved with a lighter treatment of vertical panelling in
shallow facets embellished With little groups of figures, principally of Siva and
Par vat i. The vertical facets of the sikKaro, are progressively recessed to form
a diagonal plan in which the central projections dominate, carrying their ver-
tical lines to the top of the tower. Banded facets of undercut mouldings
alternate with flat lace-like surfaces as they ascend the sikhara, affording a
light contrast to the banded base while sustaining its horizontal harmony*
Originally at each corner of the square-planned mandapa a subsidiary pyramidal
roof rose to group with the main pyramid that surmounted the centre. But
all these pyramids except that at one comer have now disappeared. A
eolumned porch originally projected from each of the three sides of the mandafM t
giving access to the interior ; only the carved and sculptured doorways behind

S3 OON8EKVAT10N

them, however, now remain. The temple formed the central feature of a pio Central
turcsque group of about 20 shrines, all enclosed within a quadrangle measuring tWVroC
some 196 feet by US feet. They are of different sizes and in various stages
of preservation, but all are sculptured in greater or less degree and are assign-
able to about the 10th and llth centuries A. IX The style of these temples
is closely analogous to that of the famous Khajuraho shrines in Central India.
In 1909 the conservation of the site was taken up, and as a preliminary to
further repair the many fallen face stones with their elaborate carving, that
were strewn about the area, Were stacked together in order, the better sculp-
tures being accommodated in a long low building called the Das Avatar temple
which forms an open cloister on the West side of the compound and in 1911-
12 the remains of the principal shrine were put into weather-tight repair.

" The Akola Fort, with its Dahihanda Gate and Darbar Bastion. The Fort Akola
dates from the time of Aurangzib and, while lacking in the higher architec-
tural qualities, is of interest in the history of the locality. An inscription
on the Dahihanda gate gives the date of its erection as 1114 Hijri (A. D.
1697) during the reign of the Emperor Aurangzib Alamgir, when Nawab Asad
Khan, his prime minister, held Akola in jagir> which was managed for him
by Khwaja Abdul Latif. Another, on the Fathburj bastion nearby, mentions
the same Khwaja, but refers to the Emperor Shah Alam. The fortifications
were added to in the times of the later Moghul Emperors. Akola is said to
have been the scene of a fight between the Nizam of Hyderabad's forces and
the Marathas and in 1790 the Pindari, Ghazi Khan, was worsted before the
town by the Bhonsla's commander. General Wellesley is also said to have
encamped here in 1803 en route to Argaon, where he gained his signal victory
over the Marathas, which finally shattered their resistance and ended the
2nd Maratha war.

" The ruined temple of Savari Devi at Kharod in the Bilaspur District. Kkwod
Like the Lakshman shrine at Sirpur in the Raipur District under reference
above, on which it is closely modelled, it is built of finely cut brickwork,
and would appear to date from about the 9th century A. D. Its somewhat
low sikhara, divided vertically into major and minor facets, is banded hori-
zontally with well-defined mouldings, which emphasise its low proportions. The
mandapa roof is missing, and the ruined entrance walls have been built up
again in plain dressed masonry. The whole stands on a broad chabutra, which
forms a low terrace around the shrine. The principal interest in this temple
is the finely carved brickwork that composes it. The shrine was put into sub.
stantial repair in 1907. An inscription is preserved in situ in the mandapa
wall of the Lakshmanesvar temple nearby. It is dated 993 in the Kalachuri
era (1182 A. D.) and contains a complete list of the Haihaya kings from Ka-
lingaraja to Batnadeva III.

" An old Vaiahnava temple at Janjgir, also in the Bilaspur District. Dating Janjgir
from about the lOfeh century A. D., and similar to the famous Khajuraho
templet in atyle, the ahriae is noteworthy for its elaborately sculptured facades.
The base of the ai/cttara is decorated with two lines of images representative

CONSERVATION

Btihari

Central Circle of Varaha, Narasimha and Brahma, with subsidiary figures of Devi, dancing
Mr. J. A* Pagft^irb and griffins, Surya being given the place of honour in the back or we&t
wall. Over the doorway of the shrine are carved the Hindu Trinity, Vishnu
in the centre being separated from the other two, Brahma and Siva, by re-
presentations of the nine planets. From the horizontally banded base, with
its multiple shallow facets, the long vertical lines of the upper siktiam extend,
decorated at the corners and at the central facet with a diminutive attached
sikhara. A curious parapet-like feature raised above the entrance doorway
now terminates the facade in an abrupt manner; and it is clear from the
present truncated appearance of the tower that the shrine was never complet-
ed. The monument is raised on a high terrace of considerable extent, also
elaborately moulded and sculptured. This high base was put into repair in
1905 and the shrine itself in the year 1910. A smaller temple, less profusely
sculptured but with siklara complete, is also kept up in the vicinity.

" The Vishnu Vahara temple at Bilhari in the Jubbulpore District. The
present temple is of comparatively modem construction, and with the double
storey and ribbed dome bears indications of Muhammadan influence in the de-
sign. The porch on its east side, however, is built up of ancient columns,
nearly all of which differ in design, and they were apparently reassembled here
to serve their present purpose. Besides the columns, which are chastely carved
with a light relief, there are two sculptures of very beautiful workmanship
built into the sides of the entrance to the shrine. These represent the
usual door-keepers, Ganga on the one side and Yamuna on the other. Each
of these river deities is attended by a serpent king and bears its disting-
uishing emblem, a Makara or dolphin for the goddess of the Ganges, and a
jKurma or tortoise for that of the Jumna. It is in these carved columns and
sculptures that the archsBological value of the monument resides. A number
of other sculptures found in the vicinity were collected on the wide platform
on which the temple is raised when the monument was put into repair in
1919-20 at a cost of Bs. 1,389. Bilhari, the modern corruption of the
Sanskrit "Vilahari," is said to have been the capital of the Kalachuri
Kajas of Chedi a territory approximately co-extensive with the modern
Central Provinces the last record of whom is an inscription dated in the
year 1181 A. D.

"At Burhanpur, in the Nimar District, a sum of Rs. 1,710 was spent
towards the construction of a system of groynes in the river bed, below Shah
Nawaz Khan's tomb. The monument is a pleasing structure, four-square in
plan, enclosed by lower arcaded verandahs and surmounted by a large dome,
deep continuous Mayas shade both the verandah and the recessed upper
facade, and at each corner of the structure rises a prominent attached minar,
fenefltrated above and crowned by a little dome. Shah Nawaz Khan was
a soldier of fortune whose sister was married to the Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan (1628-59 A. D.) He subsequently became a recluse, and his tomb was
built in his lifetime. The keeper of the tomb is said to have in his posses-
sion deeds from the Moghul Emperors dated in 1637 and 1688 A. D. directing.

Bvrhanpur

35 CONSERVATION

bis ancestors to render assistance in the suppression of the Kolis, The groynes Centra!
under construction have been necessitated by the serious erosion of the high P***^ 116 * 8
river bank on which the tomb is elevated, which threatened to bring about
its collapse at no very distant date. The groynes are being built of a frame-
work of heavy ballis infilled with river flints, and will project at an angle
into the river bed to break the force of the flood water. The estimate for
this work amounts to Rs. 3,162.

" At Nadir Shah's tomb, in the same locality, the work of refacing the
ruined external walls, commenced in 1919-20, was continued, the total expendi-
ture to date being Es. 10,264. This refacing has now been carried up to its
full height in the north-west corner of the tomb and is in course of erection
on the other sides. The work is being done in plain ashlar ; only the square
outlines of mouldings and projections are being repeated and no carved de-
coration. The tomb is contained in the same walled enclosure as that of Adil
Shah adjacent, and steps are being taken to lay out this area on simple appro-
priate lines as a garden, and to open up again the original gateway that led
into it from the north. A brief note on the history of Nadir Shah (1399-
1437 A. I).), the first * independent prince of the Faruqis of Khandesh and the
founder of the capital city Burhanpur, hag already been given in preceding
reports, as well as a description of his tomb-

" A further sum of Rs. 764 in all was spent on the upkeep of the Bur-
lanpur Fort, imposed on the right bank of the Tapti 80 feet above its bed
ind believed to have been founded by the Faruqi Raja, Adil Khan I, though
the bulk of the present remains are patently Early Mughal ; on the ruins of
the Bibi ki Masjid, among the oldest monuments ot Burhanpur, and built by
one ot the Faruqi queens probably between 1520 and 1540 A. D. ; on the Raja-
ki-Chhattri, a large open-coloumned pavilion seemingly of the Mughal pericd ;
and on the Tombs of Nadir Shah and Adil Shah, and of Shah Nawaz Khan
under reference above.

" The conservation of the old Jami Masjid in the Asirgarh Fort was
continued at a cost of Rs. 2,165 during the year under review. A sum of
Rs, 12,770 in all has been spent on this work against an estimate of Rs. 13,993,
and the repairs are now nearing completion. The architectural features of the
mosque, which dates from the period of Shah Jahan, have already been des-
cribed in the report for the year 1922-23. The building had formerly been
used as barracks during the military occupation of the Fort by the British
and the works in hand are directed towards removing the evidence of this
occupation and reclaiming the structure to its former state. This has involved
the removal of modern additions to the roof, of alien window frames from the
mihrab recesses along the west wall of the prayer chamber, the renewal of
:hkajja stones and brackets along the east front and the substantial rebuilding
>f the two tall minars which form so conspicuous a land-mark in the country
tround. The difficulties of conserving this structure are greatly increased by
ihe desolate nature of its locality for the village afc the foot of the fort has
ong been abandoned and all labour has to be imported, together with the

CONSERVATION 36

Central Circle supplies necessary for its subsistence. But the work is waH worth while to
Mr. J. A. Page % e fort is of much historical interest, and it is an imposing and pietoeiqtte

monument, A brief note on its history, from its capture by Alauddin Khilji
in 1295 to its surrender to the British in 1819, has already been given in
the report mentioned above. On the maintenance of this fort during the
year under review a sum of Ks. 407 was spent, the work compriiing chiefly
the eradication of jungle growth from the walls and the repair of the approach
roads up the hill side.

" Other monuments under maintenance are : The tomb of Shah Noroan,
at the foot of the Asirgarh Fort. Shah Noman, it is of interest to note, was
the son of the world-renowned Persian poet, Hafiz. His tomb is a small
square, insignificant structure surmounted by a low dome set on a short octa-
gonal necking, and the whole surface is covered with platter."

Eastern Circle "The conservation of Raja Harishchandra's tank in the village oi Raghu-
Bengal rampur near Rampal in the district of Dacca was undertaken departmentally.

? r * R Ji D * ^k* 8 tan ^ was * a ^ en un( k* tne care * *k e Archaeological Depaitinent partly
ft m<0ur on account of the high esteem in which it was held by the villagers. The
causes of this regard are peculiar. On days of a high tide the mass of acquatic
vegetation, with which its deep waters are filled, rises and eo the local villagers
have come to believe that there is some underground connection between tnis
tank and the large rivers outside such as the now defunct Ichhamati or the
larger Dhaleswari. Most of the villagers agree in stating that at one time
utensils required for worship on festivals could be obtained from this tank
simply by uttering prayers from its banks, and early the following morning
the required number of utensils would be found arranged on the ghat. After
use these had to be cleaned and returned to the place where they had first
been found and on the next morning the utensils had disappeared as myste-
riously as they had made their appearance. One day certain uteneils
required by a villager weie asked for and received by him, but when he wanted
to return them his daughter-in-law concealed one of them. The remainder,
however, were placed at evening time on one of the ghats, but the villagers
were surprised next morning on seeing that the utensils had not vanished*
They remained on the ghat for three successive mornings, but on the fourth
they had disappeared. The villagers complain that this act of dishonesty on
the part of a woman caused the cessation of a very useful custom to the
village.

" There are a large number of tank* in the ancient city of Vikramapura
of which Rampal is the modern representative. Some of them are very big
indeed, for instance, the Vallalasagar tank which is nearly a hundred acres
in area. The district around also abounds with tanks of all sues, But with
the exception of the tank of Harishchaudra none have masonry walk. Daring
the year jungle was removed from the aides of this tank and the uppermost
layer of floating vegetation was cleared away. While removing this layer
trunks of large trees were discovered; these had grown m floating island
in a manner similar to the floating islands on the Dal lake la Kashmir. No

regular allotment was sanctioned for this work at the beginning of the year I
and it was started in February with sums reappropriated from grants sur-
rendered by the Public Works Department and the actual expenditure up to
the end of March was Rs. 5,327. Towards the end of the year, a gh*t on the
southern side was discovered. The ghat consists of a sloping way in the
centre with low broad walls on each side and resembles similar cause-ways
on the great tanks at Sarkhej and Dholka in the Ahmedabad district of
Bombay, but this type without steps is rare in Bengal. One exists in the
old elephant stable*, at Murshidabad in a tank, called the tank of the Filkhana.
Babu Haridas Basak of Dacca, in whose zemindari the tank is situated, very
kindly permitted this Department to undertake the conservation of this tank,
before the formal acquisition by the Government of the land on its sides.

"Steps are being taken to preserve six great mounds containing Buddhist Sabka*
remains at Sabhar near Manikganj in the Dacca district. These mounds have
yielded terracotta plaques and Buddhist images in large numbers during casual
excavations. Some partial excavations were carried out with the permission
of the landlord by some private gentlemen under the leadership of Mr. Nalini
Kanta Bhattasali of the Dacca Museum and the antiquities found have been
deposited in the Museum at Dacca. During recent years, in spite of the pro-
tection under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act. these mounds have
continued to serve as brick quarries for the local villagers, who have found
a number of valuable antiquities during their excavations, Difficulties having
arisen in the acquisition of the land it was only possible to do a little clearance
during the year,

<c In the Bankura district the conservation of the nineteen temples in and Vithnupvr
around Yishnupur begun by Mr. K. N. Dikshit in 1922 was completed this year
at a cost of Rs. 704. In the same district the conservation of the temple of
Siddheswar at Bahulara was completed at a cost ot Rs. 649. A piece of tend Bahutara
close to the temple of Jayadeva at Kenduli in the Birbhum district was acquired KendvU
in order to enable the Public Works Department to complete the fencing
around the ancient court-yard of this temple.

" In the Rajshahi district boundary pillars Were erected round the Padum Deopara
Sahar tank at Deopara. This tank had been excavated by King Vijayasena
of Bengal and on the banks of it he had built the temple of Pradyumnesvara.
Some very urgent preliminary repairs were carried out in the stone mosque Kusutnba
at Kusumba in the same district at a cost of Rs. 597. At Gaur and Pandua
in the Malda district work was hampered owing to the delay in the acquisi- Gaw
tion of land. A sum of Rs. 1,000 provided in the budget for the excavation
of some underground chambers near the Gumti gate could not be utilised be-
cause the land could not be purchased in time. The special repairs to the
Darasbari mosque were completed at a cost of Rs. 1,830 and the preliminary
repairs to the Baiagazi wall, erected by Sultan Alauddin Husaiu Shah as the
inner enclosure of the palace built by him, weie finished at a cost of Rs* 624.
Protected monuments' notice doards were fixed to twelve monuments at Gaur
at ft oast of Rfl. 179. In the Burdwan district special repairs to the large

CO NSEJ* VATION

Eastern Circle

Mr. R. O.
Banerji

-Gaurangapur
Kkeraul
Dacca Dittrict

Jiampal

Masjtipur

Assam

Mr. R. D.
Banerji

Garhgaon

brick temple at Gaurangapur ascribed to king Ichhai Ghosh were commenced
and the temples at Baddipur in the same district were provided with wire
fencing. The wire fencing round the mosque at Kheiaul in the Jangipui
sub-division of the Murshidabad district was also completed.

"In the Dacca District Rs. 123 were spent in providing notice boards tc
the protected monuments and boundary pillars were erected round the Sat-
gumbaz mosque near Dacca. The special repairs to the mosque at Atash
Khana or the artillery park of Amir-ul-Umara Nawab Shayista Khan I were
begun and Rs. 1,926 were expended on them. In the same district the serious
condition of the mosque of the celebrated Musalman saint Baba Adam at
Kazikasba near Kampal was brought to the notice of the Director General
and Rs. 1,000 were sanctioned by him from the reserve at his disposal for the
preliminary special repairs to this monument. Out of this amount only Rs. 700
could be spent before the end of the year in providing struts beneath the
collapsing roof and cracks in the domes. A conservation note has been framed
and an estimate for thorough repairs to this building amounting to Rs. 10,318
has been approved. The actual repairs consisting of underpinning the walls,
rebuilding the collapsed arches and reconstructing missing portions of the domes
and side walls will be taken up in the course of the coming year. In the
Khulna district special repairs to Khan Jahan All's mosque at Masjidpur were
also commenced.

"Altogether Rs. 7356 were spent on special repairs carried out personally
by the Superintendent of the Eastern Circle and Rs, 10,204 on special repairs
or original works carried out by the Public Works Department of Bengal (Rs.
8,433 plus RB. 1,771 agency charges). The cost of annual repairs and main-
tenance of ancient monuments in Bengal amounted to Rs. 7,461 (Rs. 6,166
plus Rs. 1,295 agency charges).

"In Assam preliminary repairs to the palace of the Ahom rajas at Garh-
aon in the Sibsagar district were begun, Rs. 1,428 being allotted for this pur-
pose. A good deal of work remains to be done at Garhgaon. The palace
was very severely shaken during the earthquake of 1897 and repairs to it during
the last twenty-eight years have not been thorough. The lower two storeys
are still buried in the d&bris from the upper storeys and can be visited only
with difficulty. The area enclosed by the wire fencing is at present too small
and the mounds in front of the building detract from the view of it. Owing
to shortage of funds, schemes ior the thorough conservation of this remarkable
monument had to be postponed. In reality, this building was designed
to be a twenty-one-Ratna temple of the Bengali type. Ifcs original appearance,
as illustrated in Sir Edward Gait's History of Assam, was that of a Bengali
temple, pyramidal in shape and originally seven storeyed with four small towers
or minarets at each corner and a single one on the top storey, which latter,
however, has collapsed entirely. The roofs of many of the smaller towers have
yet to be made water-tight and dtbris must be removed from the rooms
of the second floor. In fact a good deal of pioneer work gtill remains to be
done in the case of this monument before larger schemes for its final ooaaerva-

39 CONSERVATION

tion can be taken in hand. Rs. 276 were spent in providing notice boards to Asian*
the monuments in the Sibsagar sub -division of the Lakhimpur district and
a small sum was expended in surveying and levelling the ground around
the palace at Garhgaon. The Natmandir attached to the Sibdole temple Sib
at Sibsagar was repaired as was also the Bishnudole temple at Gaurisagar
near it. Repairs were executed at the Rang-ghar palace at Jayasagar at a
cost of Rs. 189, and Rs. 1,214 were spent on the Karanghar Palace in its
vicinity. The ruins of this vast palace were cleared of jungle and a
very large amount of rubbish and debris was removed from the interior,
exposing the remains of the original palace to view. A thorn barricade was
placed around the image of Durga at Deopani in the same district to protect ^
from the ravages of wild elephants and R. 300 were spent on the prehistoric Pathar
monoliths at Kaaomari Pathar also in that district.

""In the Naga hills district a notice board was fixed near the monolithic
columns at Dimapur and others were put up near the rock-cut temple at Maibong
and in front of the raja's palace at Khaepur in the Cachar district. The majority of
the Central Government monuments in Assam have now been provided with notices/'

"The special repairs to the old Chola temple at Motupalle in the Guntur Southern!
district have been in progress for some time. Although of no architectural Circle
merit, the temple which is dedicated to Siva in the form of Virabhadra, con- Madras
tains some very valuable and interesting historical inscriptions and the place JVfir* A. H.
is also mentioned by the famous traveller Marco Polo who visited this port _? I JT*
during the reign of the Kakatiya Queen Rudramadevi, about the end of the
thirteenth century, Most of the inscriptions are engraved on the exterior
walls of the building which are built ot brick and mortar faced with cut stone
on both sides. In places the stone-work had got out of position through settle-
ment and other causes and so an estimate amounting to Rs. 1,095 was framed
for repairing the walls, the roof and the stone floor which required grouting
a nd pointing. Owing to its situation in a sandy desert near the sea, Motu-
palle is a difficult place at which to obtain skilled labour or building material,
the latter having to be conveyed from some distance. However the work is
progressing and will be completed shortly and the temple saved from further decay.

"The repairs to the Arsenal and old military quarters now converted i
the Port and Customs office, the belfry, Powder Magazine and Dutch Cemetery
at Masulipatam have also been in progress for the last few years. This year
a sum of Rs. 461 was spent mainly on new plaster work and the buildings
are now reported to be in good repair and the work completed. As these
buildings are situated close to the sea, annual repairs will always be necessary.
The usual annual repairs were carried out to the group of early rook-cut Bewada
temples at Bezwada and the adjoining suburb of Mogalrajapuram and they
are now in good order.

"In 1023, an estimate amounting to Rs. 1,150 for special repairs to
group of temples and Hill Fort at Udayagiri was approved and sanctioned and
the work was taken up last year. This year a sum of Rs, 338 was spent on the
repairs and the work has now been completed. An additional sum of Rs. 141 was

CONSERVATION 40

SoutneraCirclealso sanctioned for the provision of notice-boards. The gateway of the Fort and
Mr. A. H. tike stone steps leading up to the two mosques on the summit of the hill were
jq^jjed. The roof of the Ranganayaka temple and the Kalyana mandapa were
replastered where necessary to make them water-tight and some of the cracked
stone beams carrying the flat roof of the temple were supported with cut
stone pillars. The gaps in the compound wall were built up to prevent cattle
trespass. The decayed brick and plaster tower or stupi of the ruined Krishna
temple was replastered to save the brickwork from falling and rank vegeta-
tion was removed from the enclosure.

ff A sum of Rs. 938 was spent on the usual annual repairs and the mainte-
nance of two permanent watchmen to look after the famous Hill Fort at Gooty
and the buildings it contains, and Rs. 234 were spent on special repairs to the
parapets of some of the gateways and decayed portions of the rampart walls-
The buildings are in good order and the Fort is being well maintained and
kept free from rank vegetation.

ft In connection with the numerous and important buildings at Hainpi in
the Bellary district no less than twenty-two special works were undertaken
at a cost of Rs. 2,326. These repairs consisted mainly of plastering leaky
roofs to render them water-tight, providing cut stdne pillars to support cracked
stone beams and transoms, and re-setting stone flagged floors and pavements.
The cost of the usual annual repairs to the numerous roads and pathways
to the monuments and the clearance of rank vegetation by the permanent
watchmen amounted to Rs. 938.

"The chief conservation work at Mahabalipuram is the annual maintenance
of the roads and pathways and the care of the young trees, which have been
planted to afford shade along the roads to the Shore temple and Five Raths.
Owing to want of rain, the casurina trees that were planted along the road
to the Five Raths some nine years ago, all perished in March last. The dead
trees have been removed and rain-trees will be planted in their place as soon
as the seedlings are big enough to plant out. Two additional coolies have
been provided to help the two permanent men to attend to the watering of
these young trees.

" The old Dutch Fort and Cemetery at Sadras in the Chingleput district are
now being properly maintained. When the fort was no longer required for
military purposes it was blown up and the fortifications destroyed, the main
gateway and the small cemetery within the fort alone surviving. For years
the place was abandoned and cactus and rank jungle soon covered the site.
Jt has taken some years to remove the jungle owing to the quantity of masonry
Mbris strewn all over the site both within and without the fort. Patch plaster
repairs were carried out to the gateway and the tombs in the cemetery and
the usual annual removal of cactus attended to.

fic|fofH "The only protected monuments in the Salem district are five picturesque

old forts at Sankaridrug, Krishnagki, Bayakottai, Namakkal and Attar. The
first four are mediaeval Hill Forts and that at Attur is situated in the town
of that name. None of them are of much architectural value but all axe

41 CONSERVATION

of considerable historical interest and played an important part in the early Madras
days of British ride in Southern India. As they have been neglected for many PwH&iqr
years, cactus and jungle had grown over the sites and made the approaches
very difficult. During the last few years, the removal of jungle, repairs to
the long flights of steps leading up the hills, and patch plaster repairs to the
gateways, fortifications and ruined buildings within the forts have been under,
taken. No costly structural repairs have been executed as the buildings are
-of no particular architectural value and it will be sufficient if steps are taken
to arrest further decay only. This year a sum of Rs. 883 was spent on repairg
to these forts and the work has been completed.

" The repairs undertaken at the famous old Fort at Gingee were of much Congee
-the same nature as those executed at the forts in the Salem district. The
area occupied by Gingee fort is very large, there being some three miles of
fortifications and a vast number of buildings located within the site requiring
attention. There are also several miles of motor roads and footpaths to be
maintained in good repair every year. The cost of the repairs including th e
pay of the watchmen amounted to Rs. 2,967-14-0.

"A sum of Rs. 1,040 was spent on repairs and annual maintenance of Vellore
the beautiful Fort at Vellore, including the old Siva temple and mosque which
it contains. Vegetation was removed from the inner and outer ramparts and
disturbed portions of the fort walls were replaced. The mosque was replastered
where necessary and the building cleaned and whitewashed and the work com-
pleted.

''The usual annual repairs were carried out to the old Forts at Palghat^ West Cooaf
Telhclierry, Bekal and the Sultan's Battery at Mangalore and these monuments
are now m good repair. Special repairs amounting to Rs, 376 were execut
to the historical old Fort at Anjengo on the west coast. The fort walls were
much overgrown with vegetation, the roots having penetrated into the masonry .
and portions of the walls were in danger of destruction. The vegetation has
now been rooted out and the holes thus made filled with mortar ; and the walls
and gateways are now secure. As the fort is situated within a hundred yards
of the sea, the wooden gates and their hinges, hasps and clasps, had seriously
decayed. The gates were repaired and tarred and the metal work renewed.

"The amount of expenditure on conservation works in Coorg for the yearCoorg
under report amounted to only Rs. 262 and consisted of the usual annual main-
tenance of the roads within the Fort at Mercara and plaster repairs to the big
masonry elephants in the palace courtyard and the Rajah's seat. The three
Jain temples at Mullur village also received petty plaster repairs to their roofs."

" In the Burma Circle, special works were undertaken, during the year Burma Circle
under report, at six centres, viz., Pagan, Mandate y, Amarapura, Sagaing, Pegu Burma
and Myohaung in Arakan, at a total expenditure of Rs. 41,053.

14 As was pointed out in the report for last year, the most important special
gepairs to the Tilominlo and Sulamani temples at Pagan had been completed.
The works at these temples during the year now under review consisted of
repairs to the old brick drain at the Sulamani and to the enclosure walls

CONSERVATION 42

Burma Circle and portions of some of the gateways at the Tilominlo. The compounds of both
Mont, Charles these temples were cleared of the unsightly debris and the thick vegetation.
UIt> tliat had invaded them, and paths were laid round the temples as well as

from the gateways in the outer walls to the principal entrances for the con-
venience of visitors. It is anticipated now that with the expenditure of only a
few hundred rupees yearly, for the clearing of vegetation, edging ofi the old
plaster as it flakes off, and occasional grouting of cracks and crevices, these
two interesting monuments, which are among the largest and form connecting
^inks in tjhe development of religious architecture at Pagan, will last for a long
time to come.

" The repairs to the Tilominlo were begun in 1921-22 at an estimated cost
of Rs. 45,707 ; but the total expenditure, counting Rs. 2,867 spent during
this year, amounted only to Rs, 40,483 ; thus a saving of nearly Rs. 5,000
has been effected. The actual expenditure on the repairs to the Sulamani
temple also shows a saving of about Rs. 500 against the sanctioned estimate
of Rs. 14,748 for the work. The completion of these two items now enables
the Department to take up fresh work at Pagan.

"As is well known, Pagan, once the metropolis of Buddhism in Indo-
China, is now the greatest place of attraction in Burma from an archaeological
standpoint, and the most important centre of conservation in this Circle. Its
ruins cover a very large area, comprising the following village-tracts and places

(I) Nyaung-U, (2) Wetkyi-in, (3) Taungbileya, (4) Pagan, (5) Mympagan, (6)
Thiripyitsaya. (7) Twin-ywa, (8) Pwazaw, (9) Minnanthu, (10) Taungba and

(II) Thayetkon. In this area is found many types of Burmese religious archi-
tecture in brickwork, from the smallest and simplest monument to the most
imposing in design and size ; all, or at least the very great majority, being
built between the middle of the llth and the end of the 13th centuries A.
D. There are hundreds of monuments, and Government have made a re-
presentative selection out of this large number for conservation at the public
expense ; this selected list comprises 44 monuments. Since the regular campaign
of conservation work was started in 1902, the Archaeological Department has
succeeded in repairing 34 of them including the Sulamani and the Tilominlo
temples referred to above. Among those that still remain to be repaired
may be mentioned the Dhammayazika at Pwasaw, and the Dhammayangyi
and the Shwesandaw at Pagan, each of which is among the largest monuments
and is in a class by itself.

'* This year the repairs to the Dhammayazika have been taken in hand at an
estimated cost of Rs. 36,626 but, as this enterprise is a large one, this amount
will have to be distributed over a period of three or four years. During
the year the Public Works Department spent on this monument a sum of
Rs. 9,734. The estimate provides, in order of urgency, for repairs to (1) the
ifcain shrine, (2) the five subsidiary temples on the platform, (3) the paltform
and circuit wall enclosing it, and (4) the outer enclosure walls at a cost of
Bs. 22,210, 4,181, 4,481 and 6,004 respectively, to which should be added
Rn. 250 for repairing an ancient tank in the neighbourhood for the storage of

43 CONSERVATION

water while the work is proceeding, and KB. 500 for two temporary sheds for Burma Circle
-the workmen. The provision of these last two items being necessitated by the '

facts that the river Irrawaddy, which is the principal source of water supply
for the country around, is four miles away from the works, the quantity
*of water available in a village tank in the neighbourhood being barely suffi-
cient for the consumption of the villagers themselves, and sufficient workmen
not being available locally most have to be imported from elsewhere,

"The Dhammayazika was built by King Narapatisithu in 1197 A, I), The
expenditure incurred upon it and the interest its founder took in its mainte-
nance may be gathered from a stone inscription which is still in one of the
8 ubsidiary temples on the platform. Therein it is recorded that Narapatisithu
disbursed 44,027 ticals of silver as wages for the workmen and gave 18 pes
(nearly 36 acres) of land. The wages included the cost of making bricks,
burning lime, and collecting stones. On the completion of the shrine, the King
dedicated for its maintenance 1,000 slaves, 500 of whom were Burmans and
500 Indians, 500 pes of land and 500 bullocks.

" It is a solid pagoda of the Shwezigon type at Nyaung-U, a conical stupa
raised on a series of terraces standing on a platform, but its plan is of a
shape found nowhere else. The three lower terraces are pentagonal in plan
while at the base of them on each of the five 8 ides is a small temple with
a square basement enshrining an image of the Buddha. The terraces are
adorned with enamelled plaques illustrating the Jatakas, and similar to those
at the Shwezigon, but the style and technique, although just over one hun-
dred years later, mark a distinct phase in the development of pictorial art at
Pagan. In addition to the usual legend in Pali, containing the name of the
birth story depicted above it, these plaques, unlike those at the Shwezigon,
contain also a short explanation in Burmese. It is notable that the cast of
features of the figures represented on the plaques IB somewhat different to those
of similar but earlier figures, that is, they already approximate more to th e
Burmese cast. The whole building stands on a raised platform designed to
harmonize with the plan of the main shrine, and a fifteen sided enclosure pierc-
ed by five gateways, each gateway facing one side of the shrine, encompasses
the temple (Plate VII).

" From the short inscriptions in ink that are still extant on the wall
on the subsidiary temples on the platform (Plate XXXIV (fe)), it is learned
that minor repairs to these temples were undertaken in 1671 A. D., and to
t;he Buddhas within them in 1735 A. I)., but there is no record mentioning
any repairs to the main shrine since its foundation. However, that such re-
pairs were once undertaken is evidenced from u small wooden image of a seated
Buddha found in one of the relic chambers in the dome (Plate XXXIV ()) ;
this image is still in a good state of preservation, and its features and technique
show that it belongs to 15th or 16th century A. IX The works done here
this year consisted of making water-tight the topmost layers of what remains of
the sikkara and in repairing the circular mouldings there. The missing bricks
the bell-shaped dome below the sikJmm were replaced, and the hole

H 2

CONSERVATION 44

(Circle made by treasure-hunters filled up. This hole was rather a large one and it
~~ vms at first proposed that for structural safety it should be strengthened

by a supporting arch, but this proposal was abandoned in the course of
repairs in favour of a less expensive suggestion. The hole, which was four
feet in height, five feet in breadth and thirty feet in length with a dip o*
eight feet in depth at the inner end, was filled up with sand for a height of
three feet with a layer of bricks in mud mortar for the remaining portion,
and was then closed up from the outside. One of the flights of steps
going up the terraces was also repaired. It is proposed to undertake
repairs to the remaining staircases and the terraces next year.

" Conservation of the Palace was continued during the year. The open
verandahs round the Glass Palace, the Chief Queen's Apartments, those of the
Central Queen's and Levee Rooms and the Royal Pages' Apartment or Lapet-
ye-zaung, have been paved with Pakhangyi stone slabs, and two brick drains
on the north and south sides of the Glass Palace have been constructed. The
expenditure during the year, including the cost of maintenance of the gardens
on the Palace platform, amounted to Rs. 14,823, and the total expenditure
incurred up to the end of the financial year under report since the year 1918,
when conservation work at the Palace was first started, now amounts to
Rs. 57,980, exclutive of agency charges. It is estimated that a further sum of
Rs. 50,000 or more will still be required to complete the work, so that at
the present rate of progress it will take three or four years or even five to-
finish the work of conserving this important monument. Incidentally, the
pyatthate (bastions) on the Fort Walls are now beginning to give trouble and
more funds are urgently needed for their preservation. A rough estimate
providing for all the necessary repairs to these bastions amounts to Rs, 48,820,
against which a sum of only Rs. 4,000 could be provided this year. With
this amount the underground portions of the wooden pillars of five pyatthats,
(Kos. 25, 26, 28, 29 and 30) which had rotted away, were provided with con-
crete foundations, roof timbers of pyattjiat No. 30 weie renewed and the pyat.
tliats over the main gates (Nos. 12, 24, 36 and 48) were provided with cross-
bracings.

. "At Amarapura, King Bodawpaya's Tomb within the old city walls was-

repaired during the year at the cost of Rs. 510. Owing to lack of atten-
tion much damage to the building has been caused by the small trees growing
on it. These and others growing around the building have been uprooted,
and the cracks and holes caused by them filled up ; some of the fallen-
battlements above the eaves were restored, and those round the circuit wall
of the platform renewed.

"At Sagaing and Pegu the special works consisted of fixing an American
wire fence with reinforced concrete posts round an inscription shed at the former
pbw> and in putting up a temporary wooden shed over the old Talaing insorip-
tione, which had been collected a lew years ago and set up near ft monastery
at Paya-thonzu village, near the latter place, at an expenditure of Rs. 303 and
Rs. 3,404 respectively.

45 CONSERVATION

"Repairs to the Shitthaung pagoda at Myohaung in Arakan were conti- Bui ma Circle
nued during the year, towards the cost of which the Government contributed Jyotowy t*
a further sum of Rs. 2,500. The trustees, who have been carrying out the ***"*
conservation works, report that the northern entrance of the corridor round
the sanctum has been repaired, and that the walls and courtyard have been
put into good order, existing models having been followed. A sum of
Rs. 503-12-0 was spent during the year and the trustees hope to use next year
the balance of Rs. 2,600 mentioned above together with such contributions as
they may obtain from public subscriptions, on the necessary repairs to the
remaining parts of the building and its enclosure walls, and in restoring to their
proper places the stone sculptures that are now lying on the ground.

"Besides the special works mentioned above the usual annual repairs
were undertaken at all the various centres. The total expenditure under the
latter item together with the cost of maintenance being Rs, 21,387, and the
total of both amounting to Rs. 62,440."

" During the year conservation works have been in progress in Rajputana Rajputana and
and Central India at the following four places, viz., Ajmer, Amber in the Central India

Jaipur State, Khaiuraho in the Chhatarpur State and Mandu in the Dhar^ rc k
Q+X ' J * Mr.B.L.

State - Dhama

ff Several improvements have been effected at the great mosque, known Ajmer
as the Axahi-din-ka-Jhonpra, The modern accretions, such as a kitchen, latrine 8 "
and other unsightly buildings, which had been erected in the enclosure of the
mosque by the faqir residing there, have been removed, and a new kitchen
with a small courtyard and latrine have been built for him outside the north-
ern compound wall of the mosque. A portion of the modern north compound
wall towards the south, which had collapsed during the heavy rains of the llth
September, has been rebuilt. A design for a teak-wood door to be fixed a*
the east main entrance of the mosque has been supplied to the Public Works
Department. This work will be taken in hand during next year. Notice
boards prohibiting the ditfigurement of the monument by visitors, have also
been set up,

"The Kachhwaha Rajput palace at Amber, which had long been neglected Jaipur
and defaced by modern additions and other unsightly repairs, has now Amber
received consideration at the hands of the Jaipur Darbar and systematic con-
servation work is being carried out under the supervision of the State Engineers.
It is gratifying to observe that these officers are taking a very keen interest
in the archaeology of the State.

*' After the completion of the more important structural repairs, previously Cfahatarpor
recommended by the Archaeological Department, to the great mediaeval
temples, detailed reference to which was made in the report for the year 1922.
23, supplementary conservation notes were drawn up and supplied to the
Chhatarpur Darbar. It wag estimated that the cost of the supplementary
repairs would amount to about Rs. 6,000 and the Government of India sane,
turned half the sum, the balance being found by the Darbar. From the Govern-
grant Ra, 756-0-9 and from that funded fcjr the State R*. 2,794-1 5-3 are

EXPLORATION 46

Rajputana and reported to have been spent during the year. Repairs to the temples ol
Chaunsat Jogini and Kandhariya have been carried out satisfactorily by the
"State Public Works Department. The jungle and the debris from around the
other temples for the width of ten feet clear of them have been removed and
the ground so cleared has been dressed and made level.

" At Mandu the work of conservation has been progressing in a satis-
factory manner, though very slowly. Repairs to the following monuments
have been completed: Malik Mughi's mosque, Jahaz Mahal, Daika Mahal,
Daiki Chhoti Bahin ka Mahal, tomb north of the Alamgir gate, Baz Bahadur's
Palace and Darya Khan's tomb. A supplementary conservation note on the
monuments at Mandu has been supplied to the Dhar State by the Archaeo-
logical Department and works recommended in it will be taken up gradually.
A total bum of Rs. 9,683 was expended on the ancient monuments of the State
during the year, of which Rs 5,731 were from the Central Government's grant."

Circle
Mr. B. L*

Dhama

Dhar
Mandu

Northern
Circle
Hindu and,
Baddhiet '
Monuments

Punjab
Sir John
Marshall

SECTION II.

EXPLORATION AND RESEARCH.

"At Taxila " , writes Sir John Marshall, "very substantial progress was
made in the excavation both of the older city on the Bhir Mound and of the
later Scytho-Parthian city of Sirkap. Careful plans of the areas cleared
during the past and previous years in the Bhir Mound and Sirkap have been
prepared, showing in several colours the different strata of buildings super-
imposed one above the other, and the time will soon be coming for the pub-
lication of these materials, as well as for discussing the manifold questions
that await solution regarding the lay-out ot the towns anu the internal arrange-
ments of the houses. Meanwhile, however, the remains unearthed are much
too complex to be described without the help of drawings and, on the other
hand, the cost of publishing incomplete plans year by year in the Annual
Report would be excessive. Accordingly, I must content myself for the present
with observing that the houses brought to light during the past season, though
distinguished by certain variations in detail, are generally of the same character
as those previously discovered on the Bhir Mound and Sirkap sites, respec-
tively, those in the earlier city being noticeably Smaller and more haphazard
in construction than those in the later, which still continues to reveal a
remarkably spacious and regular lay-out. A feature of the buildings in both
cifcies on which emphasis has not, I think, been previously laid, is that, al-
though the lower parts of their walls were invariably built of good rubble or
diaper stonework, the upper parts were not infrequently composed largely of
mud. This distinctive method of construction has already been noticed by me
in an earlier report in connection with the monastery at Fippaia and with
some of the smaller monasteries near the Chir Tope. In the light of the*
evidence afforded by those buildings, coupled with the relatively small amount'

47 EXPLORATION

of stone d&ris found in many of the houses, it now seems clear and indeed Punjab
beyond any reasonable doubt that this was the method very commonly eni- Taarifa
ployed not only in the Scytho-Parthian city of Sirkap, but in the older city
as well.

" The surface remains on the Bhir Mound that is the remains comprising
the last and penultimate strata extend on an average to a depth of some
five or six feet below the present surface of the ground, and it was with
these remains that the digging of the past season has been mainly concerned
(Plate VIII (a)). But besides clearing a considerable area of these two upper
strata, advantage was also taken of such open spaces as offered themselves
in the streets or where the later structures had disappeared, to penetrate to
the strata beneath. The opportunities, however, for this deeper digging were
very small, and it was not to be expected that any discoveries of great moment-
would emerge. This digging, however, has served to confirm the conclu-
sions drawn from a trench sunk at the outset of the operations on the,
Bhir Mound namely, that there are at least two well-defined strata of remains
lower down and that virgin soil is reached at a depth of some 16 to 20 feet,
It has also shown that the earlier buildings are markedly rougher in construc-
tion than their successors. Another point of interest on which further light
has been thrown by the deeper excavation concerns the "soak pits" or rather
r 'soak wells** to which I drew attention in the report for the year 1920-21.1
I then put forward the view that many of the wells brought to light in the
Bhir Mound were used, not for the drawing of water but for the disposal of sew-
age from the houses. This view has now been strikingly corroborated by the
discovery of a soak-well constructed out of large earthen jars set one above
the other with a hole through the base of each. A photograph of this soalt-
well is reproduced in Plate VIII (6) and it will be seen from it that a well
constructed in this fashion could never have been used for the purpose of
drawing water. Similar soak-wells, it may be noted, constructed out of a
succession *of earthenware vessels, have been found in Mesopotamia.

" Though there is little tp be said for the moment regarding the actual
structures laid bare during the past season, some of the smaller antiquities
found in them are of more than usual interest. Most valuable of all is a
collection of coins and jewellery found in an earthenware gham near the eastern
limits of the excavations. The g/tara in question was found about 6 feet below
the present surface, that is, in association with the second stratum, which had
already been judged to belong to the 3rd or 4th century B.C. The pot is
quite a small one less than 7 inches in height but it contained no less than
1,167 coins of silver besides several pieces of gold and silver jewellery. Most
of the coins are punch-marked Indian issues, including a number of the local
Taxilan types. As may be seen from the illustrations of them on Plate IX,
they are of various shapes and sizes. Some axe oblong bent bars/ from l{*
to 2* in length, punched with the usual "cross and ball" symbols; others,

Northern
Circle
Sir John
Marshall

EXPLORATION 48

are circular, oval, square, rectangular or polygonal, and exhibit an immense
variety of punch marks, the analysis of which will require a special memoir
to itself. Others, again, are tiny circular pieces punched on one side only,
and so small that one wonders how they could ever have passed from hand
to hand and been used as an effective currency. What, however, gives this
find of coins a unique value is the presence in it of three Greek coins fresh
from the mint, two of Alexander the Great and one of Philip Aridaeus, be-
sides a well worn siglos of the Persian Empire. The issues of Alexander and
Philip (Plate IX) bear on the obverse a head of Alexander wearing the lion-
skin, and, on the reverse, Zeus seated on a throne with eagle on his right
hand and sceptre in left. Thus they closely resemble one another, though
the legends and monograms on the reverse differ. The special interest attach-
ing to the find of these freshly minted coins of Alexander and Philip Aridaeus
is that apart from the fact that it is the first recorded find of these coins
in India, it definitely confirms previous conclusions as to the period when
Indian punch-marked issues were in circulation, and also confirms the date pre-
viously arrived at for the upper strata of buildings on the Bhir Mound. As
to the former, it is worthy of note that the oblong bars seem to have been
in use simultaneously with the square, round and polygonal pieces. The jewel-
lery found along with these coins comprises a gold necklace of fluted beads
alternating with circlets adorned with granulated drops of various patterns,
and a silver necklace of pendant drop beads hemispherical below and T shaped
above, the cross of the T being pierced through for the string ; also two plain
phuhs and a fragment of the side piece of a head ornament. Among the
vases found this season is one that is specially attractive. Shaped like a
modern martban (Plate VIII (eZ)) it is stamped round the shoulder with 'bead
-and reel 1 mouldings and bands of floral patterning, the design being obviously
the outcome of Hellenistic influence. Other objects from the Bhir Mound
excavation include the following : A series of interesting terracotta medallions,
fwrne of which may have been test-cast* struck in the process of jewellery
making, though the one illustrated in Plate VIII (c) with a human mask
in the centre was apparently intended as an ornament and for that purpose
provided with holes for attachment; two intaglio seals, one a scaraboid of
polished black stone engraved with a lion couchant and a mndipada in the
Held (Plate XI, fig. 11), the other of terracotta also depicting a couchant
lion but with a seated bird in the field; a cylindrical glass ear-ring with a
10 petalled lotus (diam. If*) ; an iron ankusa (length 2' if) ; a three flanged
spear (length 3' 2{*) and a portion of a dagger or knife handle of fossilised
ivory (length 4j*).

"In Sirkap, my operations were devoted mainly to the further clearance
of Blocks B and C (Plate X), the fore parts of which, facing on to the High
Street, had been previously excavated ; and, apart from a few deep pits, dig-
ging was confined to the eaily Kuahana and Scytho-Parthian strata. Of the
antiquities brought to light in these two blocks the mo*t fftriking *a a
deposit of jewellery from one of the snwll rooms in block B (Sl47). This

49 EXPLORATION

deposit, which like the coins on the Bhir Mound was also found in an earthen- Punjab
Ware pot, contained the following pieces : Taxila

1. Two ear-rings of gold of crescent and pendant form enriched with
clustered drops and granulation (Plate XI, figs. 9 and 10). The clasp of the
crescent is of double horse-shoe design ornamented with cinquefoil rosettes,
two hearts and straps. These two ear-rings are precisely similar to those found
previously in Sirkap and illustrated in ray Guide to Taaila, Plate XVI, figs. 1,
2, 3 and 5.

2. A gold necklace of 27 pieces (Plate XI, fig. 2). At either end is a
terminal inlaid with lapiz lazuli and white paste, of which fragments still
adhere. The other pieces are inlaid alternately with rock crystal cut en
cabouchon and white and blue paste blue in centre and at base, white in the
four " comma " leaves.

3. Two hollow barrel-shaped ornaments of gold cloisonn work inlaid with
scales of turquoise (Plate XT, fig. 4).

4. Three hollow gold bangles, diam. 3".

5. An oval seal of carnelian set m gold with four rings at the back for
attachment. The seal is engraved with figures of Eros and Psyche^ with a
little Eros behind the latter (Plate XI, fig. 1).

6. Eighty three plain tubular beads of gold (length I" to J*).

7. Two solid silver bangles ending in square heads, diam. 3f."

*' The vase containing this jewellery was found at a depth of 5' 6* below
the surface and appears to date from Parthian times, that is, from about the
beginning of the Christian era.

" Other antiquities from blocks B and include : a headless figure of
steatite (Plate XII, fig. 9) holding a bird on his left h*nd, and, though muti-
lated, interesting as one of the few figures of this period in the round ; a
soapstone plaque relieved with a svastika (Plate XII, fig. 6) ; two ivory hair
pins (Plate XII, figs. 3 and 4), one decorated with a comb-like ornament
and the other with a bird ; a five-pronged key of bronze pierced with a hole
through its handle (Plate XII, fig. 2) ; a bronze inkpot with serpentine handle
(Plate XII, fig. 7) ; an incense burner on a stand of pierced copper work
(Plate XII, fig. 10) ; a stopper of an antimony bottle surmounted by a humped
bull (Plate XII, fig. 1) ; a relic casket of steatite in the form of a stupa
with four umbrellas (Plate XII, fig. ) ; a grind-stone in two parts with the
iron spike Suill attached to the lower part (Plate XIII, fig. 1) ; a pan with a
ranTs head Landie (Plate XII, fig. 12); a ladle (Plate XII, fig. 11) ; a jug (Plate
XIT. fig. 8) ; a goMsmith's blow pipe of copper (length 8{") ; terracotta coolers
(length 18 J* and 11J*) ; crucibles (height 2J* and 2") ; two bronze and copper
finger rings engraved respectively with a winged horse and male figure in
intaglio, the latter inscribed (Plate XI, figs. 6 and 3) ; a glass seal engraved
with a lion (Plate XI, fig. 7) ; tortoise and fish-shaped beads ; and a terra-
cotta vase (height 2|*) containing 20 copper coins of which 18 belong to Kadphises
1 and 2 to Asw II.

EXPLORATION

Northern
Circle
Sir John
Marshall

Red Bahadur
Daya Ram
Salmi

Chatiru

Frontier
Circle

Mr.H.
Hargreavea

"Besides these excavations in blocks B and C some further clearance
wae also done in the "Palace" area and in the buildings connected with or
immediately adjoining it. Among the latter was a small stupa, of which only
the basement remains, containing at its centre a cylindrical steatite casket in.
which was a minute relic hone wrapped in a thin covering of gold. What
was much more important from an archaeological point of view, was the dis-
covery alongside of this stupa base of four terracotta " votive tanks " (Plate
XIII, fig. 3) resembling several already recovered from Sirkap. From the
position of the four tanks now discovered it is clear that they are actually
in situ (Plate XIII, fig, 2), in the place (viz., at a Buddhist or Jaina stupa)
where they weie dedicated. Miniature tanks of a somewhat similar kind under
the name of 1 ama~pukur are still dedicated by maidens in Bengal to Yama,
the Cod of Death, and there can be little doubt that their use in India has
been perpetuated from a very early age. What, however, is far more remark-
able is that they were also in use in ancient Egypt as far back as the third
dynasty, many specimens having been found in graves of that period, though
what the connection was between India and Egypt (for that there must have
been a connection can hardly be disputed, seeing the peculiarly distinctive
character of the tanks) is a point that still remains to be determined. Let it
be added that the special characteristic of these tanks is the presence in or
on them of aquatic animals, birds and lamps, the whole together symbolising
the four elements : earth, air, fire and water.

"Other objects of interest from the Palace area comprise a female figurine
of copper (Plate XI, fig. 8) in alto-relievo ; a spherical casket of steatite
(diam. 2*) ; two stucco heads (height 4* and 3j*) ; a copper ring bearing the
effigy of a bull and an inscription in Kharoshthi Yavalabrasa (Plate XI, fig. 5)
and a terracotta toy horse/'

" The mound at Chaitru, known as Bhim Tila, lies about 5 miles north-west
of Kangra. It slopes down from north-west to south-east and is about 200
feet long, 100 feet wide and 40 feet high. It stands on the* east bank of
the Manjhi stream and was lately intersected by the road to Dharamsala ;
the cutting yielding a Buddha head in stone. Trial excavations were started
first on the highest portion north-east of the road, but yielded nothing except
a rough stone platform of irregular shape laid immediately on traces of small
brick flooring. This platform is sacred to country folk who bring newly married,
couples to sacrifice goats for the perpetuation of wedlock. It does not appear
to be very old and, perhaps, dates back to the time when this spot came
to be invested with special sanctity. The lower part of the mound on the
other side of the road was pierced by four trial trenches which, except for
basements of three small brick stupas enclosed by a thin wall (Plato XIV(a))y
were altogether barren of any remains whatever. This digging was carried out
at an expense of Bs. 698."

" On January 29th, 1926, when on tour in the Peshawar District informa-
tion was obtained unofficially that a find of sculptures had been made at a
place called Qaaim Kale in the Mardan Tabsil. Enquiries from the AattBtai*

51 EXPLORATION

Commissioner, Mardan, elicited the information that a report had been received North- West
Irat no action taken. The site was visited on the 31st January and was found frontier
to be a small hamlet some 4 miles south of Yakubi, which latter place w
reached by way of the canal banks from Kalu Khan some 6 miles distant.
The land in the vicinity has recently been newly occupied as a result of the
opening of the Upper Swat Canal. A mosque was being built at the south-
west corner ,of the village on a small mound, and a well dug to provide water
for ablution and when earth was required for the roof of the mosque the
area between the moaque and the new well was levelled for this purpose. In
so doing an ancient brick-lined well 4j feet in diameter was discovered. This
was in perfect condition and after clearnnce and the addition of five courses
of brick has again been brought into use and the new one abandoned. No
whole bricks could be obtained but from fragments recovered they seem to
have been 8* in width and 2" thick.

"In clearing the well seven pieces of Grseco-Buddhist sculpture were
recovered. These were of good style but all much damaged. There were
.none of special interest but the pedestal of a lost Buddha image was well
preserved and showed a seated Maitreya Bodhisattva with three monks to
right and three laymen to left. The sculptures were left in charge of
the finder, one Grulab, son of Ahmadji, until orders were passed for their
disposal.

" This find is of interest as the site was close to the ancient highroad
from PuflhkalSvati to UdabhSuda and was in all probability destroyed by the
White Huns. The fact that this area only now comes again under cultivation
and occupation seems to indicate that m Buddhist times physical conditions
were more favourable than at any later period, for the land BeemB to have
lain waste until the recent extension of irrigation.

" Before beginning the excavation of the Bampur Mound at Mastung, Baluchistan
detailed below, visits were paid to various ancient sites and mounds in
Baluchistan, in the neighbourhood of Sibi, Quetta and Mastung, in order to
obtain, if possible, evidence of Indo-Sumerian culture in this region. No
such evidence was, indeed, forthcoming, but the information and the mate-
rial evidence obtained were not without value, and form the first step toward**
a complete and detailed survey of the very numerous ancient sites m Balu-
chistan.

"This mound lies about 8 miles north of Sibi and is referred to on page ui Mound
33 of the Gazetteer of the Sibi District, wherein it is stated to be 628 yards w Sibi
in circumference and about 135 feet in height above the level of the sur-
rounding country. This height is greatly exaggerated. The site was visited
on the 8th March 1925 and found to be irregular in outline, its length from
east to west some 450 feet, its greatest width 300 feet and its highest point
some 35 feet above the adjacent fields, but the greater part of the mound
^and its projections are considerably lower.

"Potsherds are found all over the surface of the mound, but in the sides
of the cuttings made by the villagers, who remove the dark parts of the soil

EXPLORATION

Frontier
Circle
Mr. H.

Luni Mound

Three movnd*

for manuiing their fields, there are no noticeable strata of either potsherds o
ashes, or other signs of human occupation. A collection of representative
^specimens of these pottery fragments has been made for study and comparisoi
with those recovered on other sites in Baluchistan. Four fragments of brokei
brick were noticed and these were all ill-shaped and ill-burnt.

" Hie greater part of the material of the mound is soft, grey earth, and
appears to be full of shorn. No traces of walls were found in any of the
cuttings. Water-worn pebbles and small boulders are visible on some of the
slopes, but these do not resemble those from the interior of the Buddhist
stupas of the North- West Frontier Province. The mound is highest at its
north-east corner where a fort is said to have been erected in Durrani times.
According to the Gazetteer this fort was built by Haji Kakar, Governor oi
Pishin, under the Barakzais, and the ruins are said to still remain (1907).
All traces of this fort have now disappeared. In all probability it was merely
of beaten earth which has disappeared under the wind and rain of the inter-
vening years.

" No coins or chert flakes or cores were found but one worked flint with
pecked edges was picked up on the north side of the mound, and a villager
exhibited some shell beads and a barrel-shaped cornelian, said to have been
recovered there. A man from the neighbouring hamlet said that nothing was
ever found when removing earth for manure, but the Political Agent, Sibi,
writes, " I believe some time ago two very large earthen pots were taken out
of this damb, but some bones were also found so the Work was stopped.*'
Locally it is believed that a large treasure is concealed in this mound, but
that belief can hardly be strongly held, otherwise the mound would have been
excavated long ago, for not even solid structures of Gandhara deterred trea-
sure seekers. Photographs were taken and a collection of potsherds obtained
for study and comparison.

" The mound cannot mark any very large or important ancient site, but
it certainly seems to date to an early period. Excavation would, in all pro-
bability, reveal at least, large earthen vessels such as have already been
reported, but until further search has been made for traces of Indo-Sumerian
culture in other parts of Baluchistan the exploration of this site is not recom-
mended.

41 Kuchlak in the Quetta Tahsil lies 13 miles north of Quetta on the
railway to Chaman. A& several mounds were reported to exist in the neigh-
bourhood an inspection was made of them in company with the Curator
of the McMahon Museum, on the 19th March.

" Mound 1. Just west of the railway station and close to the primary
school is a low greenish mound. Very few potsherds were noted and these,
in all probability, are due to recent occupation of the site by wandering
Baluchi tribes, The mound is probably artificial, but at this juncture it does*
not appear worthy of excavation, as it is insignificant in size and baa no-
strikmg surface indications.

53 EXPLORATION

" Mound 2. About a mile west of the railway station rises a low
mound, indubitably artificial. On the east side some earth has been removed hr ^Jj^jgj*
by cultivators presumably for manuring their fields. A few brickbats were
noticed and on the surface are numerous undressed stones. No walls are visible
and no flint or chert cores or flakes were found. Fragments of ancient grind-
ing atones were lying on the mound, and a small piece of copper was picked
up. Potsherds were not particularly numerous and all were undecorated, save
one fragment of buff earthenware which Was ornamented with a rectangular
design in chocolate lines. A villager said that sometimes complete earthen
vessels were recovered containing a blackish earth and occasionally a bone.

" Most of the earthen vessels found in excavations at Mastung have proved
to contain earth only. The presence of an occasional bone proves nothing.
All these long occupied Baluchistan sites are full of the bones of animals,
the refuse of the former inhabitants, and it is not at all surprising that these
are found in pots recovered therein.

" Mound 3. Three miles south of Kuchlak and on the left hand of the
railway line when coming from Quctta is a high and striking mound, roughly
circular in shape, rising some 45 feet above the plain. Its greatest length is
about 270 feet. It is of the usual indurated clay, but the surface is covered
with stones, most of them small. Stones are not common in the immediate
neighbourhood and these must have been brought some miles. Whether they
were used in rough stone wallings it is impossible to say.

" About seven feet below the top of the mound a trench has been dug
all round seemingly by troops during manoeuvres. Fragments of pottery oi
various kinds are found all over the mound and in the adjacent fields, but
very few good decorated specimens. A collection of potsherds was made for
study and comparison. The few villagers met with reported that sometimes
human bones are found in the mound and earthen vessels in the contiguous
fields, but it is not certain that they are competent to recognise human bones.
No figurines, beads, shell ornaments, flint or chert cores and flakes were re-
covered, nor was anything heard of any such objects having ever been found
there. No coins seem to be found in these mounds and, indeed, it is sur-
prising how rarely coins seem to 'be found anywhere in Baluchistan.

" In comparatively recent times this mound seems to have been enclosed
by a mud wall, and may have been used as a fort. No name was given to
it by the few people met in the neighbourhood, but from its position and
striking appearance it is presumably the " Kasiano Dozakh " referred to on
page 48 of the Quetta-Pishin Gazetteer.

" As the surface indications do not suggest the presence of Indo~8umerian
remains this mound does not call for early exploration.

"Having seen in the McMahon Museum a number of specimens' of deco- Mound at
rated potsherds from a mound near Saranan 30 miles north of Quetta
visit was paid to this site on March 2Qth, 1925. The mound which is roughly
rectangular in shape rises some 40 feet above the plain, its greatest length
being about 450 leet and its width 300 feet. The whole is a mass of grey

EXPLORATION

Frontier
Circle
Mr. H.

Hargreavea

Mound at
Saranan

BvtKahn,

Mastung

Mound near

Mastung

earth presenting almost unbroken slopes on the south and west, but on the
north and east the sides are broken, irregular and water-worn. Potsherds are
found all over the mound, but are particularly numerous in the hollows on
the north and east, every shower tending to increase their number. Pottery
fragments are also found on the level ground at the base of the mound, but
otherwise the mound is untouched and shows none of the usual excavations
made by villagers in search of earth for their fields, and in consequence it
could not be seen whether strata of ashes and potsherds marked former occupa-
tion of the site. No traces of walls exist and no bricks, flints or flakes and
cores of chert were noted.

" The mound is certainly artificial and appears to have been occupied for
some considerable period, as is clear both from its height and the abundance
of potsherds. These are both plain and decorated, the former frequently of
good fabric. The decoration in general consists of linear patterns in black,
while incised patterns are common on the plain Ware. A collection of pot-
sherds was made.

" No people were met with in the neighbourhood and it was impossible
to ascertain the local name of this mound. According to information obtained
in Quetta it is said to be known as Mugalke Damb, but it is the only large
mound near Saranan and appears to be Well known and cannot be missed.

" Lesfl than a quarter of a mile to the north-east of the Sampur Mound
at Mastung is a series of contiguous mounds whose principal axis lies north-
west to south-east. The mounds are lowest on the north-west and rise gradual-
ly to a height of some 60 feet above the plain. The greater number are
covered with gravel and small stones and two on the north-west still retain
a conglomerate cap in parts, leaving no doubt as to the source of the stony
covering. Occasionally a slope is quite free from gravel and exhibits a surface
of uniform grey earth. These might be mistaken for artificial mounds but the
absence of potsherds renders this unlikely. Moreover, where trenches have been
dug by the troops during manoBuvres there are no indications of human oc-
cupation.

" In the low land between the two highest parts of the mound and on
the lowest slope at the base of the highest hillock, potsherds are however
found, and these areas might be worth exploring. It is unwise to dogmatize,
but from the superficial evidences the greater part of these mounds appear
to be natural hillocks. A panoramic view was taken on March, 25th.

" A very conspicuous landmark, some 3 miles to the north of the Sampur
Mound at Mastung, is a high white hillock very appropriately designated the
Safaid Bulandi. This was inspected on April, 17th, The main mound which
rises some 45 feet above the surrounding plain is roughly circular in plan
and about 300 feet in diameter, but with its low extensions to the west is
not less than 500 feet in length. No walls, brickbats, flints or chert cores
or flakes were noted, but potsherds, many of decorated wure, Wtere numerous
all over the mound and right up to the top where there is a siawt of one
Yak Pasi. At the base of the mound is a spring with a pool of greenish

65 EXPLORATION

water where people bathe when suffering from skin diseases and, judging from t&e BaltfCbfctftfl .
appearance of one sick man lying by the pool, even when attacked by small-pox. &|/Wdf

" The mass of the mound is of the grey earth common to all the arti-
ficial mounds of the neighbourhood and seemingly the decayed material of
kachcha brick or beaten earth walls. All around in the plain are small low
mounds also covered with potsherds on one of which, some 200 feet to the
south, are some modern graves. From a superficial examination it would
appear as if the Safaid Bulandi was of the same age as the Sampur Mound.
A photograph was taken and a collection of potsherds made for examination
and comparison with those found elsewhere in Baluchistan.

" As a result of the recent discovery of allied civilisations in Mesopotamia Bakchi*tan
and the Indus Basin attention was naturally directed to Baluchistan which
occupies so important a position with respect to both these regions, and across
which lie the routes by which this culture might have made its way either
eastward or westward,

" Archseologically, Baluchistan is an unsurveyed land, for though the
existence of numerous deserted mounds is a matter of common knowledge,
information regarding them is both scanty and vague. The difficulty was not,
therefore, of rinding sites for excavation but in determining which sites were
likely best to repay exploration, for it was improbable that all were of one
age or of equal importance. After much deliberation it was decided to carry
out trial excavations at the Sampur Mound, Mastung, 33 miles 'south of Quetta
and later to proceed to Nal in Jhalawan, some 214 miles further to the south
to explore the Sohr Damb, a mound which had already yielded pottery of
a unique and unidentified type. 1 The very successful operations at the latter
site do not, however, fall within the period under review and this brief note
deals With the Sampur Mound only.

" Both these sites lie outside British Baluchistan and in the Kalat State,
and exploration there was only possible as a result of the assistance afforded
by Nawab Sir Mir Shams Shah, Wazir-i-Azam, Kalat State, Colonel T. Keyes,
Political Agent, Kalat State, and Mr. H. J. Todd, Assistant Political Agent,
who not only furnished all possible information but arranged for necessary
transport and escorts and were unwearied in their endeavours to ensure the
success of our researches.

"Mastung, which lies in 27 48' N. Lat. and 66 47' E. Long., is the Saw-pur Mound,
second town in Sarawan and being 5,590 feet above sea-level possesses a
salubrious climate. It is noted for the excellence of its fruits and of the
wheat grown in the valley. Such a spot might have been inhabited from very
early days and it Was felt that mounds in its neighbourhood might, therefore,
yield evidence of Indo-Sumerian culture. According to the Sarawan Gazetteer 1
the most noteworthy mound in Sarawan is "the Sampur which lies about
4 miles west of Mastung, and is believed to be the remains of a city founded
by Sam, grandfather of the Persian hero, Rustam."

* Mwihftll, A. B. 1.. 19044, p. 100,
Sarawo* Qoutte*. p, 42.

EXPLORATION 50

Frontier " The main axis of the mound runs roughly east and west and measures

Circle about 600 feet, its greatest depth being about 300 feet, dimensions, it must

Hargreaves ^ e confessed, somewhat small for a city. For convenience of description it
Samjntr Mound, ^7 D divided into four separate areas (Plate XV (a)).

Mastvng " No. 1, the eastern extremity and the lowest portion of the mound,

measures about 180 feet from east to west and 260 feet from north to south,
and is more or less level, nowhere rising more than eight feet above the
adjacent fields. Potsherds were most abundant in this area and it was here
that trenches A, B and Gr were dug.

" No. 2 is the highest portion of the site and rises some 45 feet above
the plain. From east to west it is 260 feet and some 300 feet from north
to south. The highest portion is of grey earth and the sides have a sprinkl-
ing of potsherds. On the north side is a flat low area with many pottery
fragments and trench H was carried from its northern edge due south to the
top of the mound.

" No. 3 is a natural hillock covered with gravel, but on a low spur run-
ning 120 feet to the northward some potsherds are found.

" No. 4 is also a low natural mound covered with gravel, the disintegration
of a former conglomerate cap. No potsherds are found in this area.

" Around the base of the mound and here and there on its flanks trenches
have been dug by troops during manoeuvres, and villagers have dug deeply
into the mound on the south side, in order to extend their fields and to
obtain earth, but none of these excavations had revealed Walls, though l&ichcha
bricks could be traced in the face of one cutting, where the wind and rain
had exposed their edges by removing the softer mud mortar. Excavation
was begun on the flatter and lower portion to the east of the mound (Plate
XV (a)). A trench, A, was run northward across this area and a few days
later another trench, B, at right angles to this was carried eastward.
In both these trenches which were dug in places to a depth of more than
ten feet large earthen vessels were found, sometimes grouped together and
frequently at markedly different levels (Plate XV (c)). Later at a point in
B, where a group of these vessels was discovered, a trench G was carried
at right angles across trench B and here again more of these large mats were
disclosed, Plate XV (6), but no walls and no floorings.

" Still hoping to recover some structural remains it was decided to dig
another trial trench on the north side of Area 2, and across the spur behind
Area 3. This trench B proved that the spur was a natural elevation, but
on the east of it more large mats Were again recovered at various depths,
from one foot to six feet underground. The material on the eastern limit
of this trench was exceedingly hard and seemingly the remains of beaten
earth, but no face of a wall could be traced nor evidence of mud brick

" Layers of ashes to be seen at a depth of six feet in the south face
of the highest portion of the mound (Plate XV (a,)), seemed to indicate that
all above was artificial. In an endeavour to ascertain to what this great
height was due a trench H was carried from the low northern edge of the

57 EXPLORATION

mound due south to the very top of the highest portion. The lower portions

again yielded large mats, but the uppermost sections gave clear evidence of Stnwpur Mount*

faichcha brick. Aided by the excessive dryness and a fierce wind which blew

daily from about noon to sundown it became possible to trace on the very

top of the mound the interior walls of a small room. These walls were of

kachcka brick faced with mud plaster. This room was not perfectly rectangular,

the ends being 9' 4", the two sides 14' 0" and 14' 6". No other room* were

traced elsewhere in this excavation but in the higher portion of trench H a

small rectangular pit 2' 10" X 2' 5" was found. The upper portion was filled

with black ashy soil, the lower with soft earth which had clearly drifted into

it. To ascertain its purpose it was cleared to a depth of 10 feet. Nothing

was recovered in clearance and its purpose is doubtful. It may have been

a drain or a well. The faces were quite distinct, but not formed of mud brick.

" In order to ascertain the extent of former occupation to the east, two
trenches C and D were dug across a field contiguous with the mound. Although
dug to a depth of six foet they proved sterile and were again filled in. It
Would therefore appeal that the piesent eastern edge of the mound marks
pretty correctly the extent of the former occupation. A small trench F was
dug on the south side of the mound at a spot whence the villagers had re-
moved earth, but nothing, save a few potsherds was recovered here.

'* No stone or pucca brick walls were found anywhere on this site, and
the only Icaekcha walls recognised with certainty were those in the higher
sections of trench H and the room on the summit. Some of these Jcachcha
bricks were 19"x 13|" x 2j*. It was not easy to determine all the edges
of the bricks in the small room, but two sizes were noted 12" X 12" and
18" X IK". There can be no doubt that the highest portion of the mound
(Plate XV (a)), is entirely artificial and due to the former existence on this
spot of either some large and important building, such as a citadel or temple,
or a number of structures lasting over a considerable period. The present-
day Fort or Miri at Kalat gives a good idea of what the Sampur Mound
might formerly have been; a low hillock surmounted by a citadel-palace, with
the houses of the less important inhabitants clinging to the slopes and clustering
around its base. The settlement can never have been very large, but was
not the only one in the neighbourhood as the Safaid Bulandi, referred to
above, is almost certainly of similar date.

" The numerous large vessels recovered in all the trenches and to a depth
of 10' 2J* are the most striking feature of this excavation. Their number,
diversity and varying levels are astonishing. Twenty-nine in all were met
with, and though the greater number were badly crushed and were heLd-together
only by their earthy contents, nine were successfully strengthened interiorly by
strips of cloth and glue and transported safely to the McMahon Museum, Quetta,
where they are being stored. Some idea of the comparative size nd appear-
ance of the^e vessels may be gathered from Plate XV (d). None of them
were found in connection with walls or floorings, and it is uncertain whether
originally, they were buried up to the neck in floors of beaten earth or just

EXPLORATION 68

Frontier placed on the earth. Perhaps both plans were adopted as V 19 in trench

Circle J& rested on a brick, one of the few recovered at this site, whereas V 27,

Mr. H. gg, 29 in trench H were dug out of beaten earth suggestive of a floor. What

Sflmcw Afotwrf was the P ur P ose oi tne8e v ^ ssels - Were tnev funerary vases or merely house-
' hold vessels left in the ground a the level of the occupation arose ? To this
no certain and absolute answer can be given, but after the most careful exami
nation of the contents ot the whole twenty-nine it appears unlikely that they
were funerary vessels. The majority contained earth only, some were almost empty
save tor u little line eaith, obviously the lesult of infiltration. Bones were,
indeed, found in some of the vessels and a large broken one recovered in
trench K contained more bones than were likely to have found their way
into it by accident, These were submitted for examination to Colonel Deas,
I.M.S., O.M.O., Baluchistan, who icported that they were all animal bones.
As the mound is litteied with animal bones it Would be surprising if odd
ones did not occasionally lull into these abandoned vessels. The few bones
occasionally found in these mat* were rarely found together, but here and
there in the earthy contents as if they had fallen in casually. Further explo-
ration of sinulai mounds may probably reveal the purpose of these large vessels,
for numerous sites in Baluchistan are Jeportcd to have yielded similar mats, and
in the McMahori Museum aie specimens Irom three sites including Masking itself.
Were the site a neolithic one, the possibility of burials in laige vessels might
be entertained, but not at the date to which this settlement may be assigned.
" The perplexing vessels do not in themselves afford any clue as to the
age of the mound but fortunately the smaller antiquities recovered, though
not vorv numerous are more accommodating. The* most striking of these is
the silver cup (Plate XV (/)). This was recovered in trench A at a depth
of 6 feet. It is 4^" in height and 3|" in diameter. For ancient silver
it is wonderfully preserved, and may with some confidence be assigned to
the beginning of the 1st century of our era. The horizontal flutmg.s are a
Well-known feature, and the vase resembles the bionze vases found in the Indo-
Farthian stratum at Taxila. The only other metal object found in this trench
was the bottom part of a .small bronze cylindrical vessel, 1' 8" in height with
two narrow bands ol ornament, the lower being a continuous band of connected
spirals, a design also found on the handle of a copper vessel found at Taxila.
The other finds in trench A are principally earthenware objects, both wheel
and hand made, examples of which appear as No. 22 of Plate XV (e) ; 5, 8,
9, 81 of Plate XV (g), 27 and 32 of Plate XV (h), and 7, 11, 23, 34 of Plate
XV (i). The drinking vessels shown on Plate XV (g) are good specimens of
earthenware, Nos. 5 and 8 being a reddish buff ware with a brick red slip
and polished parallel lines. These as Well as Nos. 9 and 81 are undoubtedly
of the same date as the silver cup and were found at levels varying
from 3 to 7 feet. No. 22 is of coarser ware ; the mouth is eccentric and on
one side of it is a round ornament, possibly a swastika.

" The small antiquities recovered in trench B were two only, part of a
broken bowl of good plain ware, and a large broken funnel.

59 EXPLORATION

" Trench E yielded Nos. 40 and 63 of Plate XV (t), wheel turned vases Baluchistan
nuch as No. 38 of Plate XV (h), two bowls and a vase of hand made w&w,Sampwr Mound,
the latter crudely ornamented in red. Three pieces of a shallow dish, l' J*
in diameter, of thick red ware with a brick red slip on both sides, and having
the interior decorated with bands of ornament in black were also found in
this trench. A potsherd recovered very near the surface, having a buff ground
decorated with circles in black and chocolate lines, floral forms and the head
of a bird(?) is of particular interest as it resembles a vase now m the Lahore
Museum which likewise came from Baluchistan. A fragment of a bronze
coin of Indo-Scythian type and bearing traces of Oreek lettering was recovered
at a depth of 6 feet but is unfortunately illegible.

"Very few antiquities Ware obtained from trench <* but they comprised
part of a bronze figurine of a horse, hand-made and wheel-turned wares, a
conical terracotta seal with a diagrammatic representation of an animal and
the miniature vase. No. 70 of Plate XV (h)

" Four of the finds recovered in trench H are NOR. 54, 61, 62 and 74 of
Plate XV (e). No. 54 is a c-urious asymmetrical vessel resembling a teapot,
No. 62 a plain vase of good Ware badly affected by salt, while Nos. 61 and
74 resemble modern candlesticks save that the socket is pierced with two
holes possibly for suspension. The miniature vase, No. 53 of Plate XV (h)
is of fine red Ware as is also No. 60 of the same plate, a very neat lenticular
tlask with the spout on one aide. The purpose of the curious hollow object
with two conical projections shown as No. 65 of Plate XV () cannot be guessed.
Half of a very large plate, 14" m diameter, of buS Ware with dark reddish
chocolate slip and decorated with incised patterns on both sides likewise ema-
nates from this trench.

" From the small room on the top of the mound came a miniature vase,
lesembling No. 70 Plate XV (h), a large broken goblet of the same form as
No. 81 of Plate XV (g) and a crucible of grey hand-made ware

" A few terracotta spindle whorls, a piece of shell with eleven small incised
circles, aome pieces of iron and copper, one clay and one copper bead, a terra-
cotta amulet with a svastika in relief, numerous hones, grinding stones, rubbing
stones, a potter's dabber, and quantities of round ptoiies resembling small cannon
balls were also obtained in various trenches. Only fragments of two terracotta
figurines were met with, one the bust of a man, the other the body of a ram.

" No inference as to the date of the wheel and hand -made wares can be
drawn from their fmdspots, as they Were found at all levels and would appear
to be contemporary wares meeting different needs.

"In brief we explored a mound which marks an ancient settlement on
and adjacent to several low natural ridges and the highest part of which is
due to some large structure, or group of buildings, of mud brick around which
clustered smaller and simpler buildings possibly of beaten earth. Judging
iftom the different levels at which the small antiquities nad mats were disclosed

K 2

EXPLORATION

Frontier
Circle
Mr. H.

Harftrearea

The pre-
historic
civilization of
the Indus

Sir John
Marshall

it would appear that the site was occupied more or less continuously for a
considerable period by people whose culture Was relatively simple and whose
household possessions were few and in no way striking. From the presence
of the numerous earthenware vessels and the abundance of potsherds it may
be concluded that they were not entirely nomadic and far more advanced 1
than the present inhabitants. The site must have been occupied for some
considerable time before and after the Christian Era and have been abandoned
long before the Muhammadan invasion and never afterwards re-occupied. The
antiquities recovered at this site not only add to our knowledge of the civili-
zation of this region two thousand years ago, but at the same time indicate
that the numerous mounds near Quetta, such as those at Kuchlak, Saranan,
Safaid Bulandi and the Luni Mound referred to above, and which resemble,
at least superficially, the Sarnpur Mound, are unlikely to throw any light upon
Indo-Sumerian history or art. Baluchistan is however of great extent and
the mounds of Jhalawan, Las Bela, Makran and the Kachhi have yet to be
explored/'

Sir John Marshall has given me the following interesting note on the
pre-historic civilization of the Indus :- -

" In the Annual Report for the year 1923-24, T have published a resume*
of the remarkable discoveries made by the Archaeological Department among
the pre-historic cities of Smd and the Punjab up to that year. During the
year under review the exploration of this important phase of Indian civilization,
which shows close affinities with the contemporary Sumerian civilisation of
Mesopotamia, has been pushed forward in earnest. 1 am myself at this moment
at work at Mohenjo-daro with an adequate staff of officers and technical
assistants and during the past twelve months everything possible has been
done with the limited means at our command to clear the ground for opera-
tions on a more extended scale. Further excavations of a preliminary character
but with most promising results have been carried out by Mr. Daya Ram
Sahni at Harappa in the Montgomery District of the Puii]ab and by Mr. K,
N. Dikshit at Mohenjo-daro ; valuable sidelights on the Indus culture were
obtained from an expedition despatched to Baluchistan under Mr. H. Hargreaves ;
and several previously unknown sites were revealed by an experimental
aeroplane survey carried out along some fifty miles of the old bed of the Ravi,
on which Harappa stands. Some of these newly discovered sites appear to
be contemporary with Harappa itself while others may help to bridge the
wide gap of some 2,000 years which at present separates this pre-historic from
the historic age of India. Taking this survey on the Ravi as a rough criterian
of what may be expected along other river beds, and remembering that some
three or four thousand miles of these beds have still to be -examined, it may
be imagined how almost limitless is the field awaiting the excavator. Fortunate-
ly, the story of her immemorial past is one in which Indians are deeply
interested, and members of the Legislative Assembly, with whom the final
say in these matters rests, are now full}' alive to the value of the Work to
be done. It may confidently be hoped, iherefore. that ttey will vote wht*t~

61 EXPLORATION

ever funds are needed for carrying it forward on a reasonably liberal and The pre
comprehensive scale. 1 historic

' Though much smaller than Harappa, an excavator could hardly hope
to find a more promising site than that of Mohenjo-daro. It consists of
about a square mile of rolling mounds rising some 40 feet, at their highest,
above the dead level of the surrounding plains. Wherever trenches have been
sunk in these mounds, the remains have been disclosed immediately below
the surface of a finely built city of the Ohalcolithic period (3rd millennium
B. C.) and beneath this city of layer after layer of earlier structures erected
successively on the ruins of their predecessors. The buildings hitherto exposed
in the uppermost stratum belong to two classes : temples and private houses
both constructed of kiln-burnt and sun-dried brick, the latter being employed
mainly for the foundations of terraces and courtyards. The temples stand on
elevated ground and are distinguished by the relative smallness of their chambers
and the exceptional thickness of their walls- a feature which suggests tlmt
they were several storeys in height To a temple also doubtless belongs the
spacious courtyard with chapels or other apartments on its four sides. Whether
the Worship performed in these temples was iconic or ardconic, has yet to be
determined. The only objects found in association with them and intended
apparently for cult worship are of two kinds, namely " ring stones " Plate (XXVI
(d)) and " chessmen." The former have been compared with the " mace-
heads '" of Sumer but their undulating shape and the ponderous size of many
of them (they require 4 or 5 men to lift) make it very doubtful if they were
intended to represent mace-head*. The latter are sometimes of faience, some-
times of stone or other substances. Though small in size by comparison, their
shape recalls to mind the mediaeval * k chessman " pillars of Assam with which
it is not outside the range of possibility that a connection may be established.
The fact, however, that no anthropomorphic images have yet been unearthed
in these temples must not be interpreted as a proof that the Worship of such
images was unknown. On a tablet of blue faience which has just come to
light i depicted a figure seated cross-legged (like Buddha 011 a throne) with
a kneeling worshipper to right and left and behind the worshipper a snake
(ndga), while at the back is a legend in the pictographic script of the period.
Now, it is possible that this seated figure is nothing more than a royal p**r
sonage but the presence of the kneeling devotees and particularly of the n&gux
certainly suggests that the central figure was intended to represent a deity
rather than, a king,

" The dwelling houses of the citizens at Mohenjo-daro, of which a
considerable number have now been exposed, are bare of ail ornament but
are remarkable for the excellence of their construction and for the relatively
high degree of comfort evidenced by the presence of wells, bath-rooms, brick
flooring and an elaborate system of drainage, all of which go to indicate a
social condition of lihe people surprisingly advanced for the age in which they
were living, The people were itill, be it remembered, in the trtmsitfton

written I,*kh. 2* h*** been Mootioned fat Explomtion. E'd! '

EXPLORATION

The pre-
historic
civilization of
the Indus
Sir John
Marshall

stage between the stone and copper ages. For every day purposes they were
using stone knives or scrapers of the ('.rudest types, hundreds of which have
been found in their houses. But they were familiar, nevertheless, with the
working of copper, gold, silver and lead and probably of mercury also; they
were manufacturing jewellery and other articles in highly polished gold, fine
paste and glazed blue and white faience , and they were engraving Seals in
a style worthy of the best Mycenaean art. These last seem to have been
in wry common use, having been found in almost every building excavated.
Ol those recovered by Mr. J)ikshit last season, the most striking perhaps is
one depicting a " Brahmam " bull, the drawing of which shows great breadth
and a fine sense of the decorative (Hate XXII ()). Incidentally, it may be
remarked, this seal also proves that the breed of Brahmam bulls was every
whit us good five thousand years ago as it is to-day Another interesting
seal portrays the sacred ]>i}ud tree of India, with twin heads of antelope
aprmgmg from its atem , and on others are tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses and
a variety of other animals, but not, be it noted, the horse, winch was pro-
bably imported into India at a later date by the Aryans The inscriptions
engraved on the seals .'ire all in the pictographic script of the period, which
has vet to be deciphered. A noteworthy find made beneath the floor of one
of the houses was u group of copper vessels and implements, and in one of
the larger vessels (Plate XX (a)) a collection of jewellery of polished gold,
silver, carnelian and other stones, including a particularly handsome necklace
or girdle of carnelian and copper gilt, talismanic stones in polished gold settings,
" netting " needles of the same metal .ind bangles of stiver (Plate XX) were found

" At llarappa most, of the ancient structures near the surface of the mounds
have been sadly damaged by the depredations of villagers and railway contractors
in search of bricks, but it is unlikely that much harm has been done to the
lower strata. Generally speaking, the buildings exposed on this site as well
as the antiquities within them are similar in character to those found at
Mohenjo-daro. But there is one large edinoe wholly unlike anything at the
latter site (Plate XXV (c)). What remains of it consists of two series of
solid brick walls set prallel to each other, with a broad aisle 24 feet in width
running down the middle. Up to tjie present twenty of these walls have been
exhumed, ra., fourteen to the east of the central aisle and six to the -west
all having a uniform length of 52 feet but varying in thickness. The stouter
kind arc nine feet at the base, and these are placed at regular intervals of
17 feet, so that, had it not been for the thinner walls intervening between
( hem. it might reasonably have been inferred that they belonged to a range
of long, narrow halls. As it is, these intervening walls leave sufficient space
only for corridors between, the purpose of which cannot as yet be surmised.
"The usual method of disposing of the dead in the latest cities of Mohenjo-
and Harappa wag by cremation, a few fragments of the burnt bones
bring subsequently collected and placed in a Urge earthenware jar along with
a number of medium-sized and miniature vessels or in small brick structures
resembling Hindu samSdhis (Plate XXIV (a)). An example of the former

3 EXPLOBATION

kind of "cinerary urn" is illustrated in Plate XXV (c). At Mohenjo-daro The pre
it is true some complete skeletons in excellent preservation are now being historic
unearthed* but these appear to have been interred at a much later age, pro- Jl .*5 f
bably about the beginning of the Christian era. At a spot called Nal, however- ^
some 250 miles south of Quetta in the Jhalawan country of Baluchistan J\1r
Uargreaves has just disco\prrd a burial ground of the same chalcohthic period,
where the dead were buried cither in graves of sun-dried brick or directlv
in the ground. In the former case, the skeleton was complete; m the latter
only a fe\\ bones and the skull of each body were found instead of the whole
skeleton and tliey were accompanied by numerous earthenware vases, copper
implements, beads, grindstones and other small objects. All of these objects
are analogous to those found at Mohenjo-daro and Jlarappa , but the painted
potteries from tlus burial ground constitute an exceptionally iinc series, mbt
of them bemg superior in fabric and design to those from the cits' sites.'

That this great civilisation which IB now bem& revealed was no meje
provincial offshoot of Mtsopotannan <ulture, but was developed for countlens
generations on the banks o\ the Indus itself and its tributaries, is becoming more
and more manifest at* our excavations advance. Who the people were who evolved
it is Btill an open question, hut the most reasonable v*ew seems to be that
they were the pre-Arvan probably Dratidian people of India known m the
Vedas as the Dasyus or Asuras whose culture was largely destroyed in the
second or third millennium B. C. by the invading Aryans from the north,
just as the Aegean culture of the Mediterranean (which in some respects bears
a striking resemblance to this culture of the Indus) was Jargelv overwhelmed
by the invading Acheeans. Whatever their racial origin they seem, from such
evidence as is available, to have borne as little resemblance to the modern
Smdlu as the b'umenan did to the present inhabitants of Southern Mesopotamia.
Thus, two statues of bearded men which have just been exhumed at Mohenjo-
daro portray a very distinctive brachycephnlic type, with strikingly low fore-
head, prominent nose, fleshy lips and narrow oblique eyes- and this is the type
also which is seemingly portrayed m some of the rough terra<otta figurines
found at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa The material, however, is as yet too
scanty for inferences to be drawn from it on thin interesting question. One
of the statues referred to, it may be mentioned, is of alabaster . the other
of limestone with a veneer of fine white paste, the patterning on the robe
being coloured in red ochre and the eyes inlaid with shell."

" The third season's work at Mohenjo-daro ^vas commenced just after tlie Western
recognition by scholars of the close affinity of the Indian antiquities from Circle
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro with early Sumerian and Elamite antiquities. The^" 1 "
mounds at Mohenjo-daro (Plate XVI) represent an extensive area which muslJJJJj N *
have been abandoned somewhere about 2000 15. C 1 . after it had been occupied Mohenjo-daro
for many centuries by people in the chalcolithic stage of development No
attempt to rehabilitate the place seems to have been made in the succeeding
millennia until about the beginning of the Christian era when a solid bruk
atupa was erected upon the summit of the highest mound of the ruined city

1 Thete dimoveritt will be farther reported apon in next year's report. Md,

EXPLORATION

Western
Circle

Mr.K.N.
Dlkshit

Mokenjo^ro

which probably marked the site of the principal shrine of the Indo-Su uerJan
period. There are no other indications of later re-occupation of any part
of the site and the entire area consisting of about 150 acres has remained in
the same condition in which it was left by its original inhabitants. The ex-
cellent state of preservation, in which the buildings brought to light by the
recent excavations have survived, miut be attributed to the remoteness of the
site from large towns and the peculiarly favourable climatic conditions of Sind.
"The operations f the season were opened at a low mound (Site A)
about 8 feet high overlooking the plain beyond the centre of the eastern ed*e
of the main mound (Plate XVII (a) and (c)), the surface of which yielded a large
number of chert flakes and scrapers. In tho latest, period of occupation the
Kite flHeniH to have been occupied by a shrine, consisting of several rooms
built with massive walls. One of these rooms i a fairly spacious hall (measur-
ing 28 feet by 12 feet), and paved with burnt brick laid on edge. The ad-
joining room to the north of this hall contains a well (!' n* in diameter)
built with wedge-shaped bricks, with a kerb ring. The shaft of the well seems
to bo too narrow to descend to the level of subsoil water which must be
at least 25 feet below the top. It is not impossible therefore that the struc-
ture was used as a store or treasure room for the shrine. The shrine was
built on the remains of an older building of which a few walls were exposed
b*low its floor, and a series of rooms on the east of it. Contemporarv with
this earlier complex of buildings and close to the present ground level were
other buildings further north, and separated from them by a passage paved
with hunt, brick. Tho walls of this passage are still standing to a height
of eight to ten feet. A covered drain running from went to cast in this
passage, was connected with the channels for the passage of water from the
shrines of the earlier period on the north and the later one on the south.
The shrines in the northern area are two email rooms measuring 10' X 3'
and 5' x 8' respectively with niches and unusually thick walls. The eastern
room was approached from the open court below by two brick steps, while
the other opened by u small doorway on to a narrow passage towards the
north. The number of antiquities discovered here i 274, of which two deserve
special mention. One is a complete terracotta female figure (Ht. 7") possibly
used as u cult image in the worship of the 'mother' goddess and' another
a perforated baked clay prism of triangular section (L. If) with impressions
in relief of figures of wild animals and hunting scenes, A lion looking askance
followed by a lioness, a rhinoceros and an elephant occur on one face with a
ffurtiUbove (Plate XXHfr)): the other sides of the prism are occupied by a
bison (?) deer and fore-parts of wild goats joined back to back along with
some hunvan figures engaged in fighting or hunting. Other interesting finds
here include a soapstone tablet with a pictographic inscription on either side
.ind a number of cylindrical urns with pointed handles which were discovered
in large numbers in the open area adjoining the shrines and seem to be con-
nected with the funeral customs of the people, as their contents included ashes
and in some cases bones.

69 KXPUWATION

The southern wall is preserved to a greater height than the rest and nwnySlikd
small antiquities, potteries, terracottas, etc., were found in this area.
interesting find in the dtbris over the eastern wall of the courtyard was that
of human pelvic and thigh bones and ribs, which may possibly be connected
with the custom of offering human victims. The entrance to the courtyard
was possibly from the north. Altogether three periods of occupation are clear
from the different levels of the walls and pavements in the shrine area.

"In the portion of the trench intervening between the shrine and tho
' jewellery block * several interesting structures were excavate*! though the
width of the trench, which does not exceed 10'. did not permit of more than
a superficial knowledge of them. It is clear, however, that this area was
mainly occupied by dwelling houses and shops, as a narrow lane "2 r in width
in front of a row of cells was uncovered in a portion of this trench. The
destruction of the latest city in this quarter seems to have been caused by
tire. This was evident from the existence of stratified layers of ashes, alter-
nating with the dSbriit of the fallen structures. The paucity of good bricks
felt by the builders of one of the houses in this area is exemplified in the
use of successive courses of * headers ' in the construction of some walls. The
use of beams or rafters is suggested by brick pilasters projecting from opposite
walls of a room, and a brick pillar standing free in the middle, of another
room shows that the roof needed a support at that point.

"Tho most substantial buildings in trench K are the 'jewellery block*
consisting of two or possibly three dwelling houses. The eastern house, sepa-
rated from the western by a passage running north and south, is in a remark-
able state of preservation (Plate XIX (6)). The building of the latest period
here is very solidly built, the outer walls still standing to a height of 10 to
15 feet, and in some places on earlier foundations. The arrangement of rooms
is quite clear in this case, but the absence of any doorways in the lower
part of the walls leads to the presumption that the existing masonry represents
in most part merely the underground foundations of the building. The finds
in this house were numerous and important. They comprised, besides a
number of ivory dice and articles of furniture, several seals, including a round
one with the device of six animal heads attached to a central boss (Plate
XXIT (a)) and a circular tablet with a tree on the obverse and a curiously
interwoven pictographies legend on the reverse.

" The northern portion of the western house which contains a Well with
connected drains and reservoirs is separated from the main building on the
south by a passage running east to West. The well appears to have undergone
repairs during the last period of occupation as the square masonry at the
top is quite distinct from the circular rings of masonry below.

" The southern house is not yet fully excavated, but from Uie rooms
already exposed it seems clear that the floor level in the latest building on
the site was only 3 feet below the top of the mound. In one of the rooms
traces of a fireplace were discovered and an arrangement is discernible, whereby
spill-water was conducted across a Wall to the mouth of a jar in another room.

EXPLORATION

Western
Circle

Mr. K. N.
Dlkshlt

Mohenjo-daro

The enclosing walls of the room in which the jewellery was discovered, are
only 3 feet in height, while three detached brick pillars in it go down to a
considerable depth (Plate XIX (6)). The floors of this room and the one
adjoining it on the north were apparently laid on a filling of sun-dried brick,
but it is not quite clear whether the jewellery find is to be regarded as
part f a foundation 1 deposit prior to the occupation of the house or as an
attempt to conceal valuable property before migration,

k ' The copper jar which contained the jewellery had its mouth closed with
a copper dish 1" thick which had stuck fast. Another empty copper vessel
shaped like a modern flower vase was found by its side ( Plate XX (a)). Inside
the bigger jar Were two smaller pots, two saucers with lids and a heavy-bot-
fcomnd vase with ;i funnel-shaped mouth, and lotus-petal ornaments on the
exterior (Plate XX (/)). The smaller of the two pots contained necklaces and
the other gold and silver ear-rings, beads and other ornaments. The necklaces
consisted of perforated cornelian pipes or tubes arranged in rows of 5 arid
strands respectively and divided into compartments by perforated copper bars
flanked by beads of copper, some of which are covered with gold. The thread
passed through the strands and beads and was collected at either end through
hollow HOI iii-circular copper medallions (Plate XX (6)).

" The number of cornelian tubes and the copper dividers found sufficed
to reconstruct two complete necklaces, one with 9 compartments of five corne-
lians in each and the other with 7 compartments of six each (Plate XX (6)).
The wonderful state in which such a perishable substance as cotton thread was
recovered in pieces from the strands of the necklaces, is due to the air-tight
condition in which the jar was preserved. The gold objects included a pair
of circular flower-shaped ear-ornaments with serrated edges which were fixed
against a littl silver button at the back of the ear-lobe (Plate XX (c)), three
pointed cylindrical gold pendants, gold hair ornaments with hair-clasps at the
back, three pairs of hollow gold end-piecos for similar ornaments, gold
leaf or lamina, 25 barrel-shaped gold boads and 5 little golden hooks with
eyeholes, besides a pair of ear-rings of coloured stones fastened together by
gold and silver wire (Plate XX (d), (e)). The silver objects comprised a pair
of hollow ear-rings of over 2|" diameter (Plate XX (c)), 67 silver beads and
a number of other objects. A quantity of stone beads of various shapes, sizes
and colours was also found along with the jewellery (Plate XX (e)).

' : Another interesting area in trench E occurred near the eastern end, where
a Well and covered drains were discovered. The narrow passage where the
latest drain ends was the findspot of the largest quantity of small antiquities dis-
covered in the course of the year's excavations. Here were found several hundreds
of complete miniature pottery pieces and terracotta figures of men and animals
some of which were evidently intended for children's toys. The peculiar green*
ish earth .with which the objects were covered mast have been due to the
action of water from the drain. The total number of finds registered in trench
E was 2,550.

> Cf. Uilpreoht : rplontion in Bible Zanda. p. 368. ~

71 EXPLORATION

" Lastly reference must be made to the trial trench (F) dug in the highest mound, Sind
crowned by the Buddhist Stupa. Older drains of the early period with cha- Mofonjo-daro
racteristic fine-jointed masonry were traced from the centre of the courtyard
of the 8tupa right up to the edge of the mound on the east. At least four
levels of buildings were discovered on tho south-west and north-west of the
mound below the lowest courses of walls exposed during the first season's clear-
ance. Among the remains uncovered in the lowest part of tho mound in tho
south-west trench close to the present ground level was a passage between
substantially built walls, in which traces of a drain have survived. The dis-
covery in this area of the usual types of antiquities including several seals,
a beautiful paste parrot, a complete bangle of shell and ft large number of
urns of the pointed bottom type confirms the conclusion that the whole of this
mound, rising to a height of over 40 feet and on which the Buddhists erected
their structures, was due to the accumulation of the debris of .successive, build-
ing epochs of the earlier period as represented on other sites at Mohenjo-daro.

" The only work done in site No. II the second highest mound at Mohenjo-
daro, where the buildings in the topmost strata wens excavated in 1922-23,
was the clearance, of the passage leading from the western shrine to the eastern
area. Here two colossal jars (2' 0" in diameter) were unearthed and one of
them contained a number of funerary pottery urns.

" The quantitative results of tho operations were no less striking than the
character of the remains disclosed. The total number of finds registered dur-
ing the, season was 7,152, fur exceeding the number of antiquities recorded in
a single season at any other ancient site in India. Of tho minor antiquities,
besides the jewellery deposit referred to above, the most valuable are the stea-
tite and paste seals and their impressions on burnt day, numbering 146 in
all. Some of them are illustrated in Plate XX11 (), (b). The commonest
animal motif noticed on them is the bull, with protruding horns but without
the hump, in front of which are generally depicted two objects, the lower one
of which resembles a tree and the upper one a modern Indian stool of cane
or reed (Hindi mofha) with an arrangement for fixing it in the ground. The
almost universal combination of the, bull with these symbols suggests that they
Were connected with the religious symbolism or ritual of the people. These
symbols are, however, absent in four of the seals in which the bull forms the
central motif. In cases, where the central device is tho rhinoceros, the tiger
or the elephant, as also in a rare example in which the humpless bull has
double rounded horns, there is a trough or manger under the head of the
animal, similar to the object found under the heads of the animals figured
in a Proto-Elamite bone cylinder 1 . The reverse of the seals with animal de-
vices Was provided with a knob perforated for passing a string through for
binding to the wrist of the wearer. A few seals bearing only pictographic
legends but no animal symbols Were also recovered. These have no knobs on
the reverse and are pierced through the thickness of the seals themselves. The
results of an analysis of the elements of the pictogiapbic script employed on

* Babelon i Manual of Oriental anttqvitw, p. ItOfi.

EXPLORATION

WesteffS
Circle

Mr. K. N.
Dikahit

Mohenjodaro

the seals will be dealt with later on. It is only necessary to state here that
the usual or glyphic forms of symbols known from the seals are almost always
different from the graph ito forms employed on other materials wuch as ivory,
terracotta and pottery.

" The number of ivory objects discovered in the excavations was 244 of
which a few typical examples are illustrated in Plate XXI (6). They include
ivory dice of every description, cubes, toilet requisites such as combs and
hair-pins, fishes apparently used as ornaments, a bull's leg which probably
formed part of an article of decoration, and pointed pyramidal objects. Some
of the ivory objects are inscribed with their owner's marks.

"Over 150 objects of faience were found generally of green or yellow colour
which must have been mostly used for ornamental or decorative purposes. In
the illustrations (Plate XXI (c)) Will be noticed an assortment of paste and
faience antiquities including wheel- shaped and circular ornaments some with
serrated margins and others with notches on the surface and shallow, cup-
shaped and rectangular corrugated lids of vessels or caskets.

" By far the largest class of antiquities represented in the collection are
pottery and terracotta objects. Different shapes and sizes of pottery for domes-
tic use were found, the shape with the narrow mouth and broad bulging body
being represented in a progressive series of specimens, the smallest of which is
a tiny but perfect piece with the capacity of a few minims while the largest
has a diameter of 13" in the middle. The number of fragments of painted
pottery is large, the paints in use being generally red ochre, yellow ochre,
kaoline white and lampblack, some of which were found in shells or pottery
vessels. Except in a few instances where stylized animal forms or birds are
found the poly-chrome patterns are generally of geometrical or vegetable shapes.

" Over 200 human figurines in terracotta were recovered during the year,
of which only a small fraction can be said to be more or less in good pre-
servation, female figures far out-numbering the male. The preponderance of
the former may be taken as indicating their use for cult purposes, the female
energy or ' mother principle ' being one of the earliest forms of worship among
several ancient races of the World. Considerable light is thrown by the figu-
rines on the dress, ornaments, and physical characteristics of contemporary
man, but in the absence of corroboration from drawings or paintings it is
difficult to dogmatise at this stage on the prominent anatomical features,
such as the high nose almost devoid of any bridge, the tendency to long heads
pointing to dolichocephaly, and the absence of hair on the scalp and chin of
a number of male figures. Some of the characteristics, for example the huge
projecting lobe of the ear, which appear in certain figures, are certainly due
to the crudity of the primitive artist's conception. Some of the figures are
of a distinctly comic character and must be assumed to have been play-
things for children, along with the majority of terracotta animals and birds,

" 234 terracotta animal figures and 42 birds Were registered in the collec-
tion of toys. Almost every form of animal life known in the period lA re-
presented and prominent among them are lions and rhinoceroses, stags and

65 EXPLORATION

"In the next site called B which is situated to the north-west ot theSind
-one described above three trenches were excavated, exposing an E -shaped area. MoHenjo-daro
The two parallel trenches running east to west and forming the arms of the
main trench showed traces of buildings only at the eastern end. These struc-
tures rest on high foundations made up of sun-dried brick and sand and rise
*from a lower level. A number of green coloured faience beads ; ornaments
and miniature pottery were obtained from the centre of the southern trench.
One of the rooms at the eastern end of the northern trench has three wallb
built in a peculiar style of masonry m which bricks are laid in alternate coursew
stretcher- wise and on-edge (Plate XVII (6)). The mam trench running north
and south disclosed as many as four successive strata of buildings, of which
the last but one is characterized by the style of masonry just referred to.
The same kind of masonry is noticed occasionally in almost all of the sites
so far excavated at Mohenjo-daro, but it is not yet clear whether it is to be
taken as typical of a particular building epoch or a mere product of individual
fancy. At the southern end of this trench, a passage 7 feet 6 inches wide
was discovered with its walls running east to west and traceable to a depth
of over 20 feet from the surface. The eastern end of the passage was closed
at least twice by means of cross -walls at various depths, thus showing the
long periods in which it was in use and disuse. To the north of this passage
is a building in which occurs another constructional peculiarity in the shape
of a narrow stairway with a 9* tread. Several such stairways have been found
in the course of excavations and they generally lead to the top of small-
sized cells (size varying from 1' 8|* X 2' 3|" to 3' 3* X 4' 6") with deep
foundations and sometimes provided with entrances at a considerably lowei
level than the top of the stairway. It is very likely that such rooms were
attached to houses or temples for the storage of grain, etc. As several
important antiquities discovered in this trench seem to be connected with the
worship of the tree and the ' mother ' goddess, it is possible that the building
-on this spot was of a religious character. A beautiful stair p seal with the
representation of the sacred pipal tree (ficus religiosa) with two ibex headH
found in this trench was the first important discovery of the season. Another
evidence of tree worship is afforded by a terracotta tablet (I'sq) with, im-
pressed on either side, a scene consisting of six or seven human figures standing
in a row above and a goat-drawn vehicle driven by a man below. These
persons are probably approaching a tree m the right-hand corner, in the
bifurcated branches of which is to be seen a human figure probably the pre-
siding deity of the tree (Plate XXII (a)). A paste stamp seal with tlie Ztbu
or Brahmani bull (Bos Indicus) device in relief found in a room in the north-
western corner of this site represents the high-water mark of artistic achieve-
ment attained by the pre-historic craftsmen of Mohenjo-daro (Plate XXII
(a)). The perfect modelling of the anatomical features and the delicate ivory -
work finish entitle the seal to a very high place among the best small anti-
q^uities of the ancient world. The pictographical legend begins with two signs,
-the*' first -of which ia a wheel, associated with divinity in several systems of

EXPLORATION

Western
Circle
Mr. K. N.
Dikshit

Mohenjo-daro

early writing and the second identical with the archaic Sumerian sign for
mother. It IB thus possible that this seal is connected in some way with the
' mother ' goddess. The total registered objects from this site were 734,
including 13 seals, besides a number of other antiquities of which various
forms of pottery and terracotta female figures (mostly broken and incomplete)
deserve special mention

<e The next site to be examined (C) was the area to the north of the
shrine A. comprising the low and open ground between the spurs of moundfr
on the eastern slope of the main city site. A general view of the site after
excavation will show the large area covered by this season's operations. The
first clue to the existence of important remains here was afforded by a few
wedge-shaped bricks of an ancient well exposed by brick-diggers, who must
have been at work shortly before the mounds were transferred to the care
of the Archaeological Department. The well is a typical example of the well
architecture of this early period (Plate XVIII (a)). The area around it proved
to be one of the richest in minor antiquities and the structure remains in a
remarkably good state of preservation. The well is built of wedge-shaped
bricks with fine joints and must have been in us$ for a considerable period
as attested by the existence of two levels of the cut-brick pavement around
its mouth. The brick-work of the well was traced to a depth of 2 feet below
the level of the subsoil water, but was found to continue no further. The
elaborate arrangements for draining surplus water from the well are exempli-
fied bv the slanting water shoots built of thin-jointed brick-work leading to-
carefully constructed drains in the adjoining passage. The direction of the
slope of the drains WJIH to the west in the earlier period of occupation and
to the east in the later The great accumulation of ancient d&ms and other
deposits m the passage referred to yielded a large number ol antiquities includ-
ing 6 stamp seals, miniature pottery and terracotta toy figures. Two of the
six seals found here are of a particularly large size and bear the bull device
while a third contains the figure of a tiger. Another object of interest brought
1,o light in the passage was a big jar with several pottery urns inside, some
containing bones and ashes, probably an example of the jar-burial of the
period. To the south of this passage are the remains of a substantial dwelling
house, the floor level of which is 6 feet below the present ground level. Three
rooms of this house, the western two of which opened into the eastern, yielded
a number of antiquities including a copper saw with a concave cutting edge,
several copper vessels and pipes, stone-ware tubes which must have been used
in the strands of necklaces and several seals including one with the elephant
device. An unburnt clay impression of a bull seal discovered outside the
southernmost room here, bears on the reverse, marks of its having been fixed
against a number of reeds fastened together by means of a string, and thus
indicates the use of the stamp-seals to authenticate documents or the like. A
Small paste squirrel, shown m the act of nibbling a nut, found in the eastern portion
of this houe ia a pretty little example of the ingenuity of the primitive craftsman,
who has caught the little thieving rodent in an undoubtedly picturesque attitude.

67 EXPLORATION

" A deep cutting down to the water level in the western part of this Sind
building disclosed the existence of fragments of painted pottery at a very M ohwyo-faro
low level. The general levels of occupation in this area are at least three
And the foundations of dwelling houses of later periods are to be clearly seen
resting on the unequally distributed debris of older buildings (Plate XVIII

(&)).

" The next house to the north in area C has only been partially exposed,
but a Well with a reservoir of Water and a number of conduits and an elevated
store-room of the type already described are some of the noteworthy features
of the building. One of the important small antiquities from this house is
an elaborate paste ornament inlaid with carnelian. The excavations disclosed
other buildings in area C further north across the low ground around and
between the spurs forming part of the eastern extremity of the main mound.
Special mention may be made of two wells with the usual pavements and conduits,
assignable to two different periods of construction, as also of a number of cells
jn the intervening area. Altogether traces of three strata are clear in this
area, the intermediate level of occupation corresponding very nearly to the
present ground level. The foundations of the latest period of construction
consisting of broken brick and concrete are still dear in the immediate vicinity
of the western well. Two large earthen jars (height 1' 5j* and 2' 1" , diameter
at top 8j" and 1' 2j" respectively) probably used ioi storage of grain, etc.,
were found in clearing the southern slope of the spur. The clearance of this
building Was still in an initial stage when excavations were closed for the
season. An interesting discovery in this area was that of a number of bones
in a hollow cavity in the thickness of a wall, which may be connected with
the custom of foundation-burialn or child-burials, widely prevalent among the
ancients. The number of small antiquities discovered here was large and
includes a gold bead, several pieces of ivory |for household use, some of them
incised with pictographs, several seals, two of which contained as many as
13 and 14 pictographs respectively and a copper pot in which seven or eight
copper implements including a disc, spear-heads and knives were kept. The
total number of objects registered in site C is well over 2,000 and includes
47 seals.

" The next two sites selected for trial excavation were on the main land
of the town site at a distance of 2,000 and 1,000 feet respectively from the
datum line forming the northern boundary of the mound area. The southern
.area (D) was subjected to a superficial examination at its eastern and western
extremities ; while the northern excavation (E), consisting of a trench running
-Bast to west for a length of over 1,300 feet, serves to indicate the nature of
the uppermost stratum throughout the breadth of the city. The excavations
at the eastern end of trench D comprised two parallel trenches with a cross
trench joining their eastern ends. Operations here could not be carried to a
depth of more than 6 feet before the close of the season's work, but they
were successful in bringing to light a number of brick structures of the dwelling
house type, including another example of a store-room approached by narrow

EXPLORATION 68

Western steps. The number of objects recovered was 352 of which tie most important-

Mr K N yra8 * fine com P lefce P ainted vase (height 2' 5") (Plate XXIII) which in beauty

Dikfthit. " * * orm intensity of feeling and vigour of execution is unsurpassed by the
MokeryoJwo painted pottery recovered in Trans-Caspia, Persia, Burner or Baluchistan, Other
fragments of painted pottery from this .site are interesting inasmuch as some
of them show figures of birds and domestic utensils in black paint, instead
of the iiMial vegetable patterns. The total number of seals discovered here
was 10, including a paste svastika.

" The western end of the site D, where work was undertaken only during
the lust fortnight of the excavation, is the low area on the Western slope
of the main mound. On the top of the mound immediately to the south-
east of this excavation is the site No. 4, the uppermost remains in which,
were uncovered in March 1924. The difference in the floor level of these
buildings and those now exhumed is at least 15 feet and undoubtedly two
or more strata of occupation will reveal themselves between them as work
progresses. The building at the north end of the excavation of this year
stands almost at the present level of the plain and is designed after the
immemorial oriental type, in which a series of rooms are grouped round a
central courtyard (Plate XVIII (c)). A drain crosses the courtyard diagonally
from south-west to north-east and traces of other contemporary and older
drains are to be seen in the neighbourhood (Plate XVIII (rf)). The central
part of the area must have belonged to a very substantially built house, with
thick walls, the style of masonry being of a high order. Several bricks of
exactly double the superficial dimensions of the bricks usually employed at
Mohenjo-daro were discovered in this building, while a seal depicting a tiger
being shot at by a man from an adjoining tree and another with the gavial
device (Plate XXII (a)) were picked up in the open space to the south of
this house.

" The results obtained in trench E, the biggest undertaking of the season
can only be very briefly summarized here. Of the numerous buildings brought
to light in this long trench two have been more or less completely excavated.
These are a shrine at the western end and a group of substantially built
houses in the middle eastern section (Plate XIX (a)) which may be named
* the jewellery block ' from the discovery here of a hoard of ancient jewellery.
The iormer occupied an elevated position (Plate XIX (6)) its site having been
raised by several feet of sundried brick filling before the commencement of
the building, presumably to avoid the danger of inundation which was certain-
ly responsible for the destruction of the earliest town. In plan, the shrine
consists of rooms disposed round a large central court open to the sky and
measuring 46' X 01'. The facing of the walls surrounding the courtyard is
built of courses of bricks laid on-edge. A well-built drain with sloping
water-channels from either side runs along the entire length of the shrine to
the west of the western suite of rooms, where probably the principal sanctum
was located. Three wells have been discovered in the area adjoining the
shrine one of which lies just at the southern edge of the central courtyard.-

73 EXPLORATION

.boars, cattle and buffalo, sheep and goats, dogs and monkeys. The domes- Sind

tic fowl is prominent among the birds. Some of the bulls and other Mohenjo-dam

.animals are treated With particular skill and traces of malachite green paint

are to be seen on some figures of ducks and geese (Plate XXII (d)).

"Other classes of terracotta antiquities very frequently met with are the
balls and rattles for children, the beads and pipes used for ornament, the cir-
cular ring-stands and lids of vessels, the triangular tablets probably used as
coverings for vessels, and the long conical pieces known as spindle- whorls. Men-
tion must also be made here of the chess and chaupat pieces which con-
tinue to be recovered in considerable quantities in a variety of material, such
as ivory, shell and stone besides terracotta.

" Of mineral products, quantities of galena, antimony and cinnabar were
recovered. The commonest metal in use Was, however, copper of which over
300 objects were recovered. Besides the jars, utensils, ornaments and imple-
ments mentioned elsewhere, the copper collection includes a doubled-over dish, an
antimony-holder, rings and bracelets, a duck and a fragment of a mother bird, chisels,
nails, fish-hooks, arrow-heads, small double axes (possibly cult objects) and
xegular semi-circular and rectangular pieces, the latter being the prototypes of
,the earliest Indian currency (Plate XXI (a)).

" Several hundreds of flint and chert implements, used and unused, re-
icovered on the surface and in the excavations prove their universal employ-
ment in a variety of ways, such as cutting, scraping, shaving, possibly even
rude engraving. The large variety of stones employed for household or decora-
tive purposes include the marble and yellow-stone of Jaisalmir and Tatta, the
-sandstone and basalt of the Khirthar range and agate, cornelian, crystal
and chalcedony from other less well-defined sources. The progress in the arts
of cutting, perforating and polishing stones is illustrated by the large collec-
tion of beads, which number over a hundred (Plate XXI (d)). A remarkable
instance of a highly polished stone is a pointed shuttle shaped instrument
probably used for finishing metal-work. 75 cubes of agate and sandstone of
various sizes, more or less highly polished, which probably served the purpose
,of weights were found last season. 40 marble objects were recovered mostly
in a cracked and disintegrated state and include, among others, horns, casket
lids, balls, rings, etc., some of which indicate a ceremonial or cult use.

"As in other civilizations settled near the sea, an extensive use wa s
made here of sea shells, for purposes of inlay and personal ornament. 177
shell objects were registered, besides a number of broken and unused shells
collected on the surface. Several species of mollusca are represented in the
Collection of shell objects, the commonest being the Indian conch or sankha.
Examples of exact imitations of shells in terracotta, probably indicate a cere-
monial significance attached to the form of the shell."

"During the season 1924-25 excavations were continued at the low mound Northern
F in Ghmeral Cunningham's plan, which adjoins the bank of the old bed of Circle
the river Ravi and the lofty mound A-B which rises abruptly to a height of Pun l
480' immediately to the south of the above mentioned mound. I excavated Safa PP a

EXPLOKATION

Northern
Circle

Rai Bahadur
Daya Ram
Sahni

Ilarappa

for four months from the 6th December 1924 to the 6th April 1925, the totar
cost of the operations amounting to Rs. 13,000 against Rs. 3,000 spent in
the preceding year. The buildings brought to light are somewhat better pre-
served than those disclosed in the previous excavations and include what appears
to have been a temple with stout brick Walls in mound B (Plate XXV, 6)
and another large-sized structure (Plate XXIV, c), consisting of a double series
of parallel walls without connecting walls of any kind, unearthed in mound
F. The exact purpose and nature of the latter building are not yet ascertain-
able. Like the highest mound at Mohenjo-daro the summit of the northern
portion of mound B at Harappa would appear, in later times, to have been
occupied by certain Buddhist structures, of which only small fragments with
a few terracotta panels of the early (rupta period have survived. In the Annual
Report for 1923-24, Sir John Marshall has called attention to several points
of affinity between the antiquities of the Indo-Sumerian period of the Indus
Valley and the contemporary antiquities of Mesopotamia. The recent excava-
tions at Harappa have yielded a number of other objects similar to those
found at Kish and other Sumerian sites in Mesopotamia. These include earthen
jugs with carved handles representing heads of crocodiles Which recall similar
vessels with handles bearing the head and breasts of the mother goddess. Simi-
larly, several painted potsherds found at Harappa have patterns resembling
those on tne pottery vessels found at Kish. The inhabitants of Harappa appear
also to have been in the habit of offering in their temples terracotta cones
with or without figures of animals, of which several specimens have been re-
covered (Plate XXVI I,/). I am inclined to think that a large cone of dark
stone, height 11", (Plate XXIV, e) resembling the Siva-linga of modern times
which came to light in trench A(i), must have been used for worship.

" The portable antiquities found during the recent excavations included
as many as 50 new seals (Plate XX VI II) and cylinders which supply a large
number of new pictographs. The cylinders, which according to Professor Lang-
don, are found generally buned with bodies of males at Bash, bear figures of
crocodiles and boars. A square seal of white plaster shows a tree, probably
a pipal tree, enclosed by a railing (Plate XXVIII, fig. 5). Two or three others
in the same material bear a symbol resembling the Roman numeral VIII on
each face Mention should also be made here of a fragment of an inscribed
slab of red stone which came to light in mound B. The bone objects included
rods with pointed ends, which might have done duty for styluses for engraving
pictographs.

*' My excavations at Harappa have yielded overwhelming evidence of the
fact that the ancient inhabitants, with whom we are here concerned, invari-
ably cremated the dead and no traces of the several kinds of burial practised
by the ancient Mesopotamians have yet been found anywhere on this site.
What the ancient inhabitants of Harappa did was first to bum the dead body
on a funeral pyre and then to deposit a part of the cremated bones in earthen
vessels or brick structures (Plate XXIV, a and b and Plate XXV, d) re-
sembling the samadhi* of modern times. In some cases the ashes were de-

76 EXPLORATION

posited in large vessles which were buried in the ground with their mouths Punjab
turned downwards (Plate XXV, c), while in other cases they were left on the H
spot as evidenced by a large heap of ashes mixed with small charred bones,
which came to light in trench A(f).

" In mound F which rises about 25' above the plain level, a large area
<Ae) has been dug along the western edge of the site. The structural remains
exposed range themselves in four distinct strata. The uppermost stratum yield-
ed, besides a number of fragmentary walls, a well preserved sepulchre construct-
ed with burnt bricks of the usual size and lying east to West (Plate XXIV, a)
with probably another structure of the same kind adjoining it on the south
side but placed at right angles to it. The former structure consists of a hori-
zontal platform of a single course of bricks laid flat and protected on three
sides by bricks standing upright on the narrow edge. The roof was composed
of an inclined plane of a single course of bricks. Brick by brick the upper
layer was removed to examine the contents of the structure which were found
to consist of fine brick concrete and earth with a number of very small pieces
of charred bone which, though too small to be identified, must undoubtedly
have belonged to a cremated human body.

" The fragmentary brick walls that came to light on the second stratum
call for no special remarks. At the northern end of the trench, however, there
was a stout concrete floor composed of nodules of hard over-burnt brick which
was littered with burnt bones and ashes indicating that the platform was pro-
bably used as a cremation floor.

" On the next lower stratum special interest attaches to a solidly built
corner of a dwelling house or other structure which is provided with an entrance
doorway 2'5" in width. The rest of this building has been entirely dug away
by brick hunters with the exception of three fragmentary walls meeting it
from the south which must have belonged to later repairs. One of these walls
is decorated with panels and pilasters. Close to this structure Were noticed
two large earthen jars placed one over the other and filled as usual with frag-
ments of earthenware vessels, terracotta objects and earth, while a still larger
jar stood about 23' to the south with similar contents. To the north of this
structure the excavations revealed another funeral structure (Plate XXIV, 6),
in which a few cremated bones were found. The exact nature of the structural
remains in this area cannot be determined with certainty. The existence of
two samadkis and remains of cremations at several other spots on this mound,
which will be noticed presently, appear to show that the whole of this area
was at one time the crematorium of the ancient city which nourished on this
site. This view receives some oorroboration from, the close proximity of the
old bed of the river. The next or the lowest stratum reached in this area (Ae)
lies at the depth of 8' below the surface, and is occupied by a very narrow
Well with the inner diameter of 2'2", the steaning Wall being only 11* thick.
It was cleared to a depth of 8' and though it has so far yielded no objecsa
of interest, it is now evident that the brick reservoir with its drain which
brought to light near this spot in 1923-24 must have belonged to this

EXPLORATION

Northern

Circle

Rai Bahadur

Daya Ram

Sahni

Harappa

well and been used for the storage of water for ablutions, etc. The portable
antiquities found in this trench included a conch spoon (Plate XXVII, e) which
may have been used for pouring out libations to the manes, a tiny corroded
copper disc (Ae. 330) which might have been a coin, a small headless figure
(Ae. 6) seated on a chair in the fashion of a Sumerian king and a bone awl
or needle (Ae. 253), 5j" long.

'' The most important architectural discovery (Plate XXIV, r) of the year
was made about the centre of this mound which, though only partially ex-
posed, already embraces an area of 106' from east to west by 122' from north
to south. The purpose and character of this building are shrouded in mysterv,
but it may bo hoped that further exploration will supply the explanation. I
was led to the examination of this portion of the site by the existence of
two solidly built walls running parallel to each other without any party walls
which had been brought to light here in the preceding year, but the exact mean-
nig of which could not be ascertained. With these walls as a starting point,
the excavation was taken in hand and great was my surprise when the opeia-
tions continued to reveal, in quick succession at narrow intervals, wall after
wall, until I had a series of 14 of them, all running parallel to each other
and of the same length namely 51 9". All of them terminated on the west
on an open corridor 24 feet wide beyond which stretched a similar set of walls
in precise correlation with those in the opposite series. So far only six of the
walls have been found on the west, but there seems no doubt that when the
excavation is continued each of the walls in the eastern row will be found
to have its counterpart on the other side. These walls exhibit two distinct
types, namely, a stouter kind and a thinner type. The former type is 9' in
width in the lower portion which is composed of clean indurated clay obtained
from the bed of the river and secured on all sides with retaining walls of
burnt brick. The upper portion is built solidly of burnt bricks, the total ex-
tant height of the wall being eight feet. The thinner walls have no clay-core
but are constructed throughout with burnt bricks. All these walls rise from
an uniform level at the depth of 12' below the surface of the mound, and
have finished ends towards the central aisle. At the other extremities, how-
ever, they are somewhat broken, but it seems as though they will be found
to extend further out but to what distance it cannot be ascertained in the
present state of our knowledge. It is curious that the walls of the thicker
type are ranged approximately at equal distances from each other, the inter-
vals between them being 17 to 18 feet and had it not been for the thin walls
which intervene between them, it might have been thought that they enclosed
a series of spacious rooms. The whole of the passage that separates the eastern
and western series of walls could not be cleared to its original floor level. The
portion between walls numbers 4 and 17 is paved with brick laid on-edge
but whether the rest of it is similarly paved is more than can at present be
said. The portable objects found in this area were numerous. They include
a double-headed terracotta bust of a lion (A.81 3 height 2", Plate XXVII, /)
which must nave been mounted on a cone of the same material (as shown.

77 EXPLORATION

in the photograph) and presented as an offering at a temple. Not far from Punjab
this was found a deposit of oval-shaped tablets of alabaster with cracked sur- Harappa
faces. They measure about 4j*x 3J". The exact pnrpote of these tablets is
not known, though it is not impossible that like the Sumenan literary tablets
they were intended to bear similar inscriptions. At the same spot was found
a broad copper chisel 3f" long by 2* wide which must have been used for
planing wood. It is badly corroded on one side but has a figure resembling
a bull ohased on the other side. Other objects found in this area were a cop-
per nail extractor ; several seals with the usual device of a unicorn and a pic-
tographic inscription ; a large copper chisel (Ae. 342) measuring 8}* long by 2"
wide with a broad cutting edge and a potsherd showing a peacock and a hen
facing each other, a part of a quadruped, and a snake (Ab. 207) ; a minia-
ture earthen pan of a jeweller's weighing scale (Ab. 188) ; part of a steatite
undulating ring (Ab. 193) coated with white faience ; a pierced vase-shaped
earthen cage (Ab. 554) with a bird coming out of it, and another perched on
the side.

" In the area between the trench * Ae ' described above and the long
trench A, a large rectangular cutting A(f), 89 'x 66', was made and excavated
to the depth of about 6' below the surface Here, as elsewhere, no complete
structural remains were found, but reference may be made to two little cir-
cular structures* paved in brick on a thick substiatum of hard burnt nodules
of brick* The structures are blackened with soot but it is difficult to say defi-
nitely whether they were hearths or chimneyfi of some kind. Another little
structure consists of a paved platform surrounded by a single course of brick
laid on-edge which might have been a bathing platform as a large earthen
jar was standing on one side of it. Underneath this platform was a mass of
cremated human bones and about 16' from it, a large heap of ashes and char-
coal with human bones, which undoubtedly represents the remains of several
funeral pyres. This trench yielded a large number of ttone mortars and pestles
which recall the practice of burying such objects with the dead in Mesopota-
mian Bites, It is noteworthy that no hand mills for grinding corn were found
anywhere on the site. Another building in this trench of which only a small
fragment had survived, was provided with a spill jar which was photographed
in position. Plate XXIV (d) shows the contents of a large funeral jar found
in this trench. The portable antiquities recovered included several seals and
faience ojbects (Plate XXVIII).

" The trench Ai(100'x 31') excavated to the east of the one described
above revealed at the depth of 5' a large mass of earthen bowls with pointed
bases which contained ashy earth, potsherds and occasionally pieces of bones*
A little lower down, i.e., at the depth of 6 '6* below the surface, was found an
object of considerable interest, though its exact purpose is not yet apparent*
It is a stone obelisk (height 11*, circumference I'll*, Plate XXIV, e) resembling
.the Siva-linga. The lower portion of the cone hag been left rough, thus in-
dicating tnat it was originally fixed in a pedestal of some kind. The excava-
tion was, therefore, continued and at the depth of about 2' below the level

EXPLORATION

Northern

Circle

Rai Bahadur

Daya Ram

Sahni

Harappa

of the cone I found the remains of a tiny brick structure with a very narrow
entrance facing the south and with what might have been brick steps in front
The pedestal of the cone was not recovered, but it is not impossible thai the
atone obelisk was presented or installed for worship in thievery cell.

" A large trench excavated in mound B (Plate XXV, a) behind the
Naugaza tomb during my operations of 1920-21 and 1923-24 had revealed
fragments of solidly built structures. The past year's excavations show
that the upper portion of this mound was re-occupied in later times, i.e., in
the early centuries of the Christian era. One of these later remains came to
light about six feet below the highest point of the mound. It is an irregular wall
composed of brick-bats obtained from the site and mixed with bricks measuring
\' < 2'x$l"y 2|* which can be at once assigned to the Kushan or early Gupta period.
Three feet lower down I found another structure composed of similar bricks
and three fragmentary terracotta panels which must originally have belonged
to it. There were also a number of bricks ornamented with lotus rosettes,
foliage, etc. One of the three panels (B.404) represents a votary kneeling with
the left palm resting on the projected base of the sculpture. The head of
the figure is broken off and the feet are not indicated. Another panel (B.510)
represents only the legs of a standing figure, while the third (B.1686) depicts
a female figure rising from the ground after the fashion of the earth goddess
in representations of the enlightenment of the Buddha. The above suggestion
is not surprising as, at the same level, the excavations revealed fragments
of at least three earthen jars (B.650, 980 and 982) with very narrow mouths
resembling the Buddhist monks' bottles with which we are familiar at other
sites, and one or two terracotta heads of the same period. To the same late
period I am now disposed to assign the circular brick granary which had been
brought to light in this area at a depth of about 14' below the summit of
the mound in 1923-24. Had it delonged to the Indo-Sumerian period it would
certainly have been more systematically constructed and in all probability with
wedge-shaped dricks.

" All the remains laid bare below this level are clearly assignable to the
Indo-Sumerian period and the first monument of this kind was a square brick
platform with a large earthen urn (B.I 486) resting upon it mouth downwards
(Plate XXV, c). It was filled with ashes and charcoal, from which all bones
had been extracted. On the next or third Stratum from the top special in-
terest attaches to a double rectangular sepulchre (10' from north to south and
4' from east to west, Plate XXV, d). It comprises two distinct compartments
one of which had an irregularly shaped relic chamber 1'5'x l'4"x 1'2". The
contents consisted of a number ot cremated bones one of which was eaatty
identified as a collar bone.

"The next lower stratum revealed a solidly built niche measuring 5'2*x
8'4* externally and composed of bricks of the usual size of 11" X 5j*X 2^*, but
repaired at a somewhat later date with larger bricks measuring 14*x7* X 3J*
On the paved floor ot this niche I picked up an earthen urn (B.1&48) con-
taining bones ud by the side of it a number of smaller veiaels with pointed

79 EXPLOBATION

bases which also contained pieces of bones and charcoal. About this level Punjab
the excavations revealed a large number of fragments of undulating stone Harappa
rings 1 of varying sizes which according to Sir John Marshall must have been
used for worship. Human bones were found scattered all over the trench be-
ing described but one large collection of animal bones (B.954) deserves special
mention (Plate XXVI, a). I had these bones examined by a Professor of the
Veterinary College at Lahore and they are stated to include besides many,
which on account of their fragmentary condition are not identifiable, a skull
with a few molars of a dog ; the upper jaw of a sheep , the lower jaw with
two or three molars and hocks (Tibia Tarsals) of an ox , and a large number
of bones of a horse or horses, wz.> the radius and ulna combined, scapula
humerus, occipital, etc. How these bones came to be buried here remains
inexplicable. They might be the remnants of a big animal sacrifice. Other
noteworthy objects on this level were two blocks of sandstone carved in the
shape of a tortoise 'a shell on one side, but with oval sockets cut on the other
side (B. 1514-15). All I can say at present about them is that they might have
been pedestals of some kind of images or banes of pillars. A metal bowl
(B.958), which was also laid bare at the same spot, 18' below the summit of
the mound, was kindly examined by Dr. 8. 8. Bhatnagar of Lahore and found
to be bronze.

"Stratum No. 5 was occupied by a brick building of considerable dimen-
sions (Plate XXV, a) which came to light 24' below the highest point of the
mound. Unfortunately it had been much damaged by the tunnels dug by the
modern brick hunters with the result that only two large rooms to the west
and fragments of several others on the east side have survived. There would
appear to have been an open courtyard between the two portions of the build-
ing with another open court at the back on the west side. One ot the two
rooms in the western portion measures 14'x 12' internally, while the other
which is separated from it by a passage or gallery is incomplete. The former
was provided with an entrance, 3'10* wide on the east side, with a small rec-
tangular drain and a masonry bench along one of the walls. Several strata
of buildings came to light below this level, but they are too fragmentary to
yield any plan of construction.

" Four large pits, each 50' square, were sunk simultaneously in a line in
the aouthern portion of mound B, which has an average elevation of 40' above
the surrounding plain, and excavated to a depth of 12' below the surface. Here,
too, the structural remains had been destroyed by brick contractors, but the
excavation was rewarded by a number of interesting portable antiquities. The
only structure* reclaimed in pit I were two cells occurring at the depths
of 3' and 10' respectively, which might have been kitchens or baths, and
a well preserved drain composed of brick with a gabled roof which was ex-
posed for a length of 43' (Plate XXVI, 6). It is choked up with mud mixed
with charcoal and ashes, apparently the washings of a kitchen. The minor

Two complete Urge-rized xing$ o* this kind have been known since General Ctmningham'a Twit to Hamppa-
I h*re now brought to Hght two other nogs of about the same size. On* of them i a illustrated in Plate XXVI.

EXPLORATION

Northern

Circle

Rai Bahadur

Daya Ram

Sahni

Harappa

Western
Circle

Mr, G. G.

Chandra

Vaghli

antiquities comprised four well preserved seals (P.I. 39-42) of an unusually large
size and with deep cut pictographs (Plate XXVIII, figs. 21-24),

"Pit II revealed at the depth of 3?/ a copper pot (P. 11,13, Plate XX VII,
which was tightly closed with, a smaller copper vessel placed upside down
upon it. The jars are similar to those containing jewellery deposits found at
Mohenjo-daro, but the contents here were disappointing inasmuch as they con-
sisted of broken copper dishes, common earth and two or three teeth of a
wild beast. Another object of note which was found lj' below the copper
vessel is a red stone ring (P. II, 20, Plate XXVII, h), plain at the base but
having four projections at the top and a round hollow cut into it on
one side which might have served the same purpose as the ring stones referred
to above, or have been a fimal or the crown of an image. No structural re-
mains were met with in this trench until the excavation reached the depth
of 12', where a portion of a solidly built house was brought to light. One
complete room in this structure has internal dimensions of 15' X 5'10" and is
provided with one door on the south and presumably two on the north side.
The room adjoining the one just described is also provided with doors on either
side and contained a large number of bones and other objects. In the south-
east corner of this trench was found a brick built grave of the same type
as those brought to light in mound F, with this difference that here there was
a layer of sand spread under the floor of the structure. The trench also re-
vealed a large collection of earthen and faience bangles and other large-sized
funerary urns. The third trench could not be excavated to any considerable
depth but the fourth or the northernmost pit revealed the remains of seveial
structures, the best preseived one of which is a rectangular cell measuring
7'7*X6'8* internally (Plate XXVI, c). The walls which are only 11" in thick-
ness have coarse mud joints and in the interior of the cell was revealed a covered
brick drain but no other objects of any kind/'

" Of the two protected monuments at Vaghli, a village 6 miles east of
Chalisgaon in the East Khandesh District, the old temple of Siddhesvara is
noteworthy as a peculiar example of the use of a single temple by two differ-
ent sects of the Hindus. According to a Nagari inscription engraved on three
slabs built in the north wall of the building, the temple was erected in 1069
A.D. by Govmdaraja, the third Nikumbha Chief of Patan, who at the same
time endowed it with the income of certain fields belonging to him and also
induced his suzerain, the Yadava king Seunachandra II, to grant two villages
for its maintenance. 1 The Nikumbhas were feudatories of the Yadava Kings
of Devagiri (modern Daulatabad) and extensive remains of their buildings are
utill visible around the temple of Mahadeva at Patan or Patna, very close
to the well-known group of Buddhist caves at Pitalkhora.

"Originally the temple of Siddhesvara consisted of a garbkagriha, an an-
tarala, a martdapa and a porch but was subsequently divided into two parts
by stone partition wall built in front of the antara/la by the Manbhavas,

* Ep. Ind., Vol. II, p. 221,

81 EXPLORATION

a sect founded on the doctrine of the divine love ot Krishna which came into Western Circle
prominence in the mediaeval Hindu, and early Muhammadan times (circa 13- VaghK
14th century A.D.). The rear portion comprising the sanctum and the anta-
rala, which remained in charge of the Saivaites, has disappeared excepting traces
of its plinth on which a tiny cell has been erected in modern times fot the
veneration of a small linga and a natndi. The front portion of the old temple
measuring 33' X 22' was appropriated by the Manbhavas and a brass mask of
the god Krishna is still worshipped in it. The structure must have suffered
considerable damage, as the outer fabric of the front wails is completely en-
cased with modern plain stone masonry. Fortunately the pristine simplicity
of the original design remains undisturbed in the interior of the mandapa and
the porch and the fourteen carved pillars, eight pilasters and two corner pillar 8
with their bracket capitals surmounted with squatting figures of ganas continue
as before to support the corbelled domes over the mandapa and the porch and
the flat roof around them. Two sculptures m this temple deserve special notice-
One of them, which adorns the soffit of the dome of the porch, represents
Sri Krishna playing on a flute (venit) in the company of gopis. The other
relief consists of three finely carved lotuses and occurs just in front of the
one above mentioned. 1

" The village of Deolana is situated at a distance of about 9 miles from
Satana, the headquarters of Taluka Baglan in the Nasik District. Immediately
to the north-West of the village, on the bank of a small rivulet, stands a three-
ghrined temple locally known as the temple of Jagesvara. The structure is
in a sound state of preservation, but the repairs to the roofs undertaken by
the villagers some 18 years ago, apparently with a view to rendering them water-
tight, do not harmonise with the ancient design and the new domes in parti-
cular are very conspicuous and out of keeping with the surroundings. The
construction of the walls of the shrines is made peculiar by the rustication
of the masonry above the bands of geese at the basement, which imparts a
feeling of strength combined with a decorative feature to the stone-work It
is, however, somewhat doubtful whether this outer facing was not added during
some later repairs. The principal shrine (garbhagriha) measuring 6 '6* square,
has a linga in the centre and a standing image of Vishnu in a niche in the
west wall. This grouping of the emblems of the gods Siva and Vishnu seems
to be the result of a deliberate endeavour to combine their worship in a single
shrine with a view to reconciling the votaries of the two deities. Kneeling
devotees are seen on either side of Vishnu's legs and above the niche is a
seated image of Lakshmi with two attendants holding fly- whisks (ckamaras)
The jambs of the doorway leading to the main shrine are decorated with vari-
ous miniature images including two female figures representing the goddesses
Durga and Lakshmi holding identical objects, viz., a conch-shell (sanJcha) and
& lotus (padma). The goddesses are, however, easily distinguished by their
respective cognisances, viz., a couehant lion and a jar, marked on the pedestals.

1 SuniUr aoulpture* occur in the temples of Aomteavara and Jagoarara at Ratanwadi and Deolana respectively
in the Districts of Aamedaagar and Nasik.

EXPLORATION

Western
Circle

Mr. G. C.

Chandra

Just above these goddesses are standing figures of dvarapalas, each holding a
drum (damaru) and a water-jar (Icaniandalu) in his upper and lower left hands
and the serpent and the mace (gada) in the upper and lower right hands res-
pectively. The projecting cornice of the lintel is occupied by five seated images
of gods separated fiom one another by small pilasters and standing elephants.
Of the figures occupying the niches in the mandajM special mention may be
made of an image of six-armed Durga standing on a lion of which she holds
the tail in one of her left hands, while her upper right and left hands hold
a sword and a shield. As in the temple of Siddhesvara at Vaghli, the intrados
of the dome of the porch is adorned with a circular relief representing Sri
Krishna and the gopis. The entiam-e to the temple is guarded by figures of
Siva-ganas and Vishnu-ganas depicted on either side of the walls of the porch.
The three gargoyles outside the shrines are beautifully carved makaras like
those in the temples of Dharwar. The plinth of the temple is almost com-
pletely covered with earth. Two broken n<wdu (bulls) are lying on the cir-
cumambulatory path (pradakifampatha) in front of the temple. There are no
dated recordn to supply evidence of the age of the monument but judging from
the style of the sculptures and of the architectural affinities it may be as-
signed approximately to the llth century A.D."

Centra! Circle " The f&inous Buddhist University of Nalanda in Bihar has already been

B'harand ' described in previous reports. It will suffice here to recall that a notable cha-

Orissa racteristic of the remains so far exposed is the succession of structures erected

Mr. J. A. Page on the ruins of a previous one, the earliest of which probably dates from the

Nalmda 6-7th century A.D. ; and that the general layout of the site takes the form

of a long central avenue running north to south, flanked on the east by a

range of monasteries and on the wet,t by a similar range of stupas, or sacred

mounds, contiguous monasteries bounding the area again on the south. The

operations so far have been generally confined to the south end of the site,

from which they are being carried systematically northward year by year as

the work proceeds.

'* The reduction of the allotment for excavations at Nalanda to a total
of Rs. 2,200* in the year under review has necessarily been reflected in the
results achieved. The bulk of the money was devoted to continuing the ex-
cavation of Site No. 5, which is seemingly a kind of monastic annex or dha.
ramsala arranged round the three sides of a central court contiguous to Mo-
nastery No. 4. to the west. The features of this site have already been des-
cribed in some detail in the last report.

" The work here involved the removal of a great mass of earth from the
southern half of the site to expose the internal face of the east and south
walls enclosing it ; and until a depth of some eighteen feet had been reached
no structural remains of any sort were recovered inside this area. The eastern
boundary wall at this end has been disclosed for its full height, and it has
proved to be a plain brick structure devoid of any openings. At its south

*The original allotment wa* Kfl. 2,000, which wa subsequently increased to Ra 2,200 by reapproprialion.

83 EXPLORATION

end it turns west for some eight feet and then south again to meet the ex- Bihar and

ternal wall of Monastery No. 1 adjoining. In this latter section of the wall^" 88 *

towards the bottom were found ,2 drains, one immediately above the other N*****

and seemingly indicative of successive levels o occupation ; and connecting

the east wall at the bottom with the wall of the adjoining Monastery Site No.

4 to the west were found the low remains of a wide wall bounding a range

of cells, which presumably were entered from the north. To the immediate

north again the ruins of a long wide stair (Plate XXX (d)) were exposed,

projecting from the east external wall of Monastery No. 4, to the upper levels

of which it seemingly gave access from the low external court below. Only

the lower portion of this stair now exists, and its precise purpose is not at

present apparent. Indeed, the plan of this end of the site is by no means

clear as yet ; though it is evident that, here again, the remains are complL

cated by the presence of subsequent structures erected on the ruins of earlier

ones. A further large quantity of earth here must first be removed before

any definite idea of the building can be gained ; and it is hoped to

continue the clearance of the site next year, if the needful funds are

forthcoming.

" Between this site and Monastery No. 1 adjacent to it, at the uppermost
level of occupation, the fragmentary remains of a small entrance gateway were
found (vide plan in Plate XXIX). This gave access to a passage that ran
between the adjacent monasteries for their full length, east to west, and termi-
nated at the other end in a similar gateway.

" In Monastery site No. 1 an attempt was made to explore further the
earliest levels of occupation ; and to this end the square chatiya in the appro-
ximate centre of the courtyard was cut into, and one quarter (the N.E.) of
its plan removed. This expedient, while leaving the structure intact on its
west and south sides, has afforded a sectional view of the interior, with it
solid hearting of brick-in-nrad and its sequence of concrete layers (Plate XXX
(a) and (6)), the explanation of which last feature is not apparent. These
layers of concrete, four in number, were simply spread over the centre portion
of the hearting as it was being erected. They have no definite or regular
termination at the sides ; nor is there any indication whatever of an inner
wall face that might point to their being the pavements of an interior chamber
subsequently filled up. And, again, there is no indication of any relic casket
bhough 2 pieces of stone, one seemingly a re-used column-base, were found some-
what out of the centre, which could possibly have served to cover a small
relic chamber. So 1 am led to the view that these curious concrete layers
were merely intended to strengthen the interior of the solid chatiya, as a kind
of bonding course ; though the necessity for them is not apparent.

" Another feature of interest revealed in this sectional view of the chatty a
is the three outer facings of the three chctityas that were erected on the same
spot, one over and outside the other, within a height of some two feet. Pre-
viously only two such integuments had been apparent ; this latest cutting re
reals that there are three.

EXPLORATION 84

Central Circle " Of interest too \vere the remains of a further chabutra with a halfc-

Mr. J. A. Page moon .shaped pavement of brick that were revealed some five feet below the
Natonda earliest foundations of this cJiaitya and contiguous to the colonnaded chabutra

of the 8th level down, previously excavated and referred to in earlier reports
(1'late XXX (&)). This somi-circular pavement was traced for half its extent
beneath the super-imposed cliaitya of later date, and it clearly belongs to the
8th level, and earliest but one, of occupation. The north side of the colon-
naded chabutra mentioned above has been cleared of its abutting earth down to
tlio earliest pavement ; and steps have been taken to expose this pavement
over the whole of the N. E. quarter of the courtyard, together with the para-
pot walls of the earliest colonnades erected round it. These parapet walls
were found in a very dilapidated condition and badly bulged, and as
they carried the whole weight of the later solid brick wall built over them,
underpinning for a height of some 6 feet has had to be done pari passu with
the removal of the earth that concealed and supported them (Plate XXX (c)).
Further reference to this will bo found in the account under Conservation ;
but it is mentioned hore because the operation of underpinning, which entailed
as a preliminary tho careful removal of the old ruined walls, has been instru-
mental in disclosing the positions of the old stone column bases, till then hid-
den in the mass of brick that Was subsequently built over them.

" Tho positions of these column bases were marked on the face of the
wall as the work proceeded, and from these several indications it will be pos-
sible to reconstruct in a drawing the whole of tho old colonnade.

" A disclosure of interest and importance afforded by tho clearance in
this corner of the courtyard is the existence of a still earlier parapet beneath
the parapet of the earliest colonnade previously revealed. It is now apparent
that the earliest parapet around the courtyard rose some 2'-10" above the first
brick paving to be laid here, and that what was formerly thought to be the
earliest colonnade is really a second one, erected on the ruins of the first para-
pet when the level of the courtyard and its enclosing verandah had risen some
three feet on th<> debris of the earlier structure. The second parapet is about
0' (>" ttbove the earliest brick paving of the courtyard, and this unusual and
unnecessary height was unezplainable while the indications pointed to their
being contemporary ; which the most recent discovery proves they are not.

" A cutting was made in the S. K. corner of tho court through the brick
wivll of the second parapet down to the level of the first, with a view to the
possible discovery of a stono column ba.se left in situ in the earliest level when
the second parapet was raised ; but without Miceess. Neither was any such
stone disclosed in position on this earliest parapet during the underpinning of
the northern half of the east courtyard wall under reference above. In the
N. E. corner, however, a stone column base was discovered in situ on this
parapet, and another similar stone was found lying among the debris immedia-
tely m front of the court-yard wall and belaiv the parapet level. So it seems
certain that such column bases did originally exist along the earliest parapet ;
and that the colonnade of the second parapet to be constructed merely repeated

85 EXPLORATION

a feature that its builders had found in the first, most of the old column Bihar an*
bases of which they removed and re-used. Orissa

"A curious brick structure encasing a drain raised on the earliest pavemen
in this corner of the courtyard appeared during the clearance of the earth lie re.
Slightly curved in plan' it extends diagonally some fifteen feet into th corner
of the court, from which it carried away the surface water through an out-
let in the north wall (Plate XXX (c)).

" This outlet had been subsequently blocked up with laid brick-bats ; but
it is hoped that its clearance and re-use will be found possible, since this would
facilitate the drainage of the excavation at this corner of the court, which is
so deep here as to be liable to inundation in the rains.

" A minor feature of interest revealed in the low chabutm fronting the
vaulted " caves " in the north wall of the court- (described in previous reports)
is a number of chulhas or fireplaces, in which the horizonal air Hues and frag-
ments of perforated tile bottom were visible. So perhaps these brick oave-
chambers, with their unique Hindu-constructed vaults, served as a kitchen for
the monastery.

" In Monastery site No. 4 the excavation of which AVas commenced two
years ago, further clearance of d&briit was done in the shrine in the oast side,
with a view to exposing the earlier structures below. Though in general the
uppermost level of occupation of this monastery was found in unusually good
preservation, scarcely any remains of its sanctum survived a chance circumstance
due largely to tho particular configuration of the mound before its excavation.

44 Merely a few fragments of concrete pavement in four closely occurring
levels existed (all within a height of S'-li") indicative of the floors of the later
shrines, and practically nothing remained of their enclosing walls. These frag-
mentary pavements have TIOW been cut through to get down to thu earlier
structures below, but, in tho cutting, portions of them have been left intact
to preserve the evidence they afford.

*' The general arrangement of the earlier .Nam-turn revealed in the course of
excavation is peculiar to this monastery. The innermost sanctum itself takes
the shape of a simple rectangular chamber 17 feet wide N.-S. by 11 feet deep
E -W., with an image pedestal, now very fragmentary, along the back wall ;
and its floor is some !> feet below the bottommost of the four later pavements
above. But what is unusual about this sanctum is the high narrow passage
corbelled over at the top, that occur? around and behind it on three sides,
north, east and south. The floor of this passage is some 4 feet lower than
the sanctum it encloses. The passage was entered through an opening in the
south wall of the adjoining cell to the north ; no direct communication between
it and the sanctum existed. This passage arrangement does not appear in
any other monastery so far excavated at Nalauda (vide plan in Plate XXTX).

" On the ruins of this passage, when the monastery of which it formed
part was destroyed, was laid a solid core of brickwork carried up to the floor
level of the next later structure, a distance of over feet. This solid hearting
of laid brick, some 30 feet and more across, seemed a most inexplicable anj

EXPLORATION

Central Circle purposeless feature while it was being cut through ; and it was only when the
Mr. J. A. Pafte ruined remains of the corbelling over the earlier passage below appeared in the
Naknda narrow exploratory cross-trench cut through it that a hint for its elucidation

was forthcoming.

" A pit was carried down in the passage to the bottommost foundations,
which occur some 32 feet below 1 the topmost and latest pavement of the
shrine- In the descent a further floor of concrete was cut through 9'-3* below
the floor of the sanctum above. Thus, no fewer than 6 different levels and
periods of occupation (accepting the second earliest sanctum floor and its lower
enclosing passage as contemporaneous) occur in this monastery ; and while some
of the upper closely occurring pavements were probably laid in the same actual
building, the three earlier pavements below represent each a separate and
subsequent building erected on the one site. It is hoped to continue the
excavation of this monastery next year.

"During the removal of the surface earth from which the bricks for the
conservation of the remains are being made, a group of little votive stupas
and stupa-pedestals was exposed, some of them of stone and decorated with
little figures of Buddha cut in rows one above the other ; one row would
represent the Buddha in Bhumisparsamudra, the next in Dhyana, the third
in Abhaya, and the fourth and last in Dharmachakramudra. In other little
stupas the 8 conventional life-scenes of the Buddha are represented in a suc-
cession of panels, from the birth in the Lumbini Garden at Rummindei to the
Nirvana at Kusinagara ; both of which places have been located in the Nepalese
Tarai. On four of these little stupas are engraved dedicatory inscriptions in
characters assignable to the 8-9th centuries A, D., and one of them contains
a reference to the reign of Mahindrapaladeva, presumably the Gurjara-Pratihara
king of that name at Kanauj, who is assigned to c. 850 A.D. and is believed
to have annexed Magadha for a few years (vide V. A. Smith's Early History of
India, p. 402). I am indebted to Mr. Hirananda Sastri for the reading of this
name.

" A brief account of the few minor antiquities recovered in the course of
the excavations is given under * Museums ' (Nalanda).

" In the Central Circle the only monument inspected that had not pre-
viously been visited by an archaeological officer and that proved on ins-
pection to be worthy of record was the old slate quarry recently dis-
covered in the Kharagpur HUls near Paharpur in the Monghyr Dis-
trict, a brief account of which is given in this report under * Miscellaneous
Notes.' "

*' The ruins in north-eastern Bengal, in the districts of Bogra and Rangpur,
have remained unexplored throughout the nineteenth century. Some attention was
paid to the antiquities in this area during the early days of the Honourable
Bast India Company. Subsequently with the increase in our knowledge of the
^ s ^ T y o f Bengal, adequate attention could not be paid to the antiquities in
this area on account of the distance of some of these sites from the railway.
The ruins of a vast city called Mahasthan, supposed to be the remains of the

Kharagpw
Hills near
Paharpur

Eastern Circle
Bengal

Mr. R. D.
Banerji

87 EXPLORATION

ancient city of Pundravardhana, are situated a few miles to the north, of the Bengal

town of Bogra. Our knowledge of the extension of the Muaalman conquest Rangpwr ZKrttta

to the east and north-east of Lakhnauti or Gaur is still very imperfect and

there is very little hope of our discovering in the near future new records

which will supply all the information required.

"The only chance of success lies in an accurate and up-to-date survey
north-eastern Bengal, many ancient sites in which are still difficult of access. 4
The area surveyed during the year under review consisted of the southern part
of the district of Kangpur, enclosed by three railway lines, from Santahar to
Parbatipur, Parbatipur to Kaunia and Kaunia to Santahar. During the latter
part of the seventeenth and in the eighteenth century the last post on the eastern
frontier of the Mughal empire was Ghoraghat on the western bank of the
Karatoya and now included in the district of Dmajpur. At times, the north-
eastern frontier post of the Musalman kingdom or empire had been pushed
torward as far as Gauhati, where an inscription of Sultan Ghiyathu-d-din Azam
Shah has been discovered recently, or to Rangamati in the northern part of
the Goalpara district. After the death of Mir Jumla, Musalman posts were
gradually thrust back to the centre of northern Bengal by the Koch kings of
Cooch Bihar and the Ahonis of Assam. The survey undertaken during the
year under review disclosed an elaborate system of defences constructed
during the early mediseval period by the Hindu kings of north-eastern India.
To the east of the Kuratoya river lies the huge Walled city called Dariyaon,
within the jurisdiction of the village of Kantaduar in the Gaibandha sub-
division of the Eangpui district. The ruins of Kantaduar (Plate XXXI (a) )
were brought to notice for the first time by Mr. G. H. Damant of the Bengal
Civil Service more than half a century ago. 1 Mr. Damant obtained a semi-
historical work called the Risalatu-sh-Shuhada, which recited the adventures of
a Musalman saint named Shah Ismail Ghazi during the wars with the Hindu
kings on the north-eastern and south-western frontiers of Bengal. Ismail Ghazi
is said to have fought with the Hindus at Madaran in the Arambagh sub-
division of the Hooghly district of Bengal and at Kantaduar in the Gaibandha
sub-division of the Rangpur district. His head Was severed from his body
which Was interred at Bara Dargah on the road from Rangpur to Ghoraghat,
While the head was buried at Madaran. Many are the miracles related about
Shah Ismail G-hazi, some of whioh have been carefully recorded by Mr. Damant
in his article. The actual ruins at Kantaduar do not appear to have been
visited previously by anybody connected with the Archaeological Department.
With the help of Rai Bahadur Mritunjaya Ray Chaudhuri of Sadyapushkanni,
who had acquired a very accurate and intimate knowledge of the district of
Rangpur several years ago while working as the Vice-Chairman of the District
Board, I started investigation of the historic sites and ancient fortifications
on the north-eastern frontier of Bengal in December 1924. In the districts
of Rangpur and Jalpaiguri and the neighbouring state of Cooch Bihar there

1 J. A. J3. A, 1874, Pt, f 1. p. 216.

EXPLORATION 88

Eastern Circle are a number of places called duars, which are really passable fords in the

Mr.R.D. country which was and is still intersected by very broad and fast-running

Banerjl ^ nve rs. In the district of Rangpur, three of these Amirs existed in the southern

Bangpw Duitrwt ^^ ^ ^ investigations proved that all of them were really entrances to the

country lying to the north-east of Bengal proper. In the area enclosed by

the three railway lines mentioned above, three of these duwrs were found on

old river beds which are evidently the older beds of the Karatoya. The

imns of Mabasthanparh indicate very clearly the existence of an ancient Bengali

city of the same type as those to be seen in different parts of northern Bengal

and which was inhabited from the eighth century to the twelfth century A. D.

The fall of this city was perhaps contemporaneous with the conquest of Bardhankot

and Nudiah, which were conquered by Sultan Mughithu-d-dm Yuzbak of Bengal

in 1225 A. D. and in commemoration of which a special coin or medal Was

struck. 1 After the fall of Mahasthan the frontier of the Musalman kingdom

of Bengal was extended as far as the Karatoya. The southern frontier

of the Ibrdu kingdoms of north-eastern Bengal and Assam was defended by

four different lines of defences all of which are still in an excellent state of

preservation. The first line of defence was the river Karatoya, which appears

to have been a large river at one time. The defences along the eastern

bank of this river can be found at three different places. Like the Ganges

and the Brahmaputra, the Karatoya has shifted its bed many times

during the last seven centuries The old beds have become marshy areas,

which still separate the comparatively ancient red soil of northern Bengal

or Barind from the loose sandy alluvium of the districts of Rangpur and

Jalpaiguri.

Dariyaon " On the eastern bank of the Karatoya, on an ancient bed of this river,

$tands the ruined city called Dariyaon within the limits of the village of
Kantaduar. It appears that the Musalman inhabitants of the surrounding
villages have forgotten the very name of the city of the fort. The name
Kantaduar means " the gate of the thorn " and the Word '' Dariyaon " means
"the sea." The fortifications of this ruined city consist of three different
ramparts with brick cores which are still formidable in size and height, and
are separated one from the other by four broad moats, most of which contain
water even during the driest season. The local people aver that originally
there were seven circumvallations separated by seven broad moats the exterior
ones of Which have gradually dried up. This belief is suggested by the con-
tour of the ground. A distinctive characteristic of this class of fortifications
is the projection of screen walls, resembling modern barbicans, which project
at right angles from the concentric circumvallations of the regular fortifications.
In the interior of the ring of ramparts there is a flat plain, now given up
to cultivation, which contains several mounds covering the ruins of structures
01 temples. After crossing the dry beds of the outer moats which have now
been converted into cultivated fields, we had to cross the last three in rafts.
The core of the present exterior wall shows the existence of burnt brick

~~~ * j. <fc f . A. 8. B.> Vol. 1X7 p 288,

89 EXPLORATION

masonry 7' in thickness and at places 15' to 16' in height. There are gaps at Bengal
certain places in this rampart indicating the position of gateways and other
openings through which* the waters of the different moats were connected.
It is difficult to imagine at the present day how these connected water-ways
were defended during a siege. It will be necessary to survey the entire area
carefully and to acquire the cultivated fields in the interior of the ring of
walls for future excavations.

"At a distance of nearly one mile from the dried up moats there is a large
mound about 30' in height above the surrounding ground level (Plate XXXI(a))
on which stands a little dargah or Idgah built during the reign of Sultan
Alauddin Hussain Shah of Bengal (J 489-1526 A. D.)- The mound appears to
contain the ruins of an ancient temple destroyed by the Musalmans and con-
verted into a mosque and a, dargah. The mosque has collapsed long ago and
nothing can be seen of it at the present day, except the site which is pointed
9ut by local villagers. The dargah, however, still stands roofless and in an
excellent specimen of the early Musalman type of architecture of the fifteenth
century A. D. At one tune this dargah possessed an inscription engraved on
two different slabs ot stone, carved out of two separate Hindu images, which
were placed side by side over the principal entrance of the structure. Rai
Bahadur Mritunjaya Kay Chaudhury informs me that one of these has been
missing for some time but that the second slab was seen by him in 1915 when
he took impressions. This latter slab had also disappeared at the tune of my
visit to Kantaduar in December 1924. The name of Sultan Alauddin Hussam
Shah can be read clearly from an impression of the inscription supplied to me
by the Rai Bahadur. The structure was severely shaken during the violent
earthquake of 1897 and the poverty of the attendants of the shrine, who still
possess the village of Kantaduar as a wakf estate, has fortunately prevented
its rebuilding in the modern style. There are two pierced brickwork Inttict**:
in the side walls but the back wall IB under-orated. The dargah was built
of small carved bricks in the style of the tomb of Fatli Khan and the Qadam
Rasul at Gaur. The fortifications of the ancient city and the mound with
the dargah have been declared protected monuments and then conservation
will be undertaken as soon as funds permit.

"Due north of Kantaduar is the village of Debipur in the zimiindati
Babu Asutosh Lahiri. The existence of old river beds in the vicinity shows
that at one time the village was an important post on the eastern bank of
the Karatoya or one of its tributaries. One high and two low mounds in the
village still indicate the position of important structures. The village is now
inhabited entirely by aboriginals from Chota Nagpur and a few Musahmms.
The latter informed me that an image of the ten-armed Dnrga was recovered
From the top of the highest mound some years ago. This mound is still more
than 20' in height above the surrounding area and certain depressions
in the cultivated fields in front of it indicate that it was enclosed by moats.
The District Board road, which passes in front of the mound, has revealed
ndications of walls built of burnt bricks over which the road was laid. To

EXPLORATION 90

Eastern Circle the north-cast ol these mounds there are several others, but not so high as

B**!!! D * t i ie On<? whicl1 * les cl 8< * to tho wtchery oi the Zamindar. Between Debipur

tianavw District *^ ^ ajlt ' a ^ uar there Jiro several fortifications along tie old beds of the river
Karatoya, the most important of which is the big marsh or beel known as

Bora Beel Bara-beel close to tin 1 Police Station of Virganj In the maps the river which

passes in and out of this marsh is now called Akhira. But. the nature and
extent of tlije Baia-beel HJIOWS that it must have been a rivei of great width

Baira^vrgDth and velocity at one time The village of Bara-dargali lies due north of the
tort m Bara-beel on the load from Bogr<i to Rangpur Shah Ismail Ghazi
is said to have been bimedin u brick tomb in this village

Baydtatr "To the west of Debipur lies the village of Bagduar which contains, an

ancient shrine of the goddess Kali, worshipped here under the title of Bag-devi.
The temple of Bag-devi once stood on the bank of A large tank and remains
of several structures (an be distinguished, one above the other, showing that
the temple had been rebuilt at different times The present temple cannot be
more than a century old, but as the roof has collapsed and there are no
worshippers to look aftt'i it the shrine presents an appearance of complete
desolation Outside the masonry temple, however, there is a roofless hut,
containing a broken stone image of the goddess Kali and another fragment
of a stone sculpture which my guide Rai Bahadur Mntunjaya Kay Chaudhury
. reverently pointed out as being the image of Bag-devi. Local people believe that
this stone figure is decreasing m uze every year It is kept wrapped up m
a piece of red cloth but I was surprised when on removing the cloth to find
the so-called goddess to be only the upper part of an image of Buddha of
the type which usual]) represents the eight principal scenes of Gautama's
life. The existing fragment, in fact, represents the death of Buddhu between
the two xaU trees of Kusmara which scene is usually delineated at the top
of this particular class of images.

Mahettyur " Close to Bugduar IB the village of Maheshpur where there is a Muham-

niadan tomb built exactly in the style of the tomb of Fath Khan at Gaur and
the tomb attached to the mosque of Kartalab Khan at Dacca. It was built
in 1732 A. D. The rums of Bagduar lie close to an old bed of the Kara-
toya now called the Sarvamangala. The fort at this site is small. The Bengal
District Gazetteer wrongly describes this chain of forts as being on the great
road from Ghoraghat to Kamatapur. On the other hand the chain of forts
beginning from Kantaduar and ending with Bagduar clearly indicates that
this was the first line of defence of the Hindu kingdoms of north-eastern India.

The Great W aU "Between the Kaiatoyu and the Teesta lies a big rampart with a fosse

in front It has been pierced in several places for the passage of District
Board roads hut still exists to the south-west of the modern town of Kangpur.
According to local information, this rampart now ioruit) the boundary between
the Varganas of Sadyupushkaruu and Bata&an of the Uangpur District. On
examination it was found to be a high mud wall a hundred feet in thickness,
generally twenty to foity feet in height above the cultivated fields at the back
and forty to sixty feet from the bed of the fosse or moat in front of it. The.

91 EXPLORATION

'existence of the fosse towards the south and south-east indicates that the wall Bengal
was built by the people of north-eastern India against aggressions from Bengal Rangf**
or the south-west. The fosse or moat is cultivated in many placet* and does
not contain water during the winter but the top of the rampart is always
covered with jungle and being high land is not much in demand for cultiva-
tion. The Gazetteer wrongly describes this rampart, us extending from the
Karatoya to the river Brahmaputra It is well Known that before 1787 the
Teesta followed a different course and joined the Atrai instead of joining the
Brahmaputra. The wall belong* to an dge when the Teesta did not flow along its
present bed. So far as it lias been surveyed it seems to have extended from the
old bed of the river Manas, marked Mara-mauati in survey mapn, to the Karatoya.

"The valley of the Teesta and the country lying between this river y, aft Coock Bihar
the Dharla still remains to be surveyed and information has been received about*
the existence of similar fortifications in this area. To the east of the Dharla
lies another fortified city, the ruins of which are known as Gosammari
Gosammarai in the southern pu,rt of the Cooch Bihar State. The>e rums lie
on the bank of the river Torsba which IB a tributary of the Dharla. The
river now passes right through the centre of the ancient city and has exposed
the nature of the construction of its rampart The rums of Gosanimari can
be reached from the station ol Dmliuta on the Cooch Bihar section of the
Eastern Bengal Railway and there is a good road from the station right up
to the rums Similarity between the fortifications at Kunladuar and (Joaaiiunan
is so marked that there cannot be any doubt that both of them were built
by the same people and most, probably ut the same period. The history ol
Shah Ismail Ghazi and the existence of an inscription of Sultan Alauddin
Huasam Shah on the mound at Kantaduar prove that none of these forti-
fications were the works of the Koch kings. The compiler of the Gazetteer
ascribes the rampart on the second line of fortifications to the Koch kings,
but it is extremely doubtful whether it was necessary for these kings to
build fortifications on such a large scale. Tradition ascribes the building ol
Gosammari to the Hindu kings of the Mongoloid Khyen tribe. The last king
of this dynasty, Nilambar. was defeated and killed by Shah^ada Daniyal. the
eldest son of Sultan Alauddin Husain Shah of Bengal.

" Nothing is known of the history of the Khyens except that they existed
as a buffer kingdom between the Ahomw of Assam and the Musalman kingdom
of Bengal in the fifteenth century. It IB quite possible that the Khyens built
Gosammari, but it IB also possibk that these Mongoloid people only utilised
the ruina of fortifications which had been built several centuries before. The
fortifications of Gosaniman originally consisted of several concentric walls 01
ramparts and moats, with projections of the nature of barbicans or screen
walte. The officers of the Cooch Bihar State have surveyed the entire ruins and
the incursions of the river Torsha right through the fortifications have revealed
-the fact that the nature of construction of the ramparts is exactly similar to
of th walls at Dariyaon. These fortifications are quite unlike the square

forts to beeen near tfe stations ol Domar and Nilphamari on the northern

EXPLORATION

Eastern Circle
Mr. R. D.
Bajttfji

Gooch Bihar

State

Dacca D%*tr%ct

Mcqueqf
Kartalab Kkan

The Katra
Matjidof
Murshifahad

section of the Eastern Bengal Railway. The country lying in the northern part
ol the Jalpaiguri district and the Cooch Bihar State has not been properly
surveyed a yet and therefore it IH premature to compare the nature of the
remains m these two districts.

" The last two capitals of the Mughal Subah of Bengal contain a very
large number of inosqueh in the Deccani style of the later Muhammadan,
architecture. In Dacca the local people have given the name Sfiaista-Khawi
to thin particular style A careful examination of this style leads me to believe
that the long residence of Jafar Kuli alias Kartalab Khan alias Murshid Quh
Khan in the districts of the Deccan especially at Bijapur, Ahmednagar and
Aurangabad influenced him and caused him to copy the early and later styles
of the Deccaiu architecture in the mosques which he built in the last two
capitals of Bengal. Dacca arid Murshidabad. This style is also evident in the
mosque of Hhaista Khan at Dacca. The low broad arch with its cramped
voussoirs is distinctly characteristic of the southern Deccani Musalrnan style,
which we find in the Jumu masjid at Bijapur, the Kali maejid at Ahmed-
nagar and the ruined mosque at Daulatabad. This style is even more evident
in the mosque of Kartalab Khan in the Dacca city and the Deccan is stamped on
it by the existence of a rar or stepped well of the Deccani type, which some
wild freak of imagination caused Kartalab Khan to dig near his new mosque
in the ram-sodden city of Dacca. Choked with refuse, neglected and almost
enveloped by a crowd of dirty huts, this relic of the long residence of Murshid
tjuli Khan in the Deccan Btill remains as a freak in the city of Dacca. The
stepped well belong* to the Deccani and not to the Gujarati type The vav of
Adalaj and that of Bai Hanr at Asawal near Ahmedabad are typical specimens
oi the Gujarati style, while the stepped well discovered inside the old
IShanwar Wada palace at Poona and those in the city of Bijapur may be
regarded as specimens of the Deccani type. The vav of Kartalab Khan or
iMurshid Quli Khan at Dacca IN almost an exact copy of the one at Ibrahim-
pur near Bijapur or that in the Shanwar Wada.

" The interior of the mosque of Kartalab Khan bears a striking resembl-
ance to the interior of the mosque attached to the Ibrahim Hauza or the tomb
ot Ibrahim Adil Shah II at Bijapur. Subsequently when Kartalab Khan be-
came Murshid Quh Khun and the subactar of Bengal, Bihar and Onssa, he
attempted the building ol a mosque on a gigantic scale at Murshidabad. The
Katru imisjid, the ruins of which stand two miles to the east of Murshidabad
Kaiiway Station is built on a peculiar plan. It stands on a high platform
m the centre of a huge courtyard which latter is surrounded by a double-
storied row of room*. Four immense ininars, resembling Egyptian pylons
in stolidity, were built at the four corners of the quadrangle, instead of
being attached to the luosque proper. The Katra masjid was severely
shaken -during the earthquake of 1897 and most of its massive domes have
collapsed but the construction of the arches in the interior which supported
these domes shows at once the close resemblance between the Deccani style
and the later Mughal style of Bengal. These gigantic archts spring almost

93 JEXPLORATIOK

at n right angle from the sides arid have the game style of construction UK Bengal

those in JShaista Khan's mosque and Kartalab Khan's mowque at Dacca. The Ratra

In this respect, these three mosques differ from the majority of Bengal

and the arched buildings of Northern India. How far this particular stylo

adopted by Murwhid Quh Khan wan perpetuated by the later Musalmau Nawabb

or Governors of Bengal can be seen in the mosque attached to the tomb oi

Nawab Khujauddm in the Koshmbagh on the other side of the river Bhagirathi.

The low clinging vouHSoirs are still . apparent in the arches inside the mosque

but the arches of the exterior are of the decadent and later Musalmau type

which we see in the immense number of later Musalman mosques in the

United Province**, Bengal and Bihar. A curious survival of the hut-shaped

Bengali tombs of the early Musalman period is noticeable in the case of

Kartalab Khan's mosque at Dacca. Attached to the northern fa9ade of the

hall of the mosque and on the top ot the great platform on which it has been

built, is a small hut-nhaped tomb exactly similar in Htyle to the tomb of Fath

Khan near the Qadam Kasul at (Jaur. The local Muhammadans did not allow

me to examine the interior of the building but it. is supposed to contain

the tomb of some Musalman saint.

" The district of Dacca possesses three small water forts of the type so Mughal
common along the creeks of Hassein and Salsette in the Bombay Presidency.
Tn and around Narayanganj there are three similar towers or forts erected
the Muglmls to keep the Portuguese and Arakanese pirates of Eastern Bengal
in check The best preserved of them is that at Idrakpur or Munshigunj (Plate
XXXI (<)) on the right bank of the Dhaleswan. The enclosure is now used as
the residence of the Sub-divisional Officer of Munshigunj and the fort is fast losing
the character of an ancient monument. Two others are to be found close to
Narayangunj on either bank of the Sital Laksha. That on the left bank of
the Sital LaUha IK called the fort of Sonakanda. According to tradition, Sona, j
the widowed daughter of Kodar Kai, is said to have cried at this place when
she was being abducted by the Afghan chief (?), isa Khan Masnad Ali. The
fort was built at the junction of a small river called the Tnbeni Khal with
the Sital Lakbha and commanded the approaches to both the rivers. The present
owners of this fort have definitely refused to enter into agreement with
the Government regarding its conservation and therefore it will have to be
removed from the list of protected monuments. As soon as it is removed from
the list, the masonry will without doubt vanish and no trace will remain of
this interesting monument after a few years. The principal feature of the fort
at Sonakanda is a big tower intended for mounting artillery of a heavy calibre,
for the reception of which a strong masonry platform was erected in the centre
of the tower, and the side walls were pierced with gun-embrasures surrounded
by loop-holes for musketry. There is a small postern below high water level
for the escape of the garrison in case of a surprise, but the mam entrance
lies on the river side and has to be reached by a flight of steps. This entrance
was protected by a double series of doorways, the mortice holes for the reception
of the tenons of which were made of atone. A similar bastion is to be seen

EXPLORATION 94

Eastern Citck in. the fort of Tdrakpur on the top of which the bungalow of the Sub -divisional
Mr. R. D. (Mcer lias been built.

anerji < v ^^ third fort was built to the east of Narayanganj, right on the Sitai

^^^Laksha. At one time it was enclosed within a garden of the Nawab of Dacca
who was allowed to acquire it. Subsequently this garden was acquired for
the extension of the Dacca Section of the Eastern Bengal Railway by the
Government It has been proposed that the plot of land on which the fort
stands should be handed over to the Archaeological Department, so that the
monument may be preserved in a deserving style. This fort is called the fort of
Kedderpore (Khizrpur) (Plate XXXI (fe) ). The walls and the ramparts are
still m good preservation and it can be reached easily from one of the
mam roads of Narayanganj town As in the case of the Sonakanda fort the mam
entrance is placed above a flight of steps. A portion of the rampart was dis-
mantled by the Nawabs of Dacca and a corner of their garden palace intrudes
into the fort enclosure, but the rest of the bastion and the circular walls are
m an excellent state of preservation. Similarly to the other two, this fort,
like all other Mughal forts, was also surmounted by high ka/ngara battlements which
were pierced with loop-holes for musketry. There is a very large round tower on
the river side similar to those attached to the forts at Sonakanda and Idrakpur.
Here also we tind that a gun of large calibre was mounted for the protec-
tion of the river craft from the inroads of the Portuguese and Arakanese pirates.
Aggam ''Assam is the only province of India, the history of the architecture and

Pre-Ahont Art sculpture of which is still practically unknown While the history of Assam
and Architcc^wi begins with the Conquest of the lower part of the valley by the Ahoms in
the fourteenth century, the history of its architecture begms with the intro-
duction of Bengali masonh and architects in the sixteenth. Like other pro-
vinces of northern India, Assam was ruled in the mediaeval period of Indian
historv by a number of dynasties whose names indicate that they were Hindus,
though in many cases the inscriptions testify to their non-Indian or non-
Aryan origin. The majority of the kings of Assam claim to be descended
trom Bhagadatta, the son of Naraka, a mythical king named in the Puranas. The
earliest known kings of Assam are Susthitavarman, the contemporary of
king Mahasenagupta of Magadha and his son Bhaskaravarman, the con-
temporary of Harshavardhana and the Chinese pilgrim Yuan-Chwang. The
chronology of the Assamese dynasties from the middle of the seventh century
to the end of the twelfth is still full of confusion, but the architecture of this period
and the history of the plastic art of the country are absolutely unknown. Yet, at
times, stone sculptures and rock carvings have been discovered at different
places which prove that the mediaeval architecture and plastic art of Assam
were closely related to the general architecture and art of northern India.
Darrang District " The most important series of sculptures belonging to the period of history,
Teqwr which ended with the Ahom conquest of tlie valley, have been found in the

districts; of Kamrup and Darrang. In 1906, the late Dr. Th. Bloeh said that
the c * modern civil stations of Tezpnr and Oauhati stand on large mounds which
contain the remains of tiro ancient cities." In the same year white foundations

95 EXPLORATION

were being dug for certain additions to the Deputy Commissioner's office at Assam
Tezpur, the excavators came upon the remains of a stone built temple. The Tcqmtr
majority of the stones were transferred to the Planters' Club on the river
Brahmaputra, the Deputy Commissioner's bungalow and the public park, where
many of them can still be seen. The discovery of these remains in the town
of Tezpur was reported to the then Chief Commissioner of Assam by the late
Mr. F. J. Monahan, I.C.S., whose name is now well-known amongst scholars
ior his devotion to the cause of Indology. Mr. Monahan writes in his report
to the Chief Secretary to the (Government of Assam, ' Some of the blocks which
have been dug up are elaborately sculptured as cornices, bases or capitals of
columns, etc;., like the pieces which one sees lying, here and there on and
around Tezpur maidan There seems to be every probability that the extent
of the underground layei oi hewn stones may be not less than that of the
Cutchery site, it may of course be much greater. The layer of stones is also,
apparently, of considerable depth I saw a hole about 4' deep, opened by
removal of some of the granite blocks, below which there were more stones,
apparently of the same kind. These remains point to the existence of a great
building; of massive and ornate architecture on the Tezpur maidan site/ On
receiving this report the late Dr. Th Bloch, reported that ' from Mr
Monaban's desciiption I infer that the remains struck upon in digging for
the foundations of the Deputy Commissioner's Office at Tezpur, form part of
the wall of an ancient temple and it would not be difficult to follow up
these walls as far as the upper structures permit, down to the bottom of the
ancient walls On having reached the bottom of the walls, detailed photo-
graphs should be taken of the ancient walls, and the earth hereafter may be
rilled up again. All loose and broken carvings, of course, should be taken out
and put up in some convenient place above ground close to their find place.
As far as I remember, there is already now a good deal of sculpture coming
from the remains of the ancient city of Tezpur, lying about close to the Cut-
chenes. 1 Would suggest to have this small excavation done at once while
the digging for foundations is "going on.' The lack of records prevents me
from finding out what Was actually done. Mr. Monahan suggested in his letter,
dated the I8th June 1906, ' What seems to be required at Tezpur is an exa-
mination of the ruins for the purpose of determining the period, the plan and
the purpose of the buildings and obtaining some light on the ancient civilisa-
tion which they represent,' We have no means to determine how far this
work was done and so we must depend solely upon hear-say evidence to find
out what became of the remains discovered. Rai Sahib Sobharam Das, Archaeo-
logical Overseer in Assam, informs me that the movable pieces of stones were
removed to the public park close to the Cutchery buildings at Tezpur.

"On examination of the remains in the park at Tezpur and those pre- j Saiva temple
served in the Planters' Association or Club at the same place I find that the of the tenth
carvings belong to three different periods of liistory and therefore must have c
belonged at least to three separate buildings. The most remarkable sculptures
of the first group are two shafts of pillars at the entrance to the Planters'

EXPLORATION 96

Eastern Circle plub and a heavy lintel of a Btone door-frame now lying in the public park.

Mr. R. D. The shaft of one of these pillars (Plate XXXII (d)) is sixteen-sided, the upper
end being ornamented with a broad band having kirtintukhas at the top and
the lower with dentils. Over this band the shaft is round and appears
to be lathe-turned like the upper parts of the Western Chalukyan columns of
the Bombay Presidency. In the second pillar the upper part of the shaft is
dodecagonal and near the top is divided into three raised horizontal bands
two of which contain kirtimukhas and the third a series of diamond-shaped
rosettes. In style, both of them belong to the same period and appear to have
come from one and the same building. The lintel of the stone door-frame in
the public park also belongs to the same period and most probably to the
same building. It is divided into two different parts. The upper part repre-
sents five miniature temples with the phallic emblem of Biva in each of them.
In the lower part we see a continuation of the ornamentation on the jambs,
viz., two vertical bands containing meandering creepers and two others consist-
ing entirely of rosettes which turn an angle and are continued on the soffit
of the lintel. In the centre of the lower part of the lintel is a small niche
containing a miniature image of Ganesa. It appears from the nature of the
carvings that the temple to which these three architectural specimens belong
was erected late in the tenth century A. D. The length of the lintel is 6'
10" and the breadth 1' 5j".

A temple of the " The second group of sculptures at Tezpur consists of specimens from a

wt " massive temple on the ruins of which the office of the Deputy Commissioner

has been built. On each side of the entrance of the Planters' Club at Tezpur
lie the door-sill and the lintel of the principal entrance to this enormous tem-
ple. The size of the lintel enables us to determine the size of the door-frame
and consequently of the principal entrance to the sanctum. The enormous
lintel is 10' 3" in length and 1' 8" in breadth There are three raised panels
on it, one in the centre and one on each side and each of them is divided into
a large niche in the centre with a smaller one on either side. The panel on
the left contains a standing figure of Brahma in the central niche with an
attendant on each side. The central panel is occupied by a figure of Surya
with two attendants while the panel on the extreme right contains a standing
figure of Siva with an attendant in each of the side niches. The space between
these raised panels is divided into six niches, three to the left of the central
panel and three to the right. They contain six divine figures which cannot be
identified. All the niches are separated from each other by a round pilaster
2' in height, the height of the lintel itself being 2' 7j". According to the
general practice in Hindu temples, the central niche or panel of the lintel
of the stone door-frame of the sanctum is generally occupied by the presiding
deity of the temple. It appears certain, therefore, that this gigantic temple
was dedicated to Surya or the Sun god. The sill of this door-frame is also
of gigantic dimensions and shows a vase in the centre flanked by two lions
eatatant. Each end is occupied by a niche containing a male and a female
and flanked by a smaller a,nd narrower niche on a recessed corner, containing

97 EXPLORATION

a single human figure. It is a pity that the jambs of this enormous door- Assam
frame have not been discovered as yet. The large jamb in the public park ?*&*
appears to belong to a much later period. It is impossible therefore to deduce
the height of the door-frame correctly, but it is obvious from the length of the
lintel and the sill that the height of this door-frame could not have been less
than 15'. If the height of the stone door-frame of the main entrance to the
sanctum was 15' then the height of the interior of the chamber nwt have
been 20' to 25', leaving us to imagine the total height of th3 spire, or sikhxra
of the original temple, which must have been considerably over 100.' The
majority of the carved stones in the public park at Tezpur are takeu from the
plinth mouldings and string-courses of the gigantic temple, the door-fraoaas of
Which have been described above. The string-courses were ornamantod with
kirtimukhas of various shapes and sizes and sunken panels containing orna-
mental rosettes and meandering creepers. Some of them are evidently portions
of enormous capitals which wore held together by m^tal clamps or dowels.
In the centre of some of those pieces there is a projecting niche flanked by
round pilasters containing divine figures. In one of these niches wo find a
fat female squatting on the ground, holding a piece of cloth over her head,
while a female stands to her left with her hands clapped in adoration. The
second specimen of the same type contains the figure of a goddess holding
a lyre in her hands, evidently Sarasvati, the goddess of learning. A third
specimen contains the well-known group of Kamatotmika or Gajalakshmi, more
commonly known in Bengal and Assam as Kamale-Kamini in which two
elephants pour water over the head of a goddess from vase* held in their trunks.
A fourth specimen containa figures of Siva and Durga seated in the Well-knoWn
conventional posture so common in images of thi^ particular type in northern
India. The outlines of the plinth mouldings show that the mediaeval architects
of Assam employed the same motifs and figures as those in other provinces
of northern India. Some of these ornaments appear in relief as diamond-shaped
and circular rosettes, set in between arabasque work of a type known to us
from the temples of Orissa. The most remarkable specimen in the collection
in the public park at Tezpur, however, is a slab taken from the upper part
of the plinth mouldings. It is divided into a number of sunken panels by
means of circular pilasters, each containing a male or female, two females or
two males. Beginning from the right we find a man fighting with a lion, a
male playing on a flute and a female dancing by his side, two males playing
on conch shells, a male playing on a dram and a female dancing by his side,
a female playing on a lyre and another dancing to her right, a male playing
on a drum and another dancijig to his left. This slab apparently formed part
of a series of similar panels all round the lower edge of the walls of the sanc-
tum. Another slab bears on it a conventional representation of the Cbaitya-
window pattern, so common in the temples of Central India, especially those
in the Bewa State and at Kbajuraho. The interior of the sunken panels
is entirely covered with geometrical patterns with a half rosette in the
oentre. The second group of sculptures at Tezpur belongs to a temple erected

EXPLORATION 98

Eastern Circle in the twelfth century A.D. if not later. The size of the stones indicates

&unJri| D * ***** *^ e tem Pk Was ver y ^ ar S e * n s * ze an( * P rov id e d with a very tall spire*
_ 'IThere are two specimens in the public park at Tezpur which appear to belong

to another temple of some later date. One of these is a high door jamb and
the second a slab bearing three sunken panels occupied by very crude human
or divine figures. The entire collection contains only a single specimen carved
in the round, a lion, presumably on an elephant. The conventional representa-
tion of the lion shows that the inhabitants of the Assam valley were not
very familiar With the king of beasts.

AA Parbatiya " Close to the modern civil station of Tezpur is the small village of Dah

Parbatiya which possesses the unique distinction of having within its limits the
ruins of the oldest temple in Assam. The ruins consist of the remains of
a brick-built temple of Siva of the Ahom period erected upon the ruins of
a stone temple of the later Gupta period, circa sixth century A.D. The
former collapsed during the earthquake of 1897 revealing the stone door-frame
(Plate XXXI 1 (c) ) of the older structure. At some subsequent date the local
villagers built a crude hut on the mound, which had collapsed at the time
of my visit. The mound is nearly 20' above the surrounding ground and is
entirely covered with large rubber trees and small undergrowth. The door-
frame stands in front of a large block of stone with a square cavity in its
centre. Most probably the older ling a was fixed in this hole. The carving on
the door frame is characteristic of the style of the early Gupta schools of
sculpture, oi which so many examples have been discovered at various sites
excavated by Sir John Marshall in northern India. The carving on the jambs
consists of high reliefs in the lower part and four different vertical bands of
carving in the upper. In the lower part of each of the jambs is the figure
of a female deity whoso divine nature is indicated by the halo behind her
head. Each of the goddesses stands with a garland in her hands in an elegant
posture and these two figures appear to represent Ganga and Yamuna so common
in door jambs of ancient Gupta and mediaeval temples (Plate XXXII (a) & (6)).
These two larger figures are attended, in each of the jambs, by a number
of smaller ones. At the bottom of the ]amb on the right are two female figures,
one standing w ; th a chamara and the other kneeling in front, with a flat recep-
tacle containing flowers. A third female figure is seen with a chamara behind
or to the right of the main figure. To the left of the halo we find a nagi
kneeling and to the right two geese flying towards the main figure. The lower
part of the jamb on the left is not so well preserved as that on the right.
Here we find a female standing with an indistinct object to the left and another
to the right or in front of the main figure, the lower part of which is damaged*
On this jamb also is the figure of a naga kneeling to the right of the halo
of the mam figure and two geese flying to the left of it. The upper part of
each of these jambs IH separated into four long narrow vertical bands two of
which are continued on the lintel. The first of these begins from the head
of the naga or of the nagi and consists of a meandering creeper with extremely
beautiful oinamental foliage m the interspaces and the aerond of a-

90 EXPLORATION

-straight vertical stem from which issue a number of lotus leaves and other Assam
conventional flowers. Two dwarfish figures are observed at the bottom holding Dah Porfafiya
on to the stem. The third band is made up of four super-imposed panels con-
taining human figures standing on oblong bosses bearing ornamental foliage on
their surfaces. At the top, each of these bands ends in a vase with ornamental
foliage hanging from its corneu A pilaster, square in section, rises from the
vase and ends in a cruciform capital, with a sprawling gana on each of its
arms. The fourth baud consists of * vertical row of ornamental rosettes. As
in the case of the Gupta temples at Bhumara in the Nagod Satte, Nachna-
Kuthara in the Ajaigadh State and at Deogarh in the Jhansi district, the
lintel is larger in size than the door-frame, extending a little on each side of
the jambs. Two of the nner bands of carving on the jambs are continued as
horizontal bands at the bottom of the lintel and exhibit in the centre in high
relief a beautiful flying male figure holding a garlend in its hands. Above
these two ornamental bands is another band in higher relief containing a
number of Chaitya -windows so common in the Gupta temples at Bhumara
and Deogarh. In this case there are five Chaitya-windows in all, arranged
m a row on the surface of the lintel. Three of these windows are large
while two are comparatively smaller in size. The one on the extreme right
contains the figure of a male seated on a throne, with four hands, two of
which are broken. One of the left hands holds a damaru, the peculiar small
drum of Siva while the space below the throne shows the waves of the sea.
The window between this one and the central one contains a horse-headed
male figure, with two hands, kneeling. The central Chaitya- window
is the largest of all and has a suparna, the mythical deity half man and
half bird, on either side. The Ohaitya-window itself is occupied by a
figure of Siva, in the form of Lakulisa, seated with a rope tied round his leg.
A female is holding a cup to his left while another stands to the right. The
window between the central one and that on the extreme left contains the
figure of a man seated and playing on a flute while over his head is seen
the hood of a snake. That on the extreme left contains in its medal-
lion a beautiful image of Surya seated cross-legged holding lotus flowers in
both of his hands. The attendant to the left holds a pen and an ink-pot
while that on the right holds a staff of the orthodox description. The door
jambs are 5' 3" in height and 1' 4* in breadth while the lintel measures 3'
0" in length and 1' 3* in breadth. The artist's sense of proportion, the
beautiful symmetry of the figures and ornamental devices and the excel-
lence of execution tend to prove that this door lintel belongs to the same
period as the great schools of sculpture which existed at Pataliputra and
Benares in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. The remains of the Ahorn
temple consist of the floor of the garbhagriha in the centre of which stands
the stone kunda, measuring 2' 5" X 2' 3* and 5* deep, and the sanctum of the
temple which measures 8' 11*X8' 4V

i The door-frame vn* wn by my pxedeoesior Mr. K. N. Dikihit a4 partly described by him in the Annual
Import for 1922-28, pp. 119-90.

EXPLORATION 100

Eastern Circle " That the ruins of a gigantic stone built temple stood on the top of the
Mr. R. D. ^armini Hill is known to almost everybody in Aasara. But these ruins do not
Baneijl a pp ear to have been explored as yet, though one of my predecessors, the late

Bawum Bid ^ ^ j^j^ v i s ited them in 1903. Nothing, however, was done to conserve
them though the site was duly protected. On the 23rd October 1924 I attempt-
ed to inspect these ruins but was debarred from doing so on account of a
thick growth of jungle which now covers them. The ruins of this temple are,
besides thf remains at Dah Parbatiya referred to above, the only specimens of
pre-Ahom architecture in Assam which still remain in situ. Funds have
been allotted for clearing the jungle, so that the ruins may be more accurate-
ly surveyed.

Bishnatli " Displaced remnants of pre-Ahom temples are, however, met with at several

places in Assam. The ruins of one such edifice now lie in the bed of the
river Brahmaputra, close to the small village of Bishnath. It seems to me
that this temple was thrown into the river by the erosion of the bank, but
the ruins can still be seen during the summer and the winter. The hnga
which was once enshrined inside this temple continues to be worshipped
and a thatched hut is raised over it when the water-level is low. I came
across the remains of another temple of the same epoch in the causeway built
Stisagar District during the Ahom period on a small hill at Nigriting near Jorhat in the Sibsagar
Nigriting ' district. During the latter period a temple was built on the top of the mound
when the remains of a stone built temple were utilised by the architects of
the Ahom rajas for the erection of the steps which lead from the bottom to
the top of the mound. With the consent of the priests of this temple, the
carved stones are being taken out from these steps of the causeway and
stacked along the sides. When this Work is completed it will be possible to
give a more complete account of the ancient temple which stood on the top
of the Nigriting hill.

Kawrup District " The remains of the pre-Ahom period are more numerous at Gauhati and
KamaMya on the top of the Kamakhya hill in the Kamrup district. The steps which

lead from the landing stage on the river to the top of Nilachala hill at
Kamakhya are composed of immense blocks of stone some of which were
evidently taken from a temple of great antiquity. The carvings on these
slabs indicate that they must belong to the seventh or eighth century A.D.,
being slightly later than the carving on the stone door-frame at Dah Par-
fcatiya. Some of the capitals of pillars are of such immense size that they
indicate that the structure to which they belonged must^ have been as
gigantic as the temple of the Sun god at Tezpur, the remains of which
have been described above. The temple of the goddess Kali or Kama-
khya on the top of the hill was built during the domination of the Ahoms.
Its siklma is of the shape of the bee-hive, which is a characteristic of many
ot the temples in lower Assam. This temple was built on the ruins of another
structure erected by king Sukladhvaja or Naranarayana, the first king and
founder of the KocL dynasty of Cooch Bihar, whose inscription is stall
carefully preserved inside the mavdapa. The lower part of the sanctum

101 EXPLORATION

of the temple is in good preservation (Plate XXXI (d)) and was utilised by Assam
the Ahom builders. Here we find dados of the Khajuraho or the Central Kamrup District
Indian type, consisting of sunken panels alternating with pilasters, and below Kamakkya
them the plinth mouldings ol an older temple of the same type as that dis-
covered at Tezpur. The images and architectural fragments belonging to the
Koch temple lie scattered on all sides of the main temple at Kamakhya and
can be recognised at once by the crude outline of the human figures. Among
them may be mentioned a double-faced human figure and numerous attendants.
While the plinth of the vnandapa ot the main temple at Kamakhya has be-
come covered by the levelling \ip of the court-yard, the plinth mouldings of
the sanctum can be seen inside a shallow pit lined with stones. We can thus
see three successive stages of building on this site. On one side of the pit
there is a slab taken from a medieval temple the carvings on which consist
of a meandering creeper issuing from the handfi of a dwarf seated on the
extreme left. This slab is much earlier than the Koch period (16th century)
and evidently co-eval with the plinth mouldings. Whether the lower part of
the main shrine belongs to the same period as the massive temple, the
remains of which are to be seen in the steps leading to it, cannot be
determined as yet, but it is certain that in the pit at the back of the main
shrine of the temple of Kamakhya we can see the remains of at least three
different periods of construction, ranging in date from the eighth to the seven-
teenth century A.D.

" The remains of pre-Ahom structures can be seen close to most ol the Umananda
modern temples built on the islands in the bed of the Brahmaputra near
Gauhati. On the island of Umananda were discovered the remains of another
pre-Ahom temple consisting of stone pillars, bricks and carvings. On the same
island there are a number of rock-cut sculptures, generally images of Ganesa,
which also belong to the mediaeval period. Similar remains are to be noticed
on the Asvakranta as well as on the ITrbasi island, all of which remain to be
surveyed.

"On the northern bank of the Brahmaputra at the foot of the Hima-#. B.
layas, lies the frontier post of Sadiya. There is evidence to show that faf**to Tr**
Ahoms fortified Sadiya with some of the guns captured by them from the
Musalmans. In the bungalow of the Political Officer at Sadiya are three
guns, one of which is inscribed. The latter belonged to the artillery of the
Emperor Sher Shah and was cast by the famous general Saiyid Ahmad
Bumi in 949 A.H.*=1542 A.D. Similar guns have been found at Rewa 1 in
Central India and at various places in Bengal. The inscriptions on these guns
were deciphered by Mr. H. E. A. Stepleton of the Indian Educational Service and
published in the Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 2
The inscribed gun at Sadiya is exactly of the same type as those in the Dacca
Museum and in the collections at Gauripur in Assam and at Rewa. The
muzzle is shaped like the head of a lion and the gun is 4' * in length.

1 A. P. R. of the ArohL Surrey, W, C., for the yww ending 31st Vvroh 19X1, p. W, pw* 8.
Vol. V, pp. 887-76.

EXPLORATION

102

Eastern Circle
Mr. R. D.

Neolithicimple-
tn*nh from the
Abor country

Southern
Circle B
Madras

Mr* A*!^
Longhurst

The two other guns are of swivel variety and belonged to the Mughal river flotilla
or nawmrd. One of them measures 3' 9" in length and its pivot is broken,
^" le tlle second measures 3' 6J" in length including the spike at the end, tha
height of the pivot being 1'. They are very curious specimens of Mughal
artillery and are very rare even in Eastern Bengal.

"From time to time neolithic stone implements are discovered in the
surrounding hills. At my request Mr. T. P. M. O'Callaghan, Political Agent
for ^ ^^ Frontier Tract, started enquiries about neolithic implements and
discovered one stone adze in the Abor country. The specimen was examined
by Prof. II. C. Das-Gupta of the Presidency College, Calcutta, who pronounced
it to be made of Abor trap of the type described by Dr. J. Coggin Brown of
the Geological Survey of India. 1 The specific gravity of this specimen varies from
2-92 to 3-01. Mr. O'Callaghan writes that it was discovered in a Padam Abor
village. The local people say that it fell from the sky and struck the moshup
(bachelors' quarter) in the village of Mebo, on the left bank of the Dihong
river, where it enters the plains. These neolithic implements are regarded
with great veneration by the Abors, by whom they are looked upon as a
gift of the gods and used for application to sores, ulcers, etc. Such objects
are not used as axes now."

" Of all the many fascinating rock-cut Pallava monuments at Mahabah-
puram, popularly known as the Seven Pagodas, few attract more attention and
admiration than the huge rock sculpture known as Arjuna's Penance. In
kis IconogMphiwl Notes on The Seven Pagodas published in the Annual Report
of this department for 1910-11, Dr. Vogel states with reference to this monu-
ment ... * There is some reason to assume that this designation has as little con-
nection with the original meaning of this gigantic sculpture as the popular
names of the so-called Rathas. It is true that among the numerous figures
rather a prominent place is taken by an ascetic standing on one leg and
stretching his two arms upwards (ttrdhva-baku) in the position so often des-
cribed in old Indian Epics. But there is nothing to indicate that this figure
represents Arjuna. At his right side we notice a four-armed god, whose attri-
butes are by no means clear, but from the presence of goblins, probably meant
for ganas, we may perhaps infer that it is Siva. It should, however, be noted
that in Pallava art we find similar figures attending other deities also. Feats
of asceticism rewarded by some boon granted by one of the gods are so
frequent in epic literature that there is very slight justification indeed for
identifying this sculpture with the particular scene of Arjuna's tapas. On the
contrary, all that is typical in that episode is absent here. The story is that
Siva appeared to Arjuna in the shape of a wild Kirata hunter pursuing a
boar which became the object of an altercation and personal combat between
the two. It is an undoubted fact which has drawn the attention of previous
explorers that the supposed group of Arjuna and Siva does not really form
the centre of the whole sculptural picture. From both sides the numerours
figures of demi-gods, men and beasts mostly in couples and most of them

* Reoord* of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. XLH. p. 344.

103 EXPLORATION

folding hands in the attitude of adoration are turned towards the large vertical Madras
cleft or fissure which separates the two halves of the rock. The so-called Presidency
Arjuna and Siva are placed a little to the proper right of this cleft, &n d MahahaK P watn
it will be noticed that some of the adoring figures are turned away from
them and, like the others, are flying towards the cleft. This cleft, therefore
i the real centre of the whole sculpture.'

** When Dr. Vogel wrote the above remarks in 1910, he had not seen the
photograph reproduced in Plate XXXIII (a), which was taken many years
ago before the monument was repaired by the Public Works Department. If
the visitor will take the trouble of climbing to the top of the rock, he will
notice a number of small channels cut in the surface of the rock to collect
and guide rain water into this cleft. During the rains there must have been
a considerable stream of water flowing down the cleft into a small tank or
pond below and as Dr. Vogel remarks, it is this cleft that is the centre of
attraction of the whole sculpture. Not only are there water channels cut in
the rock to direct the surface water into the cleft, but there are traces here
and there indicating that there was once a masonry or brick cistern situated
on the top of the rock above the cleft. It is related in the old Manual of
the Chingleput District, dated 1879, that while Lord Napier was Governor of
Madras, he visited the Seven Pagodas and had the ground in front of this
cleft excavated to a depth of 7 or 8 feet, which exposed the now familiar
figures of the deer scratching its muzzle, the cat and rats and the baby ele-
phants, which until then had been hidden from view owing to the ground
in front having become silted up with a thick deposit of broken bricks and
earth. The broken tusk of the larger elephant and the upper portion of the
male na>ga figure (now re-fixed in their original positions) and a few dressed
stones were also found during these excavations. In all probability, the
masonry cistern that seems to have once stood on the top of the rock,
decayed and collapsed, and the debris being washed down the cleft during the
rains smashed the naga figure and the elephant's left tusk in transit and
silted up the tank below.

" The photograph reproduced in Plate XXXIII (a), shows the state of
the cleft soon after Lord Napier's excavations. It will bo noticed that the
elephant's tusk and the upper portion of the naga figure are missing. It
was then decided to refix these broken portions of the two sculptures and
in order to protect them and the adjacent figures from further injury by
falling debris during the rains and to prevent the tank below from again
silting up, the Public Works Department closed the mouth of the cleft with
a dwarf masonry parapet and directed the surface water in the other direc-
tion in order to preserve the face of the rock (Plate XXXIII (6)).

" The cleft down the centre of the rock is natural and in order to get
a smooth surface for the water to flow freely down the centre, the Pallavas
closed up the deep recess at the back with brickwork and plaster and then
inserted the free-standing figures of the naga and nagi. These two figures
ate carved in the round and were fixed after the main work was finished

EXPLORATION 104

Southern and are not hewn out of the natural rock like the other figures adorning

Circle {.^is wonderful sculptural scene. Altogether, there are seven naga figures at

Longhurst ft ^ e * oot * *ke c ^ e ^ * >0 *k ma ^ e anc * f emft le and most of them are depicted
MahabaUputam with folded hands m the attitude of adoration and rising out of the water
below, The nagas are sacred water-spirits that reside in rivers and lakes
and their presence here is obviously to denote the importance and sanctity
of the stream that once flowed over them from the rock above. When
the Pal lava sculptor wanted to indicate the presence of wafcer he usually intro-
duced the upper portion of a nuga figure rising out of the fore-ground of
his subject. A good example of this will be found in the beautiful panel
representing the Boar Incarnation of Vishnu depicted in the Varaha Temple.
Fergusson assumed that the free standing figures of the naga and nagi fixed
in the cleft, were the real objects of adoration and that, therefore, the whole
scene related to Serpent Worship, But it has been rightly pointed out that
this interpretation is impossible as the naga figures themselves assume the
same attitude of namaskara as the other demi-gods Gandharvas and Apsaras,
Kinnaras and Kinnans portrayed in this scene.

" Ur. Vogel remarks ' Can it be that once there existed here a sacred
spring and that the water gushing forth from the cleft was the real aim and
object of all the adoring figures. The presence of the nagas would then be
most easily accounted for, as they are the water-spirits dwelling in lakes and
springs.' He also draws attention to the splendid group of ascetics, some
carved in the round, which are engaged in the various occupations of the
hermitage in front of a little shrine and says ' Such a scene is usually laid
on the banks of some sacred river, and we find indeed among these figures,
nearest the cleft, a young ascetic carrying a Water-jar on his shoulder. He reminds
us of the famous episode of the Kamayana in which Dasaratha shoots by
mistake the son of a blind hermit, while he was filling his water- jar in the
dark/

" The figure of the ascetic carrying the pitcher on his shoulder and his
companion holding a cornucopia are particularly interesting (Plate XXXIII (c)).
Both figures have a semi-classical style about them which corroborates Dr.
Hultzsch's suggestion that some of the masons who executed these works came
from northern India. The presence of the ' Horn of plenty ' next to the
cleft is obviously meant to denote the productive powers of the stream that
once flowed down this water channel.

" On the opposite side of the cleft, facing the two ascetics just described,
we have that quaint figure of the penitent cat standing, like Arjuna, on one
leg with his forepaws stretched out above his head (Plate XXXIII (d)). Con-
cerning this curious figure Dr. Vogel remarks' We are at once reminded
of the hypocritical cat Dadhikarna of the Indian Fable who assumed the part
of a pious ascetic to allure the unsuspecting hare and sparrow into his power.
I have little doubt that the sculptor who fashioned this figure had Dadhi-
karna in mind, though there is here no evidence of the penitent cat not being
sincere. The mice playing around him do not seem to disturb his quietude

EXPLORATION

of mind. But the interesting point in the present instance is that the cat of Southern
the fable performs his feigned penitence on an island in the sacred Ganga
(Ganges) according to one version and, according to the olher on the bank of
a river.'

" It is not clear what deity is represented standing inside the miniature
temple, in front of which the group of ascetics are engaged in various religious
occupations. The image holds what appears to be a bud or flower in the
right hand while the left hand rests on the hip. It looks more like
an image of Surya than anything else. The ascetic* do not appear to be
paying any special attention to the image. Below thi* group is A tiger in
his den, two deer, the male hcratr-hing lus muzzle with hi hind foot in a
very lifelike manner, arid a tortoise crawling towauls the water. These animal
figures arc introduced into the scene merely to show that the temple is situated
in a forest on the bank of some sacied river, before ulnch the ascetics are
absorbed in religious contemplation. It \\ill be noted that the figures of the
ascetics and animals are nearly life-size, whereas, the image of the deity in the
temple is very small. This clearly shows that the latter plays a subordinate
part in the scene and is of no particular importance.

" Immediately above this scene, we have the so-called figure of Arjuna
standing on one leg. In all probability, this figure really belongs to the group
of ascetics seated around the temple and its position above the latter
is merely due to a < onveiitional manner of portraying one of the group in the
act of doing penance behind the temple. There is certainly no reason to
assume that this figure has any special connection with the large bas-reliei
image of Siva standing on its proper right.

' v The big four-armed figure of Biva, carrying Ins trident and attended
by three fat little goblins, seems to be a representation of that deity in the
form of Bhikahatana. The popular story of Siva in this form is as follows : -
When Siva cut off one of the heads of Brahma, he incurred the sin of killing
.a Brahman ; and the skull of Brahma is stated to have stuck to the palm
of his hand arid refused to be removed, In order to get rid of both the sin
and the skull, it was ordained that Siva should Wander about on earth as
a naked beggar (bhiksh&tana), until ut length he reached a sacred spot in the
Himalayas known as Brahma-kapalam, where he was released from the sin and
the incriminating skull fell off of its own accord. As a rule, figures of Bhiksha-
tana are represented in the nude, only a few jewel* and the usual head-dreaa
being worn He is always four-armed and usually holds the trident and dram
and is accompanied by two or three little goblins and a pet antelope. The
nude figure of Siva represented here answers to the above description in every
detail, even to the antelope prancing along in front of him. He is portrayed
here exposing the palm of his left hand in a very prominent manner perhaps
to show it no longer contains the incriminating skull and thus indicating that
he has arrived at Brahma-kapalam in the Himalayas as represented by the
.group of ascetics around the little temple below. The attendant goblins are
".quaint little figures. The one following behind aeenu to be holding a conch-

EXPLORATION

106

Southern
Circle
Mr.A.H.
Lonfthurst

Makabalipurarx

Burma Circle

Mons. Chas.
Duroiselle

Hmawza

shell trumpet whilst the other two carry fly-whisks. The one on Siva's proper
leitj is depicted wearing a conventional lion's mask across his fat little body.
Above Siva's head, flying along towards the cleft, are figures of Gandharvas
and Apsaras, Kinnaras and Kinnaris.

'" There can be little doubt that the whole scene is a symbolical represen-
tation of the (Ganges flowing from the Himalayas. The rock is Mount Kailasa
and the cascade that once flowed down the cleft represented the sacred Ganga.
The figure u * ^ va yeem s to have been introduced mainly with the object of
making it quite clear that the rock represents the Himalayas.

" The Pallavas, or at least the sculptors they employed, appear to have
hud a particular veneration for the Ganges, perhaps owing to the northern
origin oi some of them, as we find the same subject, although treated in
a different manner, occupying an important position in the rock-cut temple
at Trichmopoly executed by Mamalla's father, which has been already de-
scribed and illustrated in Part 1 of my Memoir on Pallava Architecture. In
this case, the subject IB a large bas-relief image of Siva in the form of Ganga-
dhara, k the bearer of Ganga,' and he is portrayed in a stooping attitude with
the right knee bent and body braced ready to receive the mighty rush of
waters on his head and shoulders. Unlike figures of Bhikshatana, images ol
Gangadhara are portrayed fully clothed and decorated, and the attendant
goblins and pet antelope sire usually absent whilst the goddess Gangu is
depicted as a tiny stream trickling forth from Siva's matted locks."

" Excavations were continued at Hmawza (Old Prome) during the cold
season this year. Although the results, as a whole, were not as satisfactory
as were expected, still, an appreciable amount of progress was made in the
knowledge of the customs and cultural development of the people the Pyu-
who once inhabited that pait of the country and who about seven centuries ago
disappeared through amalgamation with other races occupying the land
in their neighbourhood. It was believed at one time that the Pytf burn
their dead and buried the ashes on the hill sides. The results of this year's
excavations at. well aw those of previous years, however, lead to the conclu-
sion that they buried the ashes, not only on the hill sides but also in the
plains, on brick platforms finally covered up with earth, in isolated graves and
in extensive cemeteries. They were also buried within the precincts of a
pagoda, either individually or in family vaults, in stone or earthern urns
according to the status of the individual. In some cases, as for instance for
members of a ruling family, a short epitaph giving some particulars regarding
the deceased, was engraved under the rim of the urn. Moreover, it is now
an established fact that iron nails or implements Were regularly buried with
the ashes.

" At a mound situated near the Yahandakan village, a few hundred yards
to tlui south of the spot which was dug into last year, were discovered this
year Home more luneral urns ; while in the village itself a level piece of ground,
unmarked by either mound or any traces of brickwork, yielded hundreds of
UIBS Yen closely packed 1 ogether and laid in two or three layers ; the first

107 EXPLORATION

or uppermost layer being iound within six inches of the natural surface of the Burma
grotind. Circl *

" Among the other objects found during the year, mention may be made Ommna
-of a small votive tablet bearing a seated image (Plate XXXI V (c)) ot Buddha
flanked by four stupas of the shape of the lotus-bud. This latter design is
noticed on many other votive tablets found at Hmawza It is altogether absent
from those found at Pagan or other parts of Burma, though models of such
stupas exist at Pagan and nowhere else in the province Another feature ol
these tablets, which differentiates them from similar objects at Pagan, is the
posture in which the central figure, that is the Buddha, IB seated. Instead
tf the legs crossing each other and being 'locked in the orthodox fashion, HO
that- the soles of both feet are visible, the right leg IB BO placed over the
left that the sole of the lower or left foot i almost completely hidden from
view. This posture appears to be common in Southern India and Ceylon,
though only occasionally met with in Northern India. In Eastern. India, how-
ever, it may be noticed in the images of the Buddha, in Aral^an as well
as sometimes in those of Cambodia A curious story is current in Arakan
regarding this pose It is said that (Jautama Buddha, in the course of one
of his visits to Arakan, made a figure after his own likeness and breathtd
life into it so that the people might look upon it as himself. The duplicate
had the legs crossed in the orthodox fashion so as to expose both the soles ;
but when, the Master A\as about to depart, the figure did not relish the idea
of being left behind. So, it began to rise, but was stopped bv the Buddha
just as the left leg had been partially raised so as to bring its foot under
the right leg. This wonderful figure is fondly recognised m the Mahamuui
image now in Mandalay whither it waa brought among the spoils of war in
1784 A 1). Since that event all the images of the Mahamuni type in Arakan
have been represented in that posture. The image, probably of Buddha, with
the head broken away and reproduced as fig. (/) of Plate XXXIV is seated
in the same pose. It is in stone and appears to be older than the tablet
just referred to and was found at Hmawza during the year under review.
Belonging to the same locality and found also at the same operations are two
other fragments of stone sculpture, which have been selected as types repre-
sentative of the art of Old Promo (Plate XXXIV, figs, (e) and (</)). Fig (<>),
though very much damaged, has some of its principal features still intact.
The umbrella 'over the head of the central figure which here too represen+B
the Buddha Gautama, is caived with skill as are also the scroll and flower
designs on either side of the head. On the proper right, the attendant has a
peculiar headgear found nowhere else in Hurma, but common enough in every
old sculpture found at Hmawza. Fig (<y) has also decayed very much. Bur
from what can be made out from the sinviving fragment the larger figure
on the right presumably represents the Buddha seated in the same attitude
as two other sculptures 1 found at the same place more than fifteen yeais ago.
n the latter, the Buddha is seated with the left hand placed in his lap ami

~" / 4n**0bpeal Survey Report, 1909-10, Part II. Piste XLVII, figs. 3 and fi.

EXPLORATION

108

Moos. Chaa.
DurolMlle

ffmotma

Burma Circle the right hand stretched out and placed over the right knee with the fingers
pointing outwards. In one case the feet cross each other while in the other
one is placed over the other, but neither of the figure* has the legs crossed.
In this respect the.y resemble very closely the sculptures of Amaravati, princi-
pally those shown as fig. *2 of Plate V and figs. 3 and 4 of Plate XVI in
Burgess' " The Buddlusf Mupa* of Amaravati atu? Jaggwjapeta" Vol. I.

" The excavation and research work at Old Prome is far from being com-
pleted, and it is expected thai future discoveries in the locality will throw more
light, on the interesting question of the relations of India with Burma in the
curly centuries of our era. So far. it has been shown that the earliest writing
found at Promc is to be traced to South Indian alphabets as its immediate
source, and it is more than probable that, when other examples of old sculp-
ture are found, we shall have to look for the original models of the sculp-
tural art, at Hmawxa to the same part of India.

" At a mound near the Kimmmgyon village, some fragments of terracotta
plaques with *the ligure of a man riding a pony \vere found. Fig. (d) of
Plate XX XIV represents one of the best preserved among them. The pony
has no hoofs, but instead three claws, thus marking it out as a supernatural
animal. Though not perfect from an artistic point of view, it is better
modeled than most of the horses represented on other plaques at Pagan. It
seems to be standing on clouds. The, rider has no stirrups and rides exactly
us the Burmese do now a -days when riding bareback. In his right hand he
holds the. re.iis which form a loop at the end while with his left he is brandishing
n curved sword or cimetar. H appears to be scantily dressed for, besides
a tucked up Ion cloth he has only a, sash thrown across his right shoulder
and waving in graceful folds behind him. The headdress consists of a close-
fitting cap, and we also see 'arge ear-rings and bracelets. It is difficult
to identify this personage in the absence of any context. As far us can be
judged from the plaque .tself, the cast of the features is not Indian and this
would tend to show that the plaque was made by a local artist From its
technique and the form of the headgear, the plaque appears to be earlier than
the llth century A. U. It measures 2 feet 3 inches square with a thickness

of JJj inches. ^

"Several other places we.re visited during the year: viz., Sagamg lada-U
and Pagan. While at Sagaing. I inspected the Kaung-hmu-daw-pagoda,
about five miles away southwards. Thin pagoda is not on the ist of Central
Monuments but s interesting in that the Thunaraina in Ceylon was taken for
its model. I was shown round by the Trustees. On the platform there i* a
stone inscription recording the history of the monument, and nside a small
bulking near the platform may be seen a standing image of Sakra. The local
tradition has it, and there s documentary evidence to support it, that originally
the enclosure wa Is were covered with frescoes in illustration of the jatahas
with explanatory legends in three languages - probably Pali, Burmese and
Talaina. Unfortunately, owing no doubt to exposure to rain and sun, not a
ingle tww can now 'be seen of these paintings. It is likewise recorded that

Sagaing

101* KM'LOUATIOH

at each entrance into the pagoda compound there were finely curved wooden Burma
monasteries erected for the residences of the King's preceptors. These bu
ings have all crumbled away and disappeared and now only u few pieces of
wood carving (17th century) are preserved in a small building on the platform.
The wooden door of the southern entrance to the pagoda, which is the original
door, is covered with very tine carvings, and they are interesting and important,
as forming a link between the earlier work and that of today. This fact
was pointed out to the Trustees, who had not before understood its importance
and they gladly agreed to take very particular curt* of the door in question.
The platform itself supports two plain wooden buildings, now covered witli
beautifully glazed tiles saved from the wreck of th< monasteries above men-
tioned. These halls were built by the Chief queens of King Mindon (I8f3-
1S7S). The tiles themselves, which are very much older than the halls, consti-
tute a direct link between the old glaze of Pagan and that of the present day
which is very much inferior. The Trustees very kindly gave me a few of
these tiles which will be eventually placed in the Pagan Museum.

" Tadi-l. T means 'the If cad of the Bridge' and was HO named because Toda-U
it is situated at the head of a long bridge crossing a stream and morasses
separating the two old sites of Ava imd Paiiyit. Old bridges in Burma, owing
to their having been made entirely of wood, are extremely scarce, not to say
non-existent. The one at Tada-U is said to have been built by one Mating
Oh, the brother of the well-known Nanmadaw Menu, the Chief (Jueen of
King Bagvidaw (1819-18117). But there arc immy indications to show thai it
had been in existence long before Bagvidaw. At both ends. the brick
approaches to the bridge were built in a series of arches in the Pagan style,
which is found nowhere else so far away from Pagan. Moreover, the name of
the village Tada-U, is found mentioned in the history of the Mingalaxrdi
pagoda built at Tada-t' by King IMingaung II. in J41MI. It is thus fairly
evident that the bridge must have been constructed before 1 lie time of Mating
Oh who very probably did nothing more than repair it.

"The country around Tada-U is abundant in historical interest. Within
a radius of a few miles arc clustered some of the ln j st known (and mostly
old) cities which played an important role in the history of Burma : Suguing,
Ava. Ptmyti, Mandalay. Panya. is situated about a mile ami a half to the
South of Tada-U and there is still a village of that name ipiite near the old
site. Panya was founded in 1312 A. J>. by Thihathu, but now only some
vestiges of the city wall and a few ruined pagodas remain. Ou one side of
the road there may be seen in a row throe ruined temples in the Pagan slyic,
the central and largest one being known as the Kinya-gyaung temple. It WHS
built by King Uzana in 1340 A. U. Uzana was a scion of the Pagan Koyal
family, being the son of King Kyawzwa, who was dethroned and killed by tl.-e
three .Shan usurpers. At that time, the queen of Kyawzwa was betrothed
to Thihathu, one of the three Shan Brothers and was then about to give bird: to
a son, Uzana, who afterwards became king in 1322. The latter tried to revive
the Pagan style of architecture at Panya } but though the plans are on the

EXPLORATION 110

Burma Circle whole adhered to. th- broad ma ks of that decadence in architecture, which
L? 0118 /*!* 1 **' began after the fall of Pagan at the hands of Kubiai Khan's Mongols (1286),
Tada-D arif * wn10 ^ nas Continued up to the present day, are clearly visible on Uzana's

temples.

Pagv* k ' In visiting Pagan this year, 1 had principally m view, besides the usual

work of inspection, the completion of ray Work on the Petleik plaques, as
those plaques and others on different pagodas required further examination.
While thus engaged 1 took opportunity to remove to the local Museum many
old and interesting stone and wooden figures which were lying on the floors
ol turned temples, and m imminent danger of being irretrievably damaged
by the bricks falling down from their roofs.

k ' Among these, the most interesting Were four seated images of the
Buddha projecting m high relief from slabs of stone. Three of them which
bear at their backs a line of Writing in Burmese were removed from the
Kubyaukgyi temple, which is included in the list of monuments built by King
Kyanzittha (1084-1112). All the four images from their technique, are to be
classed among the oldest sculptures so far found in Pagan, that is to say, they
are. of the same type as the sculptures in the Ananda temple (1090) some
of which 1 belong to the latter part of the llth century. This, as We know*
is the period to which all documents point as the beginning of sculptural
Ait at Pagan.

kf The inscription on one of these figures is quite indistinct and illegible
but those on the other two read as follows :

(1) na pah purha

(2) ha put (daha)

" The fourth image, which was recovered from a small ruined temple near
the Ananda also contains a short epigraph which roads :

(3) panphay sa n& (r) en

Another short inscription was found on a terracotta plaque which originally
belonged to the Ananda temple but has now been placed in the Pagan
Museum. It was found among the antiquarian objects collected by a vener-
able monk, U Seinda, residing near the Ananda, who made it over to me
for removal to the Museum. The inscription on it reads :

(4) panpu a kha (n) pak

AH these inscriptions probably contain the names of the donors of the objects
on which they are engraved. The custom at that time was that, although the
king was actually the founder of a monument the queens, princes and
princesses, the ministers and even the commoners were allowed to contribute
to the cost of the building either in the shape of bricks or ornaments such
as sculptures, etc., so that all, from the king downwards, might mutually
share in the merits of each other. The first inscription is translated " The
Buddha of na pan," that is, the image of Buddha offered to the temple after

See plates XXXT XXXVII of Arohaologtoftl Surrey of foil*, Annual Report, 1913-14

Ill *1 XPLOK ATION

its completion by n, pan. The second is merely a name . tta put (daha), Burma
who made a gift of this particular image. The third may be rendered *' na ren,Po0a
the smith's son," who had that image sculptured and presented it to the
temple. The fourth means *' Khftn-pak, the son of a sculptor." In this last
case, the statue was probably made by Khan-pak himself, who was a sculptor
by trade, for at that time trades and crafts descended regularly from fathei
to son. Fig. (A), in Plate XXXIV, reproduces the image on which the third
inscription is inscribed. It is a good example of the images in the Kubyaukgyi
and generally of the sculptural art of that period. The features of the Buddha
are frankly Indian, and show that, at that time, the ornamentations to temples
were executed by Indian artists. It is only about a century and a half later
that the Burmese themselves tried their hands at sculpture, and that the pure
Indian cast of countenance began to disappear to give place gradually to the
Mongolian or Burmese cast. The artists who carved the images just mentioned
were, notwithstanding their Burmese names, Indians, or descendants of Indians
by Burmese women. The ttthie records of those times show that emigrants
from India were then quite numerous at the Burmese capital. Even now
many Indians, both old residents and those born in the country and Zerbadis
have, besides their Indian names, a Burmese one."

''The Maharaja of Mayurbhanj who has decided to build a new temple Indian
of Chanaunda (Kinchakesvari) on the site of the Khandiya I)eul after removing Museum
the existing structures requested me to supervise the dismantling work. As j* ai
I could nofc reach Khiching in time, the work was begun in March 1925 and chanda
carried on by Babu Paxamananda Acharya, State Archaeological Scholar, with Mayurbhanj.
care and skill in my absence. I was present later on when the brick temple State
of the goddess was dismantled and her image transferred to a temporary KhioMng
kachcha temple. The Sub-divisional Officer, Panchpir, was also present on
behalf of the Maharaja when the image of the goddess was installed with
due solemnity in the now shrine. For the worshippers from far and near who
in winter and summer flock daily to the shrine of the goddess and sacrifice
goats to her, the transfer of the image from one temple to another appeared
to make no difference.

" On dismantling the small brick shrine it was found thai the image of
Kinchakesvari was installed on a platform of earth on the remains of the
plinth of the temple in which evidently the life-size image of Siva was origi-
nally enshrined (A. S. L, A. R., 1923-24, p. 87, Plate XXXIV, a). The old
plinth, parts of the retaining wall of which are still traceable, measures about
H5 feet square. Evidently when the magnificent temple on this plinth which
was the largest of the old group of temples on the site and occupied the central
position was in ruins, the building of the Khandiya *ras undertaken,
not on the foundation of the old temple as stated in the last Report (A. 3.
I., A. R,, 1923-24, p. 86), but just behind it on the west, and the ruined
temple was used as the quarry, The finely carved door jambs and the door
lintel (A. S. L, A. R., 1922-23, Plate XLII, a) of the old temple Were pro-
perly utilised. But in disposing of the other carved architectural pieces und

EXPLORATION 112

Indian sculptures the builders of the Khandiya Deul displayed recklessness and

RafBfthLd v ! Uid>ilwm of the Wor8t ^pe. In Plate XXXV (a) arc reproduced the photo-

Ramapraaad g!' 118 of two door Jml), one fragmentary and the other probably whole,

Ghanda that were built into the outer side of the wall with the carved sides turned

Khwhing inwatd aud the plain sides exposed to view. Worse fate awaited the sculptures

reproduced in Plate XXX\ (/>), (< ) and (<t) and scores of other pieces that were

thrown in pell-mell to servo us fillings to the walls of the temple.

' hi my two previous reports the sculptures that decorated the main
temple oi Siva and conveniently the temple itself have been assigned to the
eleventh centuiy A. 1), (A. 8. I., A. R., 1922-23, p. 128; Ibid, 1923-24, p. 85),
and in the last report (p. 80) two different elements, an Onssan and an Upper
Indian, have been distinguished in the art of Khiching. In a note on the
Lingaraja temple of BhuvaneKvar also published m laet year's Report (p. 120)
the temple of Parasuramesvara at Bhuvanesvar has been assigned to about
750 AD. and the Lingaraja to two centuries and a half later. From the
style of the decorative .sculptures two distinct groups of temples, an earlier and
a later, may be distinguished at Bhuvanesvar. The figure sculptures decorating
the temples of one group which includes the Parasuramesvara, the Vaital
Deul and the Jsanesvara, are characterised by comparatively low relief, flat
squarish laces and broad noses. In these we find the Gupta art in its decadent
stage and the Orjssan school in the making. In the temples of the other
group l*ftiiiiimn with the Muktesvara and the Lmgaiaja the decorative figure
sculptures are, as a rule, in bolder relief with sharp pointed noses, the lower half
of the faces narrower than the upper half, and pointed chins. The minor
decorative figure sculptures of the old temples of Khiching, as is evident from
Plate XXXV (</), closely resemble the figures that decorate this later group of
temples at Bhuvanesvar So the main temple of Siva at Khiching may on
stylistic grounds be assigned to the same epoch as the later temples of
Bhuvanesvar.

" But m the bigger decorative sculptures of the temple of Khiching, in
the figures of the nttgas and nagix, in a few female figures, and in the images
of the gods and goddesses, we recognise certain features that are not Orissan.
Examples of such are a rwgfi figure in Plate XXXV (c), a fragmentary female
figuie and fragments of an image of dancing Siva in Plate XXXV (e). Tt
will be seen in Plate XXXV (e) that the figures of the musicians on the
base are the works of a sculptor of the Orissan school, but the main image,
particularly the head, must have been carved by an artist of another school.
The faces of all the three statues (viz., the naga, the female figure and the
dancing Siva) are round, or nearly round, and full and remind one more of
the contour of the faces of the images of the Gupta period found at Deogarh
(Jhansi District, United Provinces) and in other parts of Central India, than
anything else in the field of Indian sculpture. If the sculptors of Orissa had
not stamped the date below or beside these images of Khiching, we could
have safely assigned them to the most flourishing epoch of the Gupta period.
But the difference between the Gupta head and the Khiching head is also not

113 K XPLORATION

inconsiderable. In the former the locks of hair that descend on to the fore- Mayurbhanj

head below the crown form almost a straight line exposing the entire breadth of State

the forehead ; but in the latter they form a semi-circle covering the two Khiching

corners 'of the forehead with a bend in the middle in most cases that divides

the cluster of locks into two fine curves. Another distinguishing feature of

the head of the Khiching image is that its eye-brows run into one another

above the nose forming a curve, whereas in the head of the images of the

Gupta and of the later periods in other parts of India including Orissa proper

the eye-brows are either separated by the nose or meet and form an angle

at its root.

" The bust of the naga (Plate XXXV (c)) and the big image of Siva (A.
S. I., A. R., 1923-24, Plate XXXIV ()) appear to be the work of the same
master hand. The contour of the face of both the imag e s is of almost exactly
the same type. A curled lock of hair falling on either shoujder adds greatly
to the grace of both the figures. This feature is conspicuous by its absence
in other naga figures and images of Khiching recovered so far. Both these
statues are master-pieces of Indian plastic art. The face of the one, Siva, is
beaming with benevolence, and that of his naga votary is lit up with a smile
of satisfaction born of confident expectation of boons from the god. The some-
what disproportionate length of the upper arms of the naga, in due to the
foreshortening of the forearmw.

" In connection with the compilation of the catalogue of Arabic and Bengal
Persian inscriptions in the Indian Museum most of which relate to the reigns SuUanganj
of the independent Sultans of Bengal and Bihar, the Muhamniadaii Assis-
tant Curator of the Archaeological Section, Indian Museum, visited Sultaii-
ganj near Godagan in the Rajsham District to copy certain unpublished
inscriptions. Fixed on the front wall ol the dargah of a saint named Sultan
Shah at Sultanganj he found two important unpublished Arabic inscriptions
that originally belonged to two different mosques. Both the inscriptions have
been deciphered and translated by that officer and will appear in the
appendix to his catalogue. The earlier one records the erection of a mosque
in the reign of Sultan Jalalu-d-din Abu-l-Muzaflar Muhammad Shah in the
year 835 H (= A.D. 1431). According to the Persian histories this Muhammad
Shah was the son of Raja Kamsa and originally bore the name Yadu. No
inscription dated in his reign was hitherto known though his coins are not
rare. The second inscription records the erection of a mosque in the reign of
Shamsu-d-din Abul-Muzaffar Yusuf Shah in the year 870 H (^ 1465 A.D ).
Another inscription of the same year of Yusuf Shah is published by Bloch-
mann. 1 But as the reading of the date haa been declared doubtful, the date of the
death of his father, 879 H, as given in the Persian histories compiled long
after, has been hitherto accepted as correct. 2 This new inscription, which 13
engraved in very clear Tughra characters, leaves no room for doubt that Yusuf
Shah was reigning in 87 J H.

iJ.AS.B., VoL XLHI, 1874, Part I, p. 298.

9 H, N. Wright, Cataloffiu of the Caw in the Indian Museum, Culcutt*. Vol. II, Part II, p. 169.

EPIGRAPH V

114

SECTION HI.

Sanskrit
Epigraphy
Rao Bahadur
Krishna
Sastri

Decipherment
of inscriptions

EPIGRAPHY.

" During the year under review more than 900 inscriptions were examined"
by the Government Epigraphist and his Assistants. The majority of these are
records copied in previous years whose estampages were till now lying packed and
awaiting classification in the office of the Director General of Archaeology at Simla.
Out of the six large boxes which contained them, the contents of only four
have so far been scrutinized and a tentative list prepared. Many of the estampages
examined are too fragmentary and unsatisfactory to yield any tangible results.
A fair number of them, however, which have been examined, seem to possess
considerable value for the local history of a portion of Central India and are
of the late mediseval period. An equal number are inscriptions which have
already been edited in the Epigraphia Indica or other journals.

" At the request of Mr. P. J. Thomas, of Balliol College, Oxford, a transcript
and translation of the mural inscription on a temple at Udaipur in the GwaUor
State was sent to him and the Christian nature of its contents as indicated
by Baron Textor de Ravisi before the 12th International Congress of Orienta-
lists held at Rome in 1899 was proved to be unwarranted and untenable. Two
good estampages of the record and a correct transcript thereof, as far as it
was possible, were supplied by Mr. Garde, the Archaeological Officer of the
GwaUor State. The queiStion raised by Mr. Thomas was thoroughly investigated
and it was found that the interpretation given by the Baron as well as a
host of missionary gentlemen after him, was altogether wrong. The document
in fact, pertains to the Vikrama year 1562 (A.D. 1505) and is clearly a Hindu
record being in no way connected with Christianity or its history. It commences
with the usual Brahmanical invocation to Ganesa, Parabrahman and Siva and
refers to some of the early Malava rulers of the Pavaravarhsa beginning with
Suravira. Gondaladeva was the son of Suravira, and Arivalamathana was Gon-
daladeva's son. Arivalamathana was most famous, he built a tank in Malwa,
erected several temples and made many gifts. Further on, the record speaks
of a famous old king Udayaditya of Malava (?) whom it relegates to the years
1116 and 981 respectively of the Vikrama and the Saka eras (=A.D. 1059)
and after him, of (S)agarava(rma) alias Chadadeva whose son, Sfira set up
the image of Siva mentioned in the record, in the Vikrama year 1562 or the
Saka year 1427 or the Kali year 4607 (=A.D. 1505). Such being the case,
one is extremely surprised to find an unmistakable Hindu record interpreted
as one which wholly or partly pertained to a faith with which it has not
the remotest connection. The incident is the more regrettable as Baron Textor
de Ravisi and his followers do not hesitate to translate words like Sftlivahana
and Soba(dubha)lakshmi as the ' Cross-bearer (Christ)/ and * the joy of the
Sabseaus ' respectively.

115 EPIGBAPBY

"The Director General of Archaeology in the Dutch East Indies sent for Sanskrit
decipherment an estampage of a rock-cut Sanskrit inscription from Sumatra. Epigraphy
On examination it was found to be written in the Grantha script of about
the 14th century A.D. But as the record was very badly damaged and the
copy supplied far from satisfactory it being not even properly inked little
sould be made out of it. Names, however, like Sri-Narendravarman which
the document appears to contain, show that it possesses some historical value ;
especially as it strongly reminds us of the names ending in varman which
the kings of the Sailendra dynasty, that held sway over Java and Sumatra
at the beginning of the 10th century, bore.

" There were also examined squeezes of a Tamil inscription found on Fort
Frederick at Trineomalee which were sent to me for decipherment and remarks
by the Archaeological Commissioner of Ceylon. Prom the occurrence of a
double fish symbol engraved immediately above it, the document appears to
be a fragment of a Panclya record which on palaeographical grounds must be
assigned to about the 16th century A.D. The object of the record was to
provide for the repair of a building whose nature could not be ascertained
from the fragmentary condition of the writing.

" Eight Kanarese inscriptions, some of which are mixed up with Sanskrit
all lying in the Prince of Wales Museum at Bombay, were examined at the
request of the Curator of the Archaeological Section of that institution. The
earliest of the documents belongs to about the 9th century A.D. and is a
r hero-stone ' commemorating the fight and demise of a warrior called Iromadi
(Irmadi ?) Singa. Another belongs to the reign of Trailokyamalla (Somesvara
I) of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyana and is dated in A.D. 1054.
It is a Jaina record and purports to register the construction of a chaity&laya
(Jina-temple) and the consecration of some Jaina images at the village of Pon-
navada in (the province of) Tardavadi ' Thousand * and in the sub-division
Bage-fifty, by the chief Chankir&ja son of Kommar&ja of the Vanasakula, and
his brother Jinavarman. The village, Ponnavada was situated on the banks
of the river Bhima at the military station (appayanavitfu) of Ma^iyura which
was being governed at the time by Ketaladevi, a queen of Trailokyamalla.
Another inscription dated in 1485 of the Saka era (=1563 A.D.) belongs to
the reign of Chenna Bhairadevi of the Sajuva dynasty (of Sangltapura) ruling
over the provinces of Nagira, Haive, Tu|u and Konkana on the West Coast.
Besides registering grants of land and the setting up of images, it records the
construction of a Jaina shrine at Garasoppe (mod. Geasoppa after which the
famous Geasoppa waterfalls are designated) by the chief, Sajuva Nayaka, the
son of Hemmarsi-Nayakiti and Vitthappa-Nayaka. The fourth inscription which,
though not dated, may be palaeographically assigned to about the 12th century
A.D., is a record of a grant of lands to the god * VighneSvara ' of the Nagar-
esvara (temple), made by the Saiva teacher Gagana&vegvaracharya born m
the Lakshadhyaya-santati of the lineage of the sage* DurvSsas. The lands
wore situated in the village of Yijapi which the donor had received as a gift
from the Pandya king Sri Chanda Ga(ja}hilcura (?) Bammadeva.

EPIGRAPHY

116

Sanskrit
Epigraphy
Rao Bahadur
Krishna

Sastrl

Publtcatiotis

" Of the remaining inscriptions examined, mention may be made of two
newly discovered Kharoshthi records at Shahdaur in the Agror Valley of .the
Hazara District in the North-West Frontier. Both are fragmentary and muti-
lated and it is difficult to ascertain if they form two parts of one and the
name inscription or are distinct records. They are of the Kushana period and
nearly synchronize with the well-known Ara inscription of Kanishka II. One
of them bears XX, XX, XX or 60 as its date and mentions names like Naga-
ciiada (Nagachandra or Namichandra), Mitravadhana (Mitravardhana) and Sa-
chamitravadhana (Satyamitravardhana) which were not unknown in that period.
The other fragment possibly contains the name Sivarakhita (Sivarakshita).

" Only two parts of the Epigmphia Indica, instead of the usual number
of four, were issued during the year, viz. Part VIII of Volume XV and Part
VII of Volume XVII. This was partly due to the simultaneous taking up
of other parts of the journal and partly to the delay caused by the firm which
supplies facsimile plates. The index parts of Volumes XVI and XVII are
under preparation and will be issued shortly. Parts I to III of Volume XVIII
are also being prepared for issue. In the Parts issued (viz. VIII of Vol. XV
and VII of Vol. XVII), two interesting Kannada Sanskrit records edited by
Dr. L. P. Barnett deserve special mention. They come from Gawarwad and
Annigeri in the Dharwar District and belong to the reign of the Western Cha-
lukya king Bhuvanaikamalla Somesvara II who ruled in the latter half of the
eleventh century A.D. They record that Lakshm arasa or Lakshmana, a pious
feudatory of Somesvara II, while zealously promoting the cause of the Jaina
church, made a grant for the restoration of the Jina temple, which having
been originally built by the Ganga prince Permacji in the 10th century A.D.
had been defiled and damaged along with other shrines, by the Chola king Ko.
Parakesari-Rajendra-deva who invaded Bejvala but was killed by Somesvara I
(Trailokyamalla), the father of Bhuvanaikamalla at the commencement of the
llth century The depredations of the Cholas on the West Coast during their
continuous struggle for power with the Western Chalukya kings Irivabedenga,
Satyasraya, Jayasimha, Somesvara I and Somesvara II are often referred to
in the Tamil and Kanarese inscriptions of these kings. The Hottur inscrip-
tion for instance of 1007-8 A D. (Ep. Ind. Vol. XVI, p. 75), refers to the
Chola king Rajaraja I (there called Rajendra) as having entered the Chalukya
kingdom with a host of nine hundred thousand men, ravaging the whole coun-
try, perpetrating murders of women, children and Brahmanas and overthrowing
the order of caste and to Satyasarya having slain (in revenge thereof) the Ta-
mils and driven away the Chola, capturing his trains of baggage waggons.
The Gawarwad inscription under review also says that the Chola ' deserting
the practice of his own race set foot upon the province of Belvala and burnt
down a multitude of temples/ It is difficult to explain the mean mentality
of the Ohola kings and their soldiers who in their own country are known from
inscriptions to hav been great patrons of learning and founders of a large
number of religious institutions. A third record, which is perhaps still more
interesting belongs to the 23rd year of Vikram&ditya VI (Tribhuvanamalla),

117 EPIGRAPHY

the brother of SomesVara 11 (Bhuvanaikamalla). If tellh us that the latter Sanskrit
ruler having become inflated with pride and hence regardless of his dutie Epigraphy
towards his subjects, his virtuous brother VikramRditya had to remove him
and occupy the throne himself. Vikramaditya is here clearly stated to hav
established a new era in supersession of the Saka era and called it Vikrama-
Varsha after his own name. A highly learned minister of the king and the
Superintendent of religious affairs (Dharmadhikarin) was the Brahmana Somesvara
Bhaf;$a, who at Lokkigundi founded a school for the study of the Prabhdkar-
doctrine of the Purva-Mimamsa. This school of PrabMkara was widely patronised
in the south in the beginning of the 10th century A.D.

" Part VII of Volume XVII of the Epigraphia Jndica comprises .six articles
all of which are historically important. The Velvikudi grant of which the ori-
ginals are preserved in the British Museum, London, is a Panflya document
which was briefly noticed by the late Mr. Venkayya some sixteen years ago.
Jt gives a full and detailed genealogy of the Pancjyas. r ^ G royal donor Netjlun-
jadaiyan of about the 8th century A.D. is shown by the authoi of the article
to be identical with the homonymous king of the Madras Museum Plates which
were published by Mr. Venkayya in the Indian Antiquary, Volume XXII. The
record registers the renewal of an old grant of a village which had been re
sumed by Government during the short interregnum of the Panxjya kingdom
by a usurping line of kings called Kajabliras. This renewal was brought about
by the legal claimant of the village himself approaching the king with a loud
complaint before the palace doors. The complaint was heard, the king him-
self making kind enquiries ordered the applicant to produce the necessary docu-
mentary evidence before the nd$u (evidently the district assembly which en-
quired into such matters), the applicant eventually getting back the village.
This kind intercession of the king, his decision and the reference of the peti-
tion to the Executive Assembly may throw much light upon the system of
administration in the early 8th century in the Pan<Jya country.

" The Nalanda copper-plate inscription of JDevapSladeva of Bengal, deal^
with by Mr. Hirananda Shastri in the same issue is a document of international
importance. Besides other valuable information which it contains the inscription
tells us that Devapaladeva, the P&la emperor of Bengal, at the express request of
Balaputradeva, a Sailendra king of Suvarnnadvipa (Java-Sumatra) granted five
villages, four lying in the Rajagriha and one in the Gaya-vishaya (district)
of the {3rinagara-6A&<i (division) for the upkeep of a monastery built at Na-
landa the well-known centre of Buddhist learning in Bihar or Magadha, for
maintaining the writing of Buddhist texts and sundry other purposes.

" Of the four important epigraphs which Dr. Hultzsch has edited, three
come from the Guntur district and one from Ganjam. All of them are very
old and are Written in characters which must be referred to a period not later
than the 6th century AD. The Mattepad plates state that the Maharaja Ds-
modaravarman who was a worshipper of the truly and perfectly enlightened
one (eamyak-sambuddha) i.e. of the Buddha, granted the village of Kangtira
to a number of Brahmanas and performed the GosaJiatra a well as Hirapya-

EPIGRAPHY

118

Sanskrit
Epigraphy
Rao Bahadur

Publications

Progress of the
publication of
South Induw
Inscriptions
(Texts)

Tour in
connectwn with

Indicaandthe
South Indian

% M

garbka rites, two of the sixteen mahddanas, so highly extolled in the Purfi^as
ftQ d other Brahmanical treatises. He was a king of the Ananda family like
Attivarman (Hastivarman) and Kandara who from inscriptions are likewise
known to have belonged to the line of the great wage Ananda. The TJrlam
plates were issued by the Maharaja Hastivarman of Kalitiga, who belonged to
the Ganga family, resided at Kalinganagara and was evidently a predecessor
of Indravarman of the Parlakimidi plates. It is dated in the year 80 'of the
reign,' which as Dr. Hultzsch has rightly shown, must be referred to the Ga&ga
or Gangeya era and would thus be the earliest known date of that reckoning.
The two remaining documents come from Ipur in the Guntur district and were
issued by two different kings having the same name Mfidhavavarman and be-
longed to the same family of Vishi^uku^wjlins. MMhavavarman, who was the
son of Uovindavarman, Dr. Hultzsch says, must be identified with a king of
that name who is known to have been the grandfather of the grantor of the
Ramatirtham plates and the great* grandfather of the grantor of the Chik-
kulla plates. The other Madhavavarman is identified with the grandfather of
the above Madhavuvarman who should now be differentiated as Madhavavar-
man II. This surmise of Dr, Hultzsch is supported by the shastraw custom
of naming grandsons after their grandfathers and is fully borne out by the
early type of the alphabet used in the document.

" The publication of the South Ind'ian Inscriptions (Texts), Volume V,
which was commenced last year, has rnade good progress. Texts of more
than 1000 inscriptions have been already printed. They have been compared
with the original impressions, corrected and returned to the press for revise.
The revised proofs will soon be received and passed for final printing and issue.
The Assistant Superintendent, Mr. K. V. Subrahnianya Ayyar, who is mainly
in charge of this work undertook a short tour in the Tamil districts for exa-
mining in situ certain inscriptions whose ink-impressions in the office, prepared
several years ago, were found defective. He has rectified them on the spot
and completed and corrected also certain preliminary transcripts made in the
office of the Assistant Archaeological Superintendent for Epigraphy, Madras

" Besides the completion of the above Volume V of the new series of the
South Indian Inscriptions (Texts), it has been decided to issue the IVth and
concluding part of Volume III of the old series of South Indian Inscriptions
with translations, etc., in order to complete that volume which was begun by
Dr. Hultzsch and still remains unfinished. The materials necessary for this clos-
ing part will consist of (1) a general index to the Volume, (2) an introduction
and (3) a few additional papers on the Cholas and the Pa^glyas. These have
been collected together and the materials will be sent to the press shortly.

" The tours of the Superintendent for Epigraphy and the Assistant Super-
jjj^^ent for Epigraphy were undertaken mainly for the purpose of the veri-
a fication and checking of certain inscriptions which toere to go into the Epi-
gmphia fatdica and the South Indian Inscriptions (Texts). In February and
n ftrc ^ the former proceeded to Nalauda in Bihar where he took the opportunity
aJao of studying on the spot some old seals aud sculptures in connection with

119 EPIGRAPHY

an article on Nalanda which he is writing for publication as an Archaeological Sanskrit
Memoir. The newly discovered Buddhist sculptures identified by Mr. Sastri Epigraphy
included a female figure with a child which possibly represents Harltl and was,
as is evidenced by a votive inscription engraved on its pedestal, put up at
Nalandfi in the reign of Devapfiladeva. He also deciphered a short votive
inscription of the time of Mahendrapaladeva of Kanauj which had recently
been excavated at NfilandS by Mr. Page and examined a miniature stupa,
now fragmentary, which to judge from an inscription incised on it was set
up in the reign of Dharmapala, king of Bengal.

" The epigraphical work done in the several Circles of the Archaeological
Survey and the Museums is briefly summarised below :

" In the Frontier Circle the epigraphical discovery of the year was the Frontier
Kharoshthi rock inscription of the Kushana period at Shahdaur near Oghi in Circle
the Agror Valley, Hazara district, which has already been noticed under ' de-
cipherment of inscriptions.'

" Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, Archaeological Superintendent, North- Northern
ern Circle (Hindu and Buddhist monuments), contributed two papers for inser- Circle
tion in the Epigraphia Indica. They deal with eight short dedicatory epigraphs
from Mathura written in the mixed dialect and the BrShml script of the Kushana
period. One of them is dated in the 14th year of Kamshka and curiously
enough applies the epithet Fitamaha, a well-known appellation of Brahma, one
of the Hindu triad, to the Buddha who does not seem to have been so de-
signated anywhere else. It may, however, be suggested that since in the later
Mahayana period, the Bodhisattvas were each considered to be a separate Brah-
ma and were the authors of Creation, the epigraph in question perhaps refers
to the Bodhiaattva on whose pedestal it is written. Of the remaining seven
votive records which form the subject matter of the other article by Rai Baha-
dur Daya Ram Sahni, only five are dated and their chief interest lies in the
mention of four ancient monasteries at Mathura, the Pravarika-vihara etc. which
do not appear to have been mentioned in any of the previously known in-
scriptions.

"In the Central Circle Mr. Page supplied estampages of 119 inscriptions Central Circle
at Nalanda to Mr. Hirananda Sastri in connection with a Memoir the latter
is preparing on the antiquities of Nalanda. Maulvi Muhammad Hamid Ku-
raishi, Assistant Superintendent in the same circle, copied some Arabic and
Persian inscriptions which have not yet been published anywhere and which
he proposes to discuss in an article in the Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica. Mr.
Hamid has already contributed to the same journal a paper on six unpublished
records of the Sftri kings, Sher Shah and Islam Shah, and translated for publi-
cation a Kufic inscription dated 482 H (1090 A.D.) which is now preserved
in the Peshawar Museum.

" In the Western Circle a large number of inscribed objects were discover- Western
ed in the course of the exploration of the pre-historic site at Mohenjo daro Circle
in Sind. These can only be dealt with along with the other results of the
lado-Sumeriaa investigations. Mr. Dikshit, however, copied eight other inscrip-

EPIGRAPHY

120

Sanskrit
Epigraphy
Rao Bahadur
Krishna
Sattri

Western
Circle

Southern
Circle

tions which may be noticed here. Of these three are from Sholapur Fort, four
from the temple at Nimbal, District BijSpur, and one from Elephanta. The
lat mentioned epigraph is engraved on a copper-jar which was discovered in
the course of the clearance of the cistern to the west of the main cave. It
is dated Samvat 1143 Kshaya (A.D. 1086) Chaitra Sudi 14, speaks of a queen
JogesVarl and, what w more, supplies the ancient name of Elephanta which
was Srlpuri. One of the Nimbal inscriptions is dated in the 3rd year Palvanga
of the Era (varsJui) of the Yfidava king BhUmadeva (probably Bhillama III)
and records among others a gift of tolls by the king for the maintenance of
worship in the temple of Koti-Sankaradeva at Nimbahura (Nimbal). Another
is also u fragmentary record of the Kalachurya Bhujabalachakravartin Vlra-
Tnbhuvanamalla whose date is lost. On the &ame fragment is another record
one of Rayamurari Sovideva of the Kalachurya family which is dated in the
8th year of the king's era corresponding to the Cyclic year Jaya and still
another of the same king dated in the 10th year Durmati. The first of the
two kings mentioned is perhaps Tribhuvanamalla Bijjala who ruled from A.D. 1145
to 1167 and the second his son who ruled from A.D. 1167 to 1177. The remaining
two records from Nimbal are very fragmentary and nothing could be made
of them. The impressions taken at Sholapur by Mr. Dikshit are of the same
nature. One of these which is in Kanaieae mentions the family name KaJa-
churya and seems to record a grant for the repairB of a temple. It thus fur-
nishes an approximate date for the so-called Chahikya temple excavated under
the walls of the Fort at Sholapur.

"In the Southern Circle Mr. Venkoba Itao and his assistants visited 277
villages and copied aa many as 411 documents, out of which 19 are copper-
plate inscriptions. In the Mayavaram Taluk of Tanjore a detailed survey was
taken up and yielded ^77 of the total number of inscriptions, the bulk of
which is connected with the Chola dynasty Of the nineteen copper-plate in-
scriptions examined in the year three are very important. They belong to
the Saiankayana dynauty and were issued from Vljaya-Vengi. One belongs
to the Maharaja Sri Vijayaskandavarman and the rest to Maharaja Sri Nandi-
varman. All of them register grants made to Brahmans. Of the remaining
copper-plate inscriptions one, which require* a passing notice, is a grant of king
Viahnuvardhana 111 of the Eastern Chalukyari dynasty and registers the gift
of two nivartana* of land in the village of Ariyeju in the Attili-wAya to
a Brahman called Nuri6arman of the Patafijla-0o*ra and a resident of the
village Padmiiu Agrahara.

"Of the stone epigraphs collected in the Southern Circle some are connect-
ed with dunces and theatrical perfoimances given in temples on festive occa-
sions. An inscription of Kajaraja I (A.D. 991-1012) dated in his 9th year
comes from Tiruvaduturai and records a gift of land by the assembly of Sftt-
tanur for enacting the seven atigas of a drama in the style of the JLrya-Ktotu
on the festival day in the month of Puratta6i and also makes provision for
the eupulv of rice-flour, betel leaves aa well as areca-nutB and ghee for mixing
(ollyrium and turmeric in connection with the performance. A later inscription

121 EPIGRAPHY

of the time of Rajakesarivarman Kulottunga Chola make* provision for the Sanskrit
maintenance of a theatre called Navavidha-nafca-SaLai which goes to show that Epigraphy
in the ancient Chola temples various kinds of danoen tind acting wore largely
patronised as early as the 10th century.

"One of the Chola inscriptions copied in the year speakf* of Uu> hitherto
unknown queens of Uttama-Ohola Oraftanan Soruppaiyar and irfiran 1'oimam-
balattadigajar. Another, which was copied at Tiruvafluturai tells UB that Trailo-
kyamadeviyar was the wife of Rajendra-Chola and that her mother wan Iraman
Abhimanatongiyar

"An inscription dated in the 19th year of Kajaraju lit (AD. 1210-
1*24) refers to some great calamities which disturbed the prosper^ oi the
country during the filh, llth and 15th years of this king's reign. It iufomis
us that the tax-registers and the title deeds of Talachchangad" were lost dur-
ing these disasters and consequently the Mtfaparialuit of the village approached
the authorities and got their orders for the renewal of the AnuWw/uppaf-
fuolugu, i.e., title deeds in lespect- of such lands as had been in the enjovment
of the villagers till the 18th year of King Rajarftja II J

" Two inscriptions of great, importance for literary history in Tamil verse
have been secured. These refer to Saflaiyau alias Sedipan of Puduvai, the pat-
ron of Sen-Tamil in general and of the poet Kamban in particular, who was
the famous author oi the Tamil Eamaya^a, Sedipan, it is stated, was an orna-
ment of the Ganga line of kings.

"An inscription from Punjai furnishes an instance of ordeal by fire in
which the Tiruchchula-velaikkarar (i.e., the servants of the temple) gave up
their lives, in a dispute over a piece of land belonging to the temple and thub
secured it for the temple, the decision being pronounced in their favoui by
the MQfapariskat of the village along with the penalty of 80 Icatu from the
rival claimants.

"Mention may be made here of the three epigraphs written in an appa-
rently unknown script which were copied in the Kudligi Taluk of the Bellary
district. Some of the characters used in these inscriptions seem to resemble
Vatteluftu letters but as they have not yet been deciphered nothing can be
said about them definitely. Of the inscriptions which belong to the Western
Chalukyas one record is of the time of the Mahamantfalesvara Vishnuvaidhana
Vijayaditya who calls himself the Lord of Yengi He was governing the No-
lambav&fli 32,000 country under the Western Chalukya King Tribhuvanamallu
The title of this chief, Mr. Venkoba Rao opines, would suggest that he was
a descendant of the Eastern Chalukyas who were related by marriage to the
Chola sovereign Virarajendra after whose demise Vinhnuvaidhana transferred
his allegiance to the Western Chalukyas. Aftei entering the service of Tri-
bhuvanamalla Vikramaditya, he may have been appointed governor ol the No-
lambavftfli country.

"In the Burma Circle M. Duroiselle reports the discovery of twenty new Burma Circle
inscriptions, of which eleven are short epigraphs each containing a few words
or letters engraved on bricks, terracotta votive tablets or stone slabs bearing

EPIGRAPHY 122

Sanskrit images of the Buddha in relief. ThoBe on bricks and terracottas are in Pyu

Epigraphy characters, while those on stone slabs are in Burmese giving the names ot
Kr?ni?^w!tii ^ ouorB or 8PU lp tor8 - ^' ie l atter mft .v oe assigned to the llth century A.D.
Burma Circle ^ e rest rtin 8 e m ( * ttte ^ rom 1228 to * 444 A.D. an d record principally the
building of pagodas or monasteries and the dedication of slaves thereto. Of
these three were found tn the Taungtha township and three are in the Pagan
Museum, one being an iron seal given by King Mindon to Myadaung Sayadaw,
a Buddhist monk. Notice may be made here of one of the inscriptions
in the Pagan Museum which is dated 090 Sakkaraj (1334 A.D.) and
records the making by n certain monk of a seated image of Buddha
seven cubits in height inside the Thatbymnya temple at Pagan. This docu-
ment, M. Duroiselle siys, is interesting for it forms one of the few lithic
records now extant giving the date ol the making ol an image of
Buddha.'

Moslem " During the year " Mi. Yfzdam writes, "two numbers of the EpigrapJmt htdo-

Eplgraphy Moslennca have been published while a third \\hich is in the press will, it is
Mr. G.Yazdani j^p^ | )e i 88ue d ghortly. These issues include altogether fourteen art icier, six of
which were contributed by the officers of the Archaeological Department and others
and the remaining eight by myself. The Kufic inscriptions from Hund, edited by
Mr. Muhammad TTamid Kuraishi, Assistant Archaeological Superintendent, Central
Circle, is the earliest Miislim inscription in India yet published It is said to
have been originally discovered in 1894, built into the wall of an irrigation
well at Hund, from where it was removed at the instance of the Deputy Com-
missioner of Peshawar to the Tahsil of Swabi. The importance of the dis-
covery was soon forgotten and the tablet remained unnoticed for eighteen years
or so, till 1912, when Khan Bahadur Mian Wasi-ud-Din secured it for the Pesha-
war Museum where the tablet is now preserved. The inscription is dated 482 H.
(1090 A.D.) almost a century earlier than the advent of the Ghorids in India.
Two other articles contributed by Mr. Hamid treat respectively of the un-
published inscriptions of the Sun kings and certain inscriptions from Burhanpur
and Asirgarh. These records are important as giving the dates of various
monuments, but their chief interest lies in the styles of their script which like
the contemporary styles of architecture are typical of the character and inclina-
tions of thut age. For example, the Suri writings exhibit a solidity of cha-
racter combined with that love of beauty which forms a characteristic feature
of their buildings. Mention should also be made of a long article contributed
by the Government Epigraphist for Arabic and Persian Inscriptions on twenty
two inscriptions from Bid, the seat of a district in H. E. H. the Nizam's Do-
minions. The majority of these records are Mughal, and they have enabled
hun to show the influence of the Mughal kings in the Deccan at various periods,
' The Assistant Superintendent for Epigraphy, Southern. Circle, gent for decipher-
ment and translation a number of records from time to time. Two of these, men-
tioning the names of the Bijapur Governor, Masud Khan and the Qutb
Shaiii General, Rifa'at Khan Lari, have been published in the Epigraph^ Indo-
Moskmica for 1921-22. These inscriptions throw considerable light upon coo-

123 MUSEUMS

temporary historical events and also fix the date of certain monuments ID the Moslem
Bellary and Kistna districts of the Madras Presidency. Epigraphy

'* In the Report for 1921-22, a reference was made to the publication of
a monograph on the inscriptions of Alau-d-Din Husain Shah of Bengal in whose
reign the Tughra script reached its high water mark. Mr. K. N. Dikshit sup-
plied to Mr. Yazdani the estampages of a number of Hussam Shah's inscrip-
tions, but the rubbings of the entire group have not been secured us yet "

SECTION IV.

MUSEUMS.

*' If the very large number, the great variety and the historical importance Indian
of the specimens that have been added to the Archaeological Section during Museum,

1924-25 are taken into consideration, this year may be rightly called the (wnus n _ _. .

'. . Rai Bahadur

mirabalis for the Indian Museum. First in order of time, number, and value Ramaprasad

are the antiquities excavated by Mr. R U. Banerji in 1922-23 and Mr. M. S. Chanda
Vats in 1923-24 at Mohenjo-daro in the Lark ana District in Hind which have
been kindly lent by the Director General of Archaeology in India for exhibi-
tion. They number in all 1809. These antiquities have been briefly noticed
by their discoverers in the previous issues of this Annual Report and will
be more fully dealt with later. The questions that may naturally be asked
in connection with these discovenen are, who were the people who built
these long-buried pre-historn; cities in the Jndus Valley and fashioned the objects
that have been found in their rums : what was their relation with the immi-
grants who call themselves Arya in the hymns of the lligveda and are believed
to be akin to the so-called Aryan or Indo-European folk : how did the once
flourishing pre-historic culture of the Indus Valley come by its end ? The
excavations that are now being carried on will, it may be hoped, yield materials
for answering these questions satisfactorily. But there is another source, the
Vedic literature, that may throw some light, if not on the beginnings and
the maturity of the ancient civilisation of the Indus V alley, at least on its
last phase. In a separate Memoir 1 entitled, ' The Indus Valley in the Veclic
Period/ I have discussed the evidences contained in the Vedic literature relat-
ing to the pre-historic civilisation of the Indus Valley. These evidences seem
to point to the conclusion that in the second millennium B. C. there wiu
being repeated in the Indus Valley what happened almost simultaneously in the
Aegean World. successive hordes of invaders of Aryan speech and inferior material
culture wiping out an older indigenous civilisation.

"To facilitate the comparative study of the ancient pottery and seals the
Director General of Archaeology in India has lent for exhibition his o>vn

1 Memoirs of the Axohologio*l Survey of India, No. 31

MUSEUMS

124

Indian

Museum,

Calcutta

Rai Bahadur

Ramapraaad

ChandfT

collection of fragments of the painted Cretan pottery (N. S. 4292-4329
ad planter casts (N. S. 4455-4501) of a few Babylonian seals in the British
Museum.

" The series of antiquities of the historic period acquired during the year
begins with a fragment of grey sandstone umbrella with Mauryan polish mea-
suring 7 -I" by *i" (N. S. 4406), lent by the Director General of Archaeology,
and includes product* of most of the schools of plastic art that flourished in
India afterwards. Some of the more notable among these groups and speci-
men are briefly noticed below.

" Plastic art in India, reached its zenith in the Gupta period (A D. 300-600).
The Buddhist art of the Gupta period is fairly well represented in the Indian
Museum by statues of Buddha and engraved steles excavated by Sir Alexander
Cunningham at Sarnath near Benares and presented by him to the Asiatic
Society of Bengal But there was hitherto only one Brahmanical statue
of the Gupta period and that of indifferent artistic value in the gallery,
nz., an image of Haragauri found at Kosam (ancient Kausambi) near
Allahabad. Among the architectural pieren in the collection there were
only two door jambs exhibited in tho eastern verandah of the Museum
building that may be attributed to the same period. This deficiency has now
been partially made up by the acquisition of 58 pieces of sculptured atones
belonging to a (iupta temple, which have been presented to the Indian Museum
by the Nagod Darbur. This temple which is situated at Bhumara in the Nagod
State in Baghelkhand escaped the notice of Cunningham in 1873-74 and was
discovered by Mr. H. 1). Banerji, Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, in
1920. It was briefly noticed bv him in the Annual Progress Keport of the
Archaeological Survey of India, Western Circle, tor the year ending 31st March
1920, and has since then been fully deBciibed by him in the Memoirs of the
Archwological Survey of India, No. Hi. As the temple was in a hopelessly ruin-
ed condition and Us conservation out of the question, at the request of the
Director General ot Archaeology in ludia the late Raja Jadavendra Singh of
Nagod consented to make over to the Archaeological Department such sculptured
stones, other than actual idols, as it might select tor exhibition ill the Indian
Museum. Acoordinftly 1 visited the site with Khan Sahib Zafar Hasan in
October 1924 and selected 58 pieces including trtatuea of Ganesa and two
door-keeperb. Thene pieces (N. S. 4905-4962) have been brought to the Indian
Museum and are exhibited in a Bay of the Gupta Galleay. All of them have
been deHcnbed and illustrated by Mr. Banerji in the Memoir referred
to above, but I would draw particular attention to one piece on
account of the light, it throws on the influence of the Indian Gupta
art on the art of Java. This sculpture is a figure of the Sun-god
in a horse-shoe niche which must originally have been placed over a
window (Plate XXX VI (rf)). The body of the image is covered with along
garment reaching down to the knees. This is evidently the udichyavetto or
northern dress which according to Varahamihira's Brihat Samhita (57,4) the
Sun-god wears.

125 MUSEUMS

"Among the Brahmanic sculptures from Java exhibited in Bay 10 of the Indian
Gupta gallery and catalogued by Dr. Anderbon there IB a Chatunnukha hnga Muscuin,
or phallic emblem of Siva (made of yellowish aanastone) with iour images, u *
viz.y Brahma, Vishnu, Siva and Surya on four sides 1 . These images are re-
produced in Plate XXXVII. Another image of Brahma from Java of the
same material and in the same collection is reproduced in Plate XXXVI (r).
A comparison of the Sun image from Java (Plate XXXVII ()) with the Sun
image in the horse-shoe niche from Bhumara (Plate XXXVI (<?)) shows how close
is the resemblance and how clear the influence. Though the arrangement of
hair in the two figures IB different, we find in a, figure in another horse-shoe
niche from Bhumara (Memoirs, A. S. 1., 16, PI XIV (<)) the hair falling on the
two shoulders in the same successive rows of curled locks as in the Sun image
attached to the linga from Java, Yet the non-Indian traits of the icons
are clear. Four-armed Siva without the trident is met with only in Java.
Vishnu, though four-armed, has only one of the familiar attributes (the noiu.h-
shell), and the four-armed Brahma has evidently none unless the object in the
left upper hand proves to be the sacrificial spoon. As the origin of the Indo-
Javanese art is still a matter of controversy , a and an isolated image of the
Indian style may not be considered sufficient for proving the hypothesis of
Indian origin, I may in this connection draw attention to a parallelism of
much greater significance in the field of architecture The Tjundi Poentadewa i
well-known to students of Javanese art and the remnants of this temple have the
appearance of a two-storeyed building with a small porch. 3 Structurally this
temple bears a olo&e resemblance to the Gupta temple at Nachna-Kuthan in the Jaso
State in Baghelkhand (Central India), 4 which is thus described by Mr. H I).
Banerji .-

1 It consists of a shrine in the centre with one door, which IH covered by
a narrow covered verandah on three sides. There was a very small wa.ndaptt or
porch in front of the only door of the shrine, which has collapsed entirely.
A series of steps lead up to it on the south. Over the shrine it has a small
chamber, inaccessible just, now, over which is a small flat roof slightly raised
in the centre.'

"The superstructure of the Gupta temple at Deogarh (Jhansi District,
U. P. ) also reminds one of the superstructure of some of the Tjandis of Java.
The Matsya-Purana (Cliapter 169) 5 contains directions for the building of tempi en
of two classes, one class with curvilinear sikhara (spire), and the other with
storied superstructure. In the latter group twenty different types of temples
are named. Among these Meru is sixteen-storied, Mandara twelve- storied,
Kailasa nine-storied and so forth. In Varahamihura's Brihat Samhita, a work
of the later Gupta period (sixth century A. D.), in chapter 55, which deals with

> Aadenon** Catalogue and Handbook of A* Arckoahgiedl Colfecfem* Ac Indian Jftunim, Part II, p. 362.

F. D. K. Bowh, " A Hypothww aa to the origin of Indo-Jaraneae Art," JfefNMi, 1924, pp. 6-41-

K*rl With, Jaw, Plate 66 ; N. G. Krom, /nWflttf fftnrfWwmeft* **, III, Plate 4.

P*r*tt JfeMrf o/ tfe Anhoobgieal Survey of ItuKa, Wejtom tfrelf. for tbe year ending 3 lot Man-h 1919.

Mam Aaad**wm Sexto. Poam, 1902.

MUSEUMS

126

Indian

Museum,

Calcutta

Rai Bahadur

Ramapratad

Chanda

temples, the type with the curvilinear sikhara finds no mention, but the twenty
types of storied templeH are enumerated and described. Though most of 'the
names are identical in the two lists, there is considerable difference in the
descriptions. An English translation of this chapter of the Brihat-Samhita
by Kern has been published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, New
Series, Vol. VI (1873), pp. 310-321. This contemporary account of the different
types ot temples of the Gupta, peiiod has not yet received the attention it
deserves. The monumental and hteraiy evidences converge to prove that
the .Javanese temples with storied superstructures have their prototype in the
storied temples of the Gupta period in India and the Gupta art including both
architecture and sculpture is the parent of the I ndo- Javanese art which in
its island home developed on independent lines.

'' Late mediaeval or post-Gupta sculptures acquired during the year, though
comparatively small in number, include typical specimens of the different schools.
Most notable among these are two images of Nataraja or dancing Siva of
two different types. One of these is a superb brass image (Plate. XXXV1I1 (a)),
42" by 36", of the well-known South Indian type lent by the Director General
of Archaeology ; the other a much- weathered and defaced sandstone image from
the Chittagong Distiict in Eastern Bengal. The South- Indian Siva 13 four-
armed, the Eastern Bengal image twelve-armed. The former is dancing on the
back of a human figure, the apasmara-'purusha, the latter on the back of the
bull. Mr.N. K, Bhattasali, Curator of the Dacca Museum, has published photo-
graphs of two other images of Nataraja from Eastern Bengal both of which
represent the deity as dancing on bulls which with up-turned heads watch
the dance (The Modem Review, 1920 June, p. 625). One of these in twelve-
armed with two arms of which the god plays on a vina as he dances, and the
other is ten-armed. Mr. Bhattasali has kindly brought to my notice two other
images of Nataraja discovered by him in the Dacca and Tipperah Districts in Eastern
Bengal. All the images of Nataraja found in Eastern Bengal have one
feature in common, they are shown as dancing on the back of
the bull. There arc two other stone images of Nataraja in the Indian
Museum. One of these (Ms. 8) is ten-armed and probably comes from Upper
India ; the other (N. S. 2063) from Orissa is twelve-armed. These two images
have one feature in common, they dance with their feet touching the ground,
and the bull watches (-he dance from behind. In some of the temples of
Bhuvanesvar an image of Nataraja of the same type is placed in a niche on
the spire above the entrance door of the shrine. Magnificent images of the
dancing Siva with the feet touching the earth are also found in the cave
temples at Ellora, Badami and Aihole. 1 So three main types of the images
of Nataraja may be distinguished : the Eastern Bengal type wherein
Siva dances on the back of the bull ; the South Indian type with Siva dancing
on the back of the demon Apasmara; and ft third type with Siva dancing either
on the grouod or on a lotus neat found in Qrissa and other parts of India.

BorgeM, An****** S*n*y of VTuter I*d*a, VoL V (London, 1888), Plate XXI, 4 ; XLI. 3 ; XLII. *
and T. A. Ooptaath Rao, tftemenfc of Htttdu IconogtPfa VoL P*** J ***** LXI1 Md IJUU *

127 MUSEUMS

A Nataraja of the South Indian type IB found in a panel of the south side of Indian
the shrine in the rock-cut Kailaea temple at Ellora. 1 It may be noted in this Museum,
connection that the Kailasa temple at Ellora IB a shrine of the Druvidian stylo.

" The story of how Siva came to dance is told in the Kurnih Purana
(Uttaravibhaga, 1-5). Once upon a time Sana lea, Sanandana, ftanatkumara,
Kapila and other sages after performing austerities met the divine Rishis Nara
and Narayana at the Vadanka monastery and requested the latter to discourse
on such* topics as atman, salvation, the supreme Biahman, the doctrine of
re-birth. At that moment the Rishi Nara became invisible and Narayana
giving up the garb of an ascetic assumed the divine form with four arms.
Then Hiva appeared on the scene. Vishnu advised the nages to put the same
question to Siva. When they did so there appeared a heavenly throne. Siva
seated himself on the throne with Vishnu and expounded the doctrine of
atman and Brahman consisting of elements of both the Sankhyu and the
Vedanta systems of Philosophy. The god concluded the long discourse b\
saying, " F am that God who sets in motion everything, who is fully of great
joy, and who is a Yogin ever engaged in dancing. He who knows that knows
Yoga. 2 " Having thus spoken Siva began to dance. To a Sivaite the dance oi
Siva symbolises his philosophy as well as his religion. His philosophy conceives u
Supreme Being who while Himself unmoved moves all things mundane. In
the description of the image of Nataraja, m the Matsya Parana (259, 3-11) it
is said that while performing the dauce the countenance of the god should
wear the appearance of perfect calmness (sawnya-murti). Siva is a Yogin, that
is to say, he is one who has subdued his passions and impulses, withdrawn
his mind from all external thingb, and concentrated it in the contemplation
of the Absolute. The higher religion of the Sivaite (as of the other Hindu
sects) enjoins him to practise Yoga, that is to say, self -control and concentra-
tion of the mind on the divine essence, while carrying on hib duties as a
man of the world,

"In the image of Nataruja, the Indian artist endeavours to create a Yogi
with super-human attributes, such as a plurality of hands, engaged in dancing
and in certain cases achieves wonderful success. In the best images of Nataraja,
we meet with the expression of the spirit of calm contemplation on the face
and the movement of rhythmic dance in the body symbolising the procession
of the cosmos. The South Indian artist, by confining himself to four arms
in most cases, 3 had an advantage over his brother of the north. He could
with greater ease manipulate the gesture of the four arms Lhan that of ten
or twelve. Auguste Rodin has left on record his opinion that the gesture
of the four-armed Nataraja in the Madras Museum "can well contest for
superiority in gracefulness with the gesture of the Venus de Medici/' 4 Yet

i Aid. FUte XXXI, 2.

1. 4trt frcfvrr ti:

. aa
Kiarma Purana (Bib, lad.) p. 468,

Jfcr Swrth Indian WMM of Nfttu*;* with mom thaa toot rm sat Qopmath Ka Element* of Hindu
Hoyrapky. VoL 11, pt 1, Chapter VI.

Bupam, October 1921, p. 11 (Art. Anatiea, III Sculpture Civartei).

128

Indian

Museum,

Calcutta

Rai Bahadur

Ramaprasad

Ghanda

the gruccfuliieab of the gesture of the twelve arms of our defaced image of
Njtturaja from Chittagong (Plate XXXVI (e)) is undeniable.

'1 have already referred to the fragments of an image of dancing Siva (p. Ill ;
Plate XXX V(r-}) found at Khiching. Unluckily the excavations carried on at the site
and described above (p. 1 11} have not revealed any more fragments of this splendid
image that was evidently originally placed in a niche on the spire of the main temple
of Siva. On the right of the Nataraja is the emaciated figure of Bhringin, while
1'arv.iti holding a fly-whisk stands on the left. Unfortunately the left arms, the right
fore-arms, the thigh and legs of the main figure are lost. The only remnant of the
lower part of the body, the right foot, the toes of which touch the upper surface of
the lotu-s seat, IK instinct with movement. This image compares favourably with
even the best specimens of the South Indian Nataraja. The mouth is not inflated
and projecting like that of the South Indian image ; the modelling is
far more graceful, and the play of light and shade is more subtle. The slight
inclination of the head towards the right is natural and adds much to the
charm of the figure.

" A very fine black basalt image of Garuda (Plate XXXVIII (6)) fiom
Vanchasara near Kampala in the Dacca District has been added to the collec-
tion by purchase (N. 8. 4288 ; height I'-ll"). Tt has the face and limbs of a
man, and the wings of a bird, and wears ear ornaments, armlets, bracelets and anklets
of snakes. The tenon below the lotus seat indicates that the figure once served
as the capital of a pillar known as the Garuda-dhvaja or Garuda standard.
Such pillars are a distinctive emblem of Vishnu who also rides on the Garuda.
A miniature from a Nepalese Buddhist manuscript in the Cambridge University
Library (Ms. Add. 1643) copied in A. D. 1015 and reproduced by Fouchei shows
a pillar with a bird, evidently a Garuda, near a stupa. The label below the
miniature reads, Radhya Dharmardjikd-chaitya, " The stupa called Dharmarajika
at Radhya/* Radhya is Rahariya (called Radhya by Hodgson) in the Cham-
paran District in Bihar. Radhya has given its name to a monolithic column
bearing six Edicts of Asoka which stands 2| miles E. S. E. of the village.
The column is now designated after another village called Lauriya-Araraj that
lies nearer. The capital of this pillar is lost. According to the Divyavadana
(edited by Cowell and Neil, p. 379) Asoka built 84,000 Dharmarajikas or Stupas.
The miniature referred to above represents a Dharmarajika or Aaokan atupa and
a Garuda column. This has led scholars to the conclusion that the Asokan
column near Radhya was originally surmounted by a Garuda capital. 1 Two
bas-reliefs of Bharhut showing two Garuda banners held aloft by a male
and a female respectively on horse-back lend support to this conclusion. 2
Whether the Garuda capital on the ancient Buddhist monuments was
recognised as the emblem of Vishnu it is difficult to say. But at Besnagar
there is still in existence a monument, which is nearly a contemporary
of the railing of Bharhut, a column of which the capital is lost but the ins-

p. 147.

' Fouchrr, titude tw t'lcanoffraph* Bovddiqut At find*, Pru, 1900, p- 66 ; V. A. Smith, Aoit t Svd edition,

Cunningham's Bharhul. Plate XXXIl. 5 and 6.

129 MUSEUMS

cription on which tells us that it was surmounted by a Gaiuda of Vasiuleva Indian
(Vishnu). A fragment of another Garuda pillat of the samo (Sun^a) period ha* Huseum,
also been discovered at Besnagar. Calcutta

" The Garuda in the bas-relief b of Bharkut has the appearance of a Kiiiuaru
with the head, the arms and the chest of a man and the tail ol -\ bird. In
early sculptures the Uaruda may be distinguished from a Kmnaia by his
association with a pillar as its capital. The earliest repiesentation ot
Garuda carrying Vishnu 011 bin back is found in a niche of the Gupta
temple at Deogarh (Jliansj Dintrict, IT. P.). This (Garuda his not only the
uppei half of the body, but also the legs, of a man. In proportion to the
upper half of the body, the lower half of our Garuda (Plate XXXVI II (6))
appears short. But as the image Was placed on a pillar and intended to be
ween at some height from below , this apparent defect did not mar tbe beauty
but rather added to the impressiveness of the bird-god. The broad chest with
tourid shoulders is indicative of the strength of the charger of Vishnu Kneel
ing with palms joined in a naturalistic fashion and looking down with slightly
inclined head and open expectant eyes, this statue of G-aruda looks the
embodiment of tranquil devotion.

" This and other Indian effigies of the Garuda are in striking contrast with
the frightful winged monsters fashioned by artists outside India to do duty for
him. As a specimen of the latter class a brass relief from Lhasa in Tibet
lent by the Director General of Archeology is illustrated in Plate XXXVIII (c)
The armlets and bracelets of snakes remind us of the Indian prototype. With
this Tibetan relief may be compared an image of Garuda from Cambodia in
the Indian Museum, and the figure of Garuda in the Kama relief from
Prembanan m Java. 1 But far more typical of the Indian art is the well-
known Garuda with Vishnu from Velahan in Java. Dr. Vogel writes of
this sculpture, " In a most striking manner the artist who fashioned this grand
composition had expressed the contrast between the savage Garuda, with his
hog-like head, threatening the Nagas whom ho has seized with his claw-shaped
feet, and the supreme deity, the four-armed Vishnu, enthroned on his lotus
seat in undisturbed repose and serene contemplation." 2 But the association
of a savage Garuda with Vishnu is an un-Indian conception and must be
traced back to the primitive religion of fear. In India Garuda is a type of
dasya-bhakti, the devotion of a servant to his lord, and cruelty is inconsistent
with devotion to Vishnu. Apart from the monstrous shapes fashioned in
Tibet, Java and Cambodia, Garuda with a hooked nose resembling the beak of
a bird and human features is rare in India.

" Plastic art began to decline m Northern India after the Muhamrnadan con-
quest. But very few dated specimens enabling us to fix the chronology of
the art of this period are as yet known. Special importance therefore attache^
to a small brass image of Lakshmi-Narayana (4i* by 2j") from Mathura (Plate

i J>r. J. Ph. Vogel, "Tl relation between the rt of India and Jam", TJi< Inflwnct of Indian Art.
London, 1085, Plate VI.

/6U, p. 79 and Plato IX.

MUSEUMS 130

Indian XXXVIII (/) & (g)) that bears a dated Nagari inscription on its back. The

Museum, inscription in in incorrect Sanskrit and reads :

RaiBah d 8a ^'^ var8lta [ 8 ^ f ] phalugana vadi 3 Sanivaro Suhadasa SilikahmindrdyairM

RamapffRMd Ka[ri]til.

Cbanda "In the (Vikrama) year 1538 (=1471 A.D.), on Saturday, the 8th day of

the dark half of the month of Phalguna (this image of) Lakshmi-Narayana
was caused to be made by .Suahadasa."

" In this image the attitude of Narayana riding on Garuda with Lakshmi
seated on his left knee is rendered in accordance with the directions contained
in the Visvakarma-Sastra quoted by Hemadri. 1 Among the subsidiary figures,
Siddhi holding a fly-whisk and Brahma and Siva in the role of worshippers
are omitted on account of the small size of the image. Of the two dwarf*
only one is shown on the left. This Brahmamc image bears a striking resem-
blance to a brass image of the Jaina goddess Ambika reproduced in Rupam,
January, 1924 (Figures II and III on Plate attached to p. 49). The inscrip-
tion on the back of the image of Ambika is dated in Samvat 1591 (=1462 A.D.).
Though defaced, the Garuda in our Lakshmi-Narayana image is rendered well.
Another small brass image of the same late decadent school that deserves
notice here* is a Gopala or child Krishna, 2J inches in height, lent by the Di-
rector General. The palms of both the hands of this image are worn Gopala
is shown as crawling or resting on the right foot and the left knee and palm
of the left hand. With the lost palm of the right hand he was probably
holding a lump of butter. Though the modelling is clumsy, this figure is full
of animation

" Among the Muslim antiquities acquired during the year, an inscribed
brass cup 7" in diameter and 2" in height lent by the Director Geneial of
Archaeology in India deserves special notice. The inscriptions engraved on both
the inside and outside of the cup, which have been deciphered by
the Assistant Curator, contain Arabic charms and verses from the
Quran. Water drunk from such a cup is believed to protect one from
the attack of madness or of epidemic diseases. It may be about 200
years old.

" The year under review is notable not only for a very large collection
of valuable sculptures received for exhibition in the galleries, but also for a large
number of coins added to the cabinet of the Museum. The new additions
consist of 1717 coins of non-Muhammadan dynasties, 41 plaster of Paris casts
of such coins, and 625 coins issued by the rulers of the Indian Muhammadan
dynasties. The former group includes 738 coins and 41 casts lent by the Di-
rector General of Archaeology, 5 coins presented by the Superintendent of the
Madras Museum, 8 coins presented by the Director of Industries, Central
Provinces, 910 copper coins of the so-called Puri Kushan type sent by the
Collector of Balasore to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1912 and deposited
in the fndian Museum by the latter, and 50 coins directly purchased for the
cabinet. Photographs of a few of the rare coins of this collection are

> Hemadn. Chaturvarga.Chintamam, FmtofttoMfe, Part I, (Bib. Ind.) p. 118.

131

reproduced in Plate XXXVIII (d) & (e) and are dealt with in a note Indian
by Pandit B. B. Bidyabinod, Assistant Curator, from which extracts are given Museum,

Fig. 1. An ancient coin of Ceylon known as (?) Plaque of the Lakshmi and
Svastika type received by the Director General of Archaeology from the Colonial
Secretary, Ceylon, It is composed mainly of lead and copper. Obverse- Sri
with two elephants pouring water from the top of two lotus stalks on two
sides. Reverse Svastika on a post with a tnratna symbol to the right and an
indistinct (Nandipada ?) symbol to the left (Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Cur-
rency, Memoirs of the Colombo Museum, Series A., No. 3, Colombo, 1924, pp
16, 26 31, Plate II, 20-25).

Fig. 2. A punch-marked copper coin of the double-axe type found at Kosani
in the Allahabad District. Obverse Tree within railing Reverse- Blank.
The Director General of Archseology has lent 12 coins of this type from Kosam.

Fig. 3. A copper coin. Obverse Brahmi legend Kosabi or Kosambi and
symbols. Reverse Various symbols. It is a unique coin issued by the popular
assembly or some guild of Kausambi. Lent by the Director General of Archaeo-
logy.

Fig. 4. Plaster cast of a com of Agathocles of a type not represented in the
Indian Museum. Obverse Kharoshthi legend, [Aka~\tfiukreyasa, Buddhist stupa.
Reverse Tree in a square railed enclosure ; below indistinct Kh. Legend, hi'tuja
Same. Lent by the Director General of Archaeology.

Fig. 5. Plaster cast of a square coin of Telephos of the enthroned Zeus
and warrior type. There are two copper coins of this type in the Lahore
Museum (Whitehead's Catalogue of com* in the Punjab Mweum, Lahore, Vol.
I., p. 79, Plate VIII, 640 and V. A. Smith in J. A. S. B., Vol. LXVI1, pt. I,
p. 130, PI. XIV, I-C.). The reverse of the specimen, from which this cast
is taken, is in a better state of preservation than the other known specimens

Fig. 6. Cast of a seal of Sivarakshita showing a figure of a warrior with
"the name of Sivarakshita m Brahmi on left and in Kharoshthi characters on right
margin. The monogram in the right field is also found on the coins of Indo-
Parthian and Kushan kings.

Fig. 7. A copper coin of late Kushan type. The attitude of the figure
of the king on the obverse seems novel.

' In figure 8 are reproduced the obverse and reverse of a copper coin of
the so-called " Puri Kushan " class with the legend tanka in Gupta characters
on the reverse. It belongs to the Balasore hoard. Hitherto only one coin
of this type noticed by Messrs. Walsh and Banerji has been known. 1 The
Balasore hoard includes 63 coins with the legend (anka. In this group Pandit
B. B. Bidyabinod distinguishes four different types and among the other coins
of the hoard no less than 28 types in accordance with the difference in the
position of the sun and the crescent and the attitude of the standing figure.
In this connection 1 may refer to another hoard of copper coins of the " Pur
Kushan " type found in association with a large number of copper coins of

1 The Journal of the Bihar and Ortiaa Research Society, Vol. V, pp. 78 and 84.

T 2

MUSEUMS

132

Indian

Museum,

Calcutta

Rai Bahadur

Ramapraaad

Ghanda

Delhi
Museum
Khan Sahib
Maulvi Zafar
Hasan

Kanishka and Huvishka. This hoard was found in 1923 in an earthen pot
b'.ried in a field at Bhanjakia in the Panchpir Sub-Division of the Mayurbhanj
State. Mr. S. McLeod Smith, Dewan of Mayurbhanj, has sent a considerable
number of these coins to the Indian Museum for determination. The Mayur-
bhanj hoard includes two coins with the legend tanka. As coins of the so-
called " Puri Kushan " type have been found not only in the Puri District,
but also in the Balasore District, the Mayurbhanj State in Orissa, in the ad-
joining Ganjam District in the Madras Presidency and in the Singhbhum Dis-
trict in Ohota Nagpur it would now appear reasonable to drop the name
'" Puri Kushan " and designate this class of coins as " Oriya Kushan."

Fig. 9. A copper com. Ob verse-- Human figure holding bow in the left
hand. Reverse Brahnn (Gupta) legend Jishnu.

Fig. 10. One of the 8 silver (joins oC the Rashtrakuta Krishnaraja presented
by the Director ot Industries, C. P (found at Dhernore, Amraoti District.) 1

** Coins of the Muharrimadan rulers acquired during the year number 625.
This collection includes 237 coins of the later Mughal sovereigns purchased
by the Director General ol Aicha'ology from Mr. H. Nelson Wright and lent
to the cabinet ol the Indian Museum. The collection comprises 28 gold, 419
silver, 1 billon and 177 copper coins. Of these, 27 are of the early (so-called
Pathan) Sultans of Delhi, 243 of early Mughal emperors up to Aurangzeb,
285 of later Mughal emperors, 4 of the Bahmani Sultans, 24 of the Sultans
of Malwah, 14 of the Sultans of Gujarat and 1 each of the Muhammadan
dynasties of Jaunpur, Oudh and Ahmednagar (Nizam Shahi dynasty). The
collection also includes 3 coins of the Ottoman empire and 11 coins of the
Indian Native States. Many of the coins of the later Mughals are unique and
rare. Among the coins of the early Mughals a dam of Akbar the Great
of the Bhakkar Mint presented by Hao Knshnapal Singh of Awagarh, District
Etah, U. P., is worthy of special notice."

" Two new table show-cases and one stand for the Mughal prayer carpet
were added to the Museum and the exhibits duly arranged in them. There
are still a few more old cases which require to be replaced by new ones of
the approved standard type and these will be provided as soon as funds are
available. The work of cataloguing the coins in the Delhi Museum which
was started some four years ago but had been in abeyance on account of my
transfer from Delhi to the office of the Director General of Archaeology, was
resumed by the Gallery Assistant who has already classified all the coins of
the Pathan and Mughal emperors of India received up to date, and arranged
them systematically according to rulers, dates and mints. The next step will
be to decipher their legends and catalogue them.

"The total number of antiquities acquired during the year was 52 includ-
ing 33 Persian tiles, 8 Persian vases, 4 ancient Mughal documents, 2 paintings,
a bound volume of the old " Punjabee " newspaper, and three miscellaneous
objects (tide Appendix B). The tiles and vases which have been purchased from
Mr. H. Nelson Wright are very interesting both on account of their antiquity

' * Cunningham. Coin* tf JfeKovuI Inditt, London, 1894, p. 8, Plate 1, 18.

133 MUSEUMS

and workmanship. The former bear fine portraits and hunting scenes worked Delhi
in relief in various shades and colours. One of them contains a Quranic verse Museum
engraved in Kufic characters. Of the ancient Mughal documents, a Jarman
of the Emperor Akbar deserves special notice. It is dated in the 5th year
of his reign and is therefore one of the earliest jarmans issued by that Emperor.
Like the farwans of other Mughal emperors, preserved in the Museum, it
bears an impression of the royal seal and the Tughra in vermilion, but it is
written in Shikasta instead of Nastaliq characters and there is no back endorse-
ment, technically called the Zimn, except a few seal marks of the officials
concerned. Abul Fazl gives the following description of Akbar's seals :- * In
the beginning of the present reign Maulana Maqnud, the seal engraver, cut
in a circular form upon a surface of steel, in the nqu character, the name
of his Majesty and those of his illustrious ancestors up to Tirnurlang ; and
afterwards he cut another similar seal, in the vastahq character, only with
his Majesty's name. For judicial transactions a second kind of seal was made,
mihrabi in form, which had the following verse round the name of his
Majesty :

(' Uprightness is the means of pleasing God ; 1 never saw any one lost in
the straight road.')

k Tamkin made a new seal of the second kind, and afterwards Maulana
Ali Ahmad of Dehli improved both. The round small weal goes by the
(chagatai) name of Uzuk and is used for Jarman-i-sabtis ; l and the large one,
into which he cut the namt\s of the ancestors of his Majesty, was at iirst
only used for letters to foreign kings, but now-a-days for both/ 2 The fannan
under notice makes a grant of 1,431 bighas and 8 biswas of land, one hundred
rupees cash and one rupee daily for the maintenance of a tomb at the village
of Sohna, Subah Barkar Delhi. It Was a farnw,n~i-*abti, and its seal mark,
which is circular, contains the name of the Emperor Akbar in the middle
and those of his ancestors back to Timur around it. It is written in Riqa
characters and is apparently an impression of the very seal which was engraved
by Maulana Maqsud in the beginning of Akbar's reign.

" One of the two paintings added to the collection during the past year
represents the Emperors Akbar and Jahangir shooting tigers while the other
is a portrait of Begum Samru smoking a huqqa. The bound volume of ' The
Punjabee ' newspaper consists of a collection of 39 issues from the 30th May
1857 to the 30th January 1868. It was a weekly English paper published
every Saturday from Lahore under the editorship of Mr. Henry Gregory. The
issues belonging to the Mutiny period contain very valuable information about
that event, with a descriptive account of the terrible deeds perpetrated by

* Farautt-i-SabtiB were i*ed for three purpose*, t**., (a) foir ppoitttai*i*s to Man***, higb po*t* etc , <&)
tor ppoteteiH to j*gi and (c) for conferring groat* for beneficent purpose* (Ain^Akban, English traiwlatmn
by Bloobmwn. VoL I, pp. 200-61).

> Ibid p. 62.

134

Delhi
Museum
Khan Sahib
Maulvi Zafar
Hasan

Peshawar
Museum

Mr. H.

Harftreavea

(Curator)

the mutineers and their final overthrow by the British forces. A short extract
from one of the issues is as follows :

The Punjabee, Saturday, June 13, 1857.

* * * * * * *

But in the whole paragraph so explicitly written in the Delhi extra of
the Agra branch, we look and look in vam for the arrival of 60th, 6th, or
Artillery at the scene of murder. Indeed we are told that after the miscreants
had ended their bloody work at Meerut, they proceeded unmolested to Delhi ;
set up a new King, and established the dynasty of the Timour family, and
finally, murdered all the Europeans. And here they are in a position of such
strength that our army on an extensive scale has to be sent to dislodge them,
which will not be effected without a great expense to the state ; and will
doubtless incur a great loss of life at this season of the year especially * * *

" The total number of coins added to the cabinet amounted to 1899 (102
gold mohurs, 429 silver rupees and 1,368 copper coins) and were received from
the following sources (vide also list Appendix B) :

(a) Treasure Trove finds from the various local Governments, 121

(6) Coins presented, 1,345.

433.

Out of the coins loaned by the Director General of Archaeology a
collection of 276 coins of the Pathan kings of Delhi purchased from Mr. H.
Nelson Wright, I.C.S., is of special interest, as it includes many rare issues.

" Thanks are due to Mr. H. Nelson Wright for his generous gift
oi 1,344 copper coins of the Pathan kings of Delhi, and also to Munshi Kalyan
Singh of Bareilly who presented a J rupee of Qutbu-d-Din Mubarak Shah
which is a rare issue."

" The Peshawar Museum still maintains its popularity, the total number
of visitors during the year being 63,393.

" Recent acquisitions numbered one hundred and forty four, all, save eleven,
being coins. Of these latter 91 were a find of silver coins, purchased in July
1924 from a cultivator of village Marghuz, Swabi Tahsil, Peshawar District,
who stated that they had been found in an earthen vessel while ploughing a
field some three months before at Muharamadi Dheri near his village. The
hoard consisted of one Mughal, eighty Durrani and ten Sikh pieces. Fifteen
silver Mughal coins were presented by the Director of Industries, Central Pro-
vinces, twelve silver Mughal coins by the Government of the United Provinces
and one copper coin of Muhammad-bin-Sam by Major A. E. Parsons, D.S.O.,
O.B.E., Political Agent, Tochi. Three silver and eleven copper coins were
received on loan from the Director General of Archaeology in India.

" The other eleven antiquities were two reliefs on loan from the Govern-
ment of India through the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, frontier
Circle, and nine various small objects received from the Director General of
Archaeology in India, being part of the antiquities recovered from excavation
at Charsada in 1903-04.

135 MUSEUMS

" Twenty three books and reports have been added to the Library, nine Peshawar
being purchases and fourteen presentations from official sources. The library Museum
is now well supplied with books dealing with the history and art of the Frontier
and every endeavour is made to keep it up to date.

" A number of new show cases and stands for two large BodhUattva and
Buddha heads have been purchased and for the first time since its excavation
the fine relief of Panchika and Hariti is now adequately exhibited. Most of
the Museum cases have been repolished and the condition of both these and
the collections is generally very satisfactory. Much more labelling is required
but cannot be undertaken until the Curator is able to spend more time at
headquarters. His frequent and prolonged absence on tour has likewise delayed
the publication of the revised edition of the Handbook to the museum collections.

" Necessary repairs to the Museum fabric and the usual colouring and
whitewashing have been carried out and the Museum building is in a sound
condition.

" Partial eifect has been given to a scheme referred to in last year's
report for the improvement of the grounds and an electric pump has been
installed, but the details of the scheme of levelling, gardening and watering
have received little attention and very unsatisfactory knchcfia water channels
aie at present used to brii g water to the lawns.

" The conduct of visitors has been exemplary and neither the antiquities
nor cases have suffered damage. The staff of the Museum performed their
duties aat'sfactorily and the good work of the Custodian, M. Dilawar Khan,
has been recognised by the Local Government by the bestowal of a khillat
of rupees three hundred."

" During the year under review the Superintendent, Hindu and Buddhist Samath
Monuments, Northern Circle, continued to act as ex-officio Curator of the M " 8 ^|^ hf
Archaeological Museum at Samath. Further progress was made with the Saiiip Vata
labelling of the antiquities, and a proposal was submitted for the construction
of a new godown for the housing of the surplus sculptures.

" The only antiquities added to the Museum were a beautifully shaped
bronze casket with a domical lid, which unfortunately contained nothing (Plate
XXXVI (a)), a Buddhist monk's bottle of the same material (Plate XXXVI
(6)) and a number of heavy metal anklets all of which came to light in the
clearance of the mound of earth adjoining the second gateway of the Dharma-
chakra- Jinavihara. ' '

" The only " Museum " in the Central Circle .maintained from Central Nafanda
Eevenues is the little collection of minor antiquities found in the course ot Museum
the excavations at Nalanda, which is accommodated in one wing of the Archwo-
logical Best House there.

"The collection has already been briefly described in the report for the
year 1922-23. It is especially notable for its metal images and figurines of
the Pala period, which are mostly Buddhist, but include a few Hindu deities;
among the former being an inscribed image of Hariti dedicated in tho reign
of Devapaladeva (c. 844-92 A.D.) the 3rd of the Pala line.

MUSEUMS

136

Nalanda
Museum

Mr. J. A.

Page

Museums'in
Burma

"A find of interest added to the collection in the year under review was
the fragment of a female image holding a vajraor thunderbolt, and thus pre-
sumably Vajratara, a deity not previously represented in the Nalanda collection.
This image is anatomically normal, which is unusual in representations of
Vajiatara, who more often is portrayed as multi-armed and holding various
symbols, of which the wtyia is only one.

"Ariothei find of importance was a gold coin of Sasanka, king of Gauda,
(r. 60<MU9 A.D.), which was identified by Mr. R. D. Banerji of the Eastern
rircie This king, a zealous devotee of Siva, hated Buddhism, which he did
his best to destroy. It is recorded that he dug up and burnt the holy Bodhi
tree of Bodh Gay a, on which Asoka is reputed to have lavished inordinate
devotion ; broke the stone marked with the footprints of Buddha at Patali-
putra, destroyed the convents and scattered the monks, carrying his persecu-
tions to the foot of the Nepalewe hills.

" There can be little doubt that Nalanda, in common with other Buddhist
centres in Magadha, suffered devastation at his hands ; though his coin,
recovered from the ruins of a monaatry here, was found at too high
a level (some three feet below the ground surface) for its presence to be
associated with his period. It can have come here only several centuries after
his death."

" There are, in Burma, three small museums attached to the Archaeological
Department, mz., (1) at Mandalay located in one of the apartments on the
Mons. Charles p a l ftc e platform ; (2) at Pagan, and (3) at Hmawza (Old Prome). The Palace
16 * Museum at Mandalay was designed mainly for the exhibition of objects belong-
ing to the former Royal family, the high officers of state and others connected
with the Burmese court No new exhibits have been added to those already
in that Museum during the year under report; but it is proposed next year
to hang enlargements of photographs of the late Burmese kings, queens, princes,
princesses and of some personages closely connected with the history of the
latter years of the last Burmese dynasty. The Museum at Hmawza is at
present merely a store-house of important archaeological finds made in the
course of excavations there. During the year under report most of the objects
discovered in the course of excavations have been deposited in it. They
consist of stone sculptures, earthen funeral urns, ornamental bricks, etc. Owing
to lack of room for the proper display and exhibition of finds, the Museum
at Pagan is now in little better a state than the one at Hmawza, and the objects
discovered during the last few years have had to be placed in a room which
had been reserved for the museum office. The finds made this year, which
date from the llth to the 17th centuries A.D., number 41 in all and comprise
7 images of the Buddha in wood, 14 in stone, two stone pedestals, one stone
ring forming part of a funeral urn and 17 enamelled terracotta plaques.
An estimate amounting to Rs. 24,409 for the extension of this museum
was prepared some years ago, but is still outstanding and it is feared that funds
will not be available for the work to be put in hand for yet a few years
to come."

137 OFFICERS ON SPECIAL DUTY

SECTION V.

OFFICERS ON SPECIAL DUTY.

Sir Aurel Stein towards the close of the financial year 1923-24 was granted Sir Aurel
six months' leave, and he utilized the first half of it for a tour intended to te n 8 wor
serve archaeological interests in the Near East. The first month was spent
in visiting ancient sites of Egypt between Cairo and Aswan. He also devoted
attention to the abundant remains of the Hellenistic and Early Christian period
to be found in the Egyptian and Coptic Museums at Cairo.

The opportunity offered by an archaeological survey conducted by
Sir Alexander Kennedy at Petru subsequently enabled him to make
a short but very instructive stay at thin famous site in the extreme
north-west corner of King Husain's Arabian kingdom. After seeing a few
ancient sites of Trans- Jordan he proceeded to Syria where a series of
historical sites between Byblos on the Mediterranean and the ruined city of
Bostra near the Jebel Drus were visited. Particularly interesting was a tour
undertaken subsequently from Aleppo to Antioch across the barren hill ranges
of Northern Syria. It enabled him to become acquainted with extensive
remains of the Hellenistic and Early Byzantine periods surviving at a consi-
derable number of sites, some of which do not appear to have ever been
systematically surveyed.

Finally, travelling by the Anatolian railway, he visited Konia with its
important Muhammadan structures of Seljuk times. A somewhat longer stay
at Constantinople Was devoted mainly to the inspection of the remains of
Byzantine architecture and to the study of the Hellenistic and later antiquities
in the great collection of the National Turkish Museum.

A period of deputation to England had been previously sanctioned by
the Government of India and the Secretary of State for the purpose of .enabling
Sir Aurel Stein to attend to the manifold tasks connected with the publication
of his Innermost Asia, the detailed report on the results of his third
Central-Asian Expedition. Starting work at the close of May 1924 he was
first occupied in the arrangement at the British Museum of that portion of his
third collection of antiquities which had been temporarily transferred with a
view to the reproduction in England of all objects apart from wall paintings
claiming special antiquarian interest. This task, mainly through the assiduous
help by Mr. F. H. Andrews, was completed by June. The following three
months were claimed by the selection of representative specimens and their
photographic reproduction in carefully arranged plates. The total number of
plates prepared, partly by three colour process, partly in monotone, amounts
to 140. Much labour was involved also in selecting and preparing materials
for some 500 illustrations from photographs of sites, topographical features,
etc., taken on those protracted explorations*

Simultaneously Sir Aurel was occupied with the preparation of a lecture
which was intended to furnish a general survey of the facts which determined

OFFICERS ON SPECIAL DUTY

138

Sir Aurel
Stein's work

Mr. F. H.
Andrew's
work

Mr. Sana
Ullah

the important r&e played by Chinese Turkistan as the great passage land
for the early intercourse between the Far East on the one aide and India
and tho Classical "West on the other. This lecture, entitled " Innermost Asia :
its Geography as Factor in History," was delivered before the Royal Geogra-
phical Society in Novembei, and has since been published filling, m its ex-
panded form, rS payes in the Geographical Journal for May and Juno, 1925.

During the hubtwquejit portion of the official year, Sir Aurel Stein occupied
himself in work on the proofs of plates and other illustrative materials required
for Innermost Asia and by a final revision of the text, which is likely to
fill about a thousand pages of Royal quarto in volumes corresponding to those
of his fienndfa. The printing of the text has been steadily carried on at the
Oxford Umveisity Press since February, about 400 pages having since passed
into type.

Work on the Central-Asian Wall Paintings in the temporary Museum at
Raibina, Delhi, was resumed in the last week of October, 1924. During the
cold weather tho erection of wall-cases and other fittings required for the
protection of the pictures was continued.

The mounting of all pictures on aluminium frames was completed and a
number of smaller fragments were treated and set in plaster. Some extremely
interesting fragments from Sistan presented great difficulties due to the coarse-
ness of the material on which they are painted, the broken condition of the
pieces and the ravages of white ants in antiquity. The considerable time
occupied in successfully mounting these examples was fully justified by reason
of their archaeological and artistic interest as they exhibit characteristics different
to those of the Central-Asian schools.

Further progress was made towards the reconstruction of the painted
domed ceiling from Toyuk. This work is not completed and presents several
difficulties still to be overcome. An iron framework was constructed on which
to mount the fragments of dado from the circular shrine at Miran (M. 8.).
The sections comprising the dado required each to be curved and involved
the making of preliminary experiments before a successful method was evolved.

Ceiling pieces from Bezeklik and Toyuk were set up in places specially
designed and constructed for them in the arched openings connecting the
exhibition galleries. Tentative experiments were made with various types of
frames to surround the larger pictures, and schemes for the fixing of a suitable
background to the wall cases Were tried.

On the whole the season was a busy one and satisfactory progress was
made.

SECTION VI.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMIST.

The Archaeological Chemist reports that "during the year under review
2,822 antiquities of various lands were treated by me, I had alao to under-
take a considerable amount of chemical analysis for the elucidation of the

139 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMIST

-composition and technique of a number of ancient objects. Noteworthy among Mr. Sana
these were faience objects (e.g., bangles, beads and vases) found at llarappa
and Mohenj o-daro. This faience has a fine granular body and is bluish-green
white or violet in colour and appears to have been made by mixing fine
white sand, clay and a copper frit in suitable proportions, and firing the
moulded and dried objects to a high temperature. The analysis of a light green
bangle from Mohenjo-daro gave -Si O 2 , 88-12; P a O fi , ml; Al a O 8 , 3*02; Fe,
O a , 1-82; CaO, 1-26; MgO, nil ; Na a O, 4-M) ; K a O, 0-65; CuO, 0-46. It
is interesting to note that its composition approximates closely that of an
Egyptian funeral statuette, discovered at Saggarah (Memphis) by M. de Morgan. 1
This is the first clear evidence of the existence of faience m India at a very
early period. Other objects of interest examined by me were steatite seals,
gypsum crystal and contents of funeral urns from Mohenj o-daro; asphalt
coating from the statues in the Elephaiita Caves ; c nnzaffo ' from the frescoes
at Bagh ; decayed stone and terracotta, etc.

" Fragments of a deep blue long-necked glass flask from the Taj Museum,
Agra, and a deep blue glaze from a tile excavated at the Qutb, Delhi, both
belonging, probably, to the late Mughal period, were also analysed and the
results are as tabulated below:--

SiO, AlgO, Fe,O, CaO MgO GuO Na,O Total.

Blueflaak 6015 1026 1-49 3*27 2-83 1-33 2067 100-00

Bine glaze 71-88 5-47 1-88 2-28 0-05 0*61 1783 100-00

The high proportion of alumina in the flask is significant and it was pro-
bably introduced intentionally in the form of feldspar. A certain proportion
of alumina facilitates the working of glass in fire and renders it resistant to
sudden changes of temperature, but the amount contained in the flask is
excessive and makes it unsuitable for heating purposes."

Last year Kao Bahadur Krishna Sastri, Government Epigiaphist, drew
attention to the decayed condition of the Nanaghat inscription in the Bombay
Presidency and Mr. Sana Ullah was instructed to inspect it and to suggest
measures for the protection of the inscription against further decay. He
writes that " the rock which bears this inscription is a hemi-cryatalkne augite-
basalt, locally known as ' trap/ It disintegrates gradually under the solvent
action of rain water on its constituent minerals, and by the process of oxida-
tion. The aqueous extract of the decomposed rock was practically free from
soluble salts and contained only traces of sodium chloride. The walls of the
cave on which the inscription has been cut, have, in places, developed cracks,
thus facilitating the infiltration of water. Also, the crumbling of the entrance
permits of rain-water reaching some of the wall." Mr. Sana ITUah'd scheme

Th reralta of La Ghtdir' analysis of the Egyptian funeral statuette are those : -SiO,, 88*6 ; Al, O r 1 -4
Fo.O,, 0* s OaO, *1 i CuO, 1-7 ; Na,O, 5 8 ; (Oompt. Rend. 1899, VoL CXXIX, p. 387).

ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMIST 140

consists essentially in (a) repairing and strengthening the damaged parts with
Portland cement, (b) stopping cracks with the same material; (c) providing a
dnppirg channel at the entrance and (d) impregnating the surface with paraffin
paste in order to render it impervious to moisture. These operations are
now in hand.

Another case of deterioration in a stone monument referred to Mi. Sana
Ullah lor cidvice was that of the temple of Mahadeo at Dhotra (District
linldanu) The stone of which the temple is built, is a coarse-grained highly
ferruginous sandstone. Paraffin paste has also been recommended for thia
monument.

Some of the terracotta figures in niches at the monasteries of Jaulian and
Molira Moradu at Taxila have recently shown signs ol disintegration. Originally,
these figures were of clay strengthened with vegetable fibres, but they have
become more or less burnt by a subsequent conflagration. The area is free
from saltpetre and the figures are well protected against rain. The Archaeo-
logical Chemist, who tested the decayed specimens, writes that "they are
free from chlorides and nitrates but are charged with small amounts of sodium
sulphate. Tt is well known that sodium sulphate effloresces in a dry atmosphere
and liquefies by the absorption of moisture in wet weather. It is also obvious
that the colloidal constituents present in this material will swell by the absorp-
tion of water from the solution of sodium sulphate and contract from loss
of water in dry weather. Both of these processes repeated indefinitely result
in the disintegration of the material. The pulpy condition of the decaying
parts supports this view. Sodium sulphate was obviously present in the soil
under which these figures were lying buried before their excavation, and found
its way into them through the infiltration of rain water charged with this
salt. I have treated the affected figures with baryta water in order to fix
the sulphuric acid. The excess of the baryta will eventually be carbonated
and serve as a harmless binder. Tt is proposed to impregnate them with ' cell on'
later on/'

Mr. Sana Ullah paid a visit to Mohenjo-daro in order to make suitable
arrangements at the site for the treatment of those antiquities which could
not safely be transported to his laboratory at Dehra Dun. The soil at this
place being heavily saturated with saltpetre, objects of stone, pottery and
terracotta cannot be allowed to remain untreated safely even for a couple
of days. He finished the preservation of a number of seals and other valuable
antiquities during his stay there.

He has designed a small lethal chamber for killing insects with hydrocyanic
acid in books and manuscripts; it is hoped that it will be handy in libraries,
record rooms or museums.

Apart from officers of the Archaeological Department who invariably consult
him on matters respecting the preservation and technique of antiquities, Curators
of museums and sometimes private collectors are appreciating the value ot
Mr. Sana Ullah 'B methods and have sought his advice and help on several

141 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMIST

NOTE No, 1. Mr; Sana

Ullah

Recipes for the Cleaning of Copper, Bronze and Silver objects.

Kreyf ting's zinc and caustic soda method and dilute sulphuric acid (3-4
per cent.) are useful for cleaning superficially oxidized copper and bronze, but
both are disastrous if employed for deeply or completely corroded objects.
It is, therefore, recommended that the above methods be employed as little
as possible and that the following, which are safer and more reliable be
adopted :

Copper and bronze.-- (a) Rochelle salt 3 parts, caustic soda 1 part, water
20 parts. This was recommended by Scott and gives good results. (6) Tartarie
acid 1 part, caustic soda 1 part, water 10 parts. Thie is as good as (a)
but somewhat quicker in action and much cheaper.

Bed stains of cuprous oxide left after treatment with the above solutions
may be removed by immersion in dilute ammonia solution, to which a little
sodium sulphite has been added, in a well covered vessel.

Silver. Superficially oxidized silver coins may be treated in the following
manner. Place the coins between two sheets of perforated zinc sheet in a
porcelain vessel ; fill it up with plain water and add a few drops of strong
acetic acid. Examine after 3-4 hours or leave it over night. Silver alloyed
with copper should be treated by the methods given for that metal.

After cleaning, the objects should be washed several times with plain water
and finally with distilled water until the washing gives only a faint opalescence
with a few drops of silver nitrate solution acidified with nitric acid. 1 Finally,
they should be dried and impregnated in molten paraffin wax (M. P. 166-
170 F.).

NOTE No. 2.

Paraffin Paste Treatment for the Preservation of Decaying Stone.

Stones of all kinds yield, in various degrees, to the solvent action of rain
water which is aided by the chemical actions of oxygen and carbonic acid
which the water holds in solution. The best plan, therefore, in order to check
the disintegration of stone by these agencies, would be to render the surface
impervious to water. This can be accomplished by the impregnation of the
Btone surface with paramn wax which is neither affected by these atmospheric
influences, nor has any deleterious action on the stone itself.

Paramn wax recommended for this purpose should be the hardest available
(M. P. 165-170 F.). It is dissolved in a suitable volatile solvent to form
a solution or paste which can conveniently be applied to the stone surface
by means of a paint brush. After a time the volatile solvent evaporates
away leaving behind solid paraffin wax.

Thw meant m*y be prepwed by diwolving 6 gramme* of diver nftmte erycteb in 600 o. o. of distilled water,
nd Adding 10 o. c. of fteong nitric wad to it. It should be kept in brown stoppered bottle*

ABOHJBOLOGICAL CHEMIST

142

Mr. Sana

Ullah

Northern
Circle

Mr. Prayag
Dayal
(Secretary,
Coin Com-
mittee)

United
Provinces

Preparation of Paraffin Paste. Melt 1 Ib. of hard paraffin wax (M. P.
165-170 F) 1 and | oz. of bees-wax in a metal vessel over a gentle fire and
pour gradually into one gallon of petrol. Finally add 1 oz. of spirit of
turpentine and shake well.

Precautions. Keep in a well stoppered can or drum. Owing to the petrol
the paste is highly inflammable and should, therefore, be kept, away from
fire.

7,sv. If the mixture is not clear, make it so by placing the can in warm
water. Pour out a small quantity at a time into a tin and apply with a
paint brush. Repeat until the surface absorbs no more of it. If after a
few minutes any superfluous paste remains on the surface, it should be wiped
off with a cloth.

For the success of this treatment it is essential that the stone surface
should be quite dry and the treatment should therefore be carried out in the
hot and dry weather. If the building is in need of repairs or conservation
measures, which will necessitate wettmg the surface, they should be earned
out beforehand and the masonry be allowed to become quite dry before the
Paraffin Paste treatment is applied. Otherwise, the paate will not penetrate
deeply and even disfigurement may result.

This treatment is not applicable to those monuments which are badly
affected with saltpetre or are situated where the rain-fall is so frequent that
they do not get a chance to become sufficiently dry.

SECTION VII.

TREASURE TROVE.

The Curator of Hie Lucknow Provincial Museum lias supplied me with the
following information in regard to finds of coins in the United Provinces.

" During the year eighteen finds of coins from the districts of Barida, Basti,
Farrukhabad, Gorakhpur (2), Hardoi, Kheri (3), Lucknow (2), Meerut, Mirzapur,
Moradabad, Rae Bareli, Shahjahanpur, Sitapur and Sultanpur were dealt with
by the Secretary and detailed reports on each submitted to Government. The
total number of coins examined was 1084, comprising 12 gold, 830 silver, 181
billon and 61 copper. They covered various types struck in the 5th or 6th
century A.D. down to those of the Hon'ble the East India Company struck
in the 19th century. The most interesting find of the year was a Hoard of
101 silver Mughal coins from Basti district which yielded a rare rupee of Far-
rukhsiyar (mint Bijapur) and another of Muhammad Shah (mint Muazzama-
bad). The next best was a find of 10 silver pieces from Sitapur District which
contained three coins of Hoseyn Baikara, a descendant of Timur, of mints
Herat and Astarabad. This is probably the first time that such coins have
been discovered in the United Provinces."

1 Paraffin wax of the above specification can be had from the British Drag HOUMM Ltd., 1630, Graham Street*
London, N. 1.

143 TREASURE TROVE

' In view of the circulation by the Education Department of the note Frontier
on Treasure Trove referred to in the Annual Report for 1921-22, it is dis-Ci^te
appointing to have to report that Treasure Trove is still but rarely reported J^ r * H *
in the North- West Frontier Province. ^

" A find recovered in the spring of 1924 at village Sarpanna, Ilazara Dis- frontier
trict, and said to have consisted of 7] * rupees' and two copper coins was Province
sold to a goldsmith at Dhamtaur for Rs. 64-11-6, by whom they were melted
and turned into jewellery before information reached the civil authorities. It
Was then too late to take any effective measures and it seemed inadvisable to
take action under Section 20 of the Treasure Trove Act as the finder was an
ignorant peasant.

" The Deputy Commissioner, Peshawar, reports that on or about the 1st
of February 1925 four seers of copper coins were found in a mound between
Turlandi and Naudeh in the Mardan Tahail of the Peshawar District. These
coins are stated to be with Umar Khan of Kalu Khan who has given security
under Section 4 of the Act. Five specimens were sent for examination and
received while in camp in Baluchistan and these were all Kushan coins and
possibly all are of the wame period. It has been recommended that the hoard
be acquired under the Treasure Trove Act."

" In the Punjab only one find of 70 silver coins was reported by the Punjab
Deputy Commissioner, Gurdaspur. These were found in an earthen pot in vil- Mr - Madho
lage Kot Bhatta of the Gurdaspur District and were disclosed by a flood in
the River Ravi. The find consisted of 43 Sikh coins, 2 of Aurangzeb, 1 of
Shah Alam I, 4 of Farrukhsiyar, 19 of Muhammad Shah and 1 of Alamgir
II. It is proposed to acquire two of these coins, including an unpublished
rupee of Farrukhsiyar of the Kabul Mint for the Lahore Museum and return
the others, as being of no special interest, to the finder."

" The Secretary to the Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch, to whom Western
all treasure trove coins found in the Bombay Presidency are forwarded for exa- Circle
mination and distribution, reports that 5 gold, 3,018 silver and 1,828 copper JfcJ^ N *
coins were received by the Society during the year from five places, 2 of which Bombay
are situated in East Khandesh, 1 in West Khandesh, 1 in Satara and 1 in Presidency
Thana.

" Two cases of treasure trove were referred by the Government of Bom-
bay to the Archaeological Superintendent during the year. One find con-
sisted of a bronze image of the Jaina Tirthankar, Santinatha, which was found
in a field at Chahardi, Taluka Chopda, District East Khandesh. The image
was inspected by Mr. Chandra, the Assistant Superintendent, and was recom-
mended for acquisition ^ m s sieges? 011 - ** 2 ' * n ne ig nt an( * weighs 12
seers and represents ^ ne Jina named J^ 6 ' witn a number of smaller figures.
The central figure is 9J" in height a? d stands on a lotus seat with hands
stretching dow- n to the knees. The anf^P 68 ' tlle cognizance of the patriarch,

are carved -on the pedestal of the imatf 3 Tne diamond-shaped mark on the
breast of the ^Q ^ j^^ ^ iih ^d the eys with silver The remain-

ing twenty-three ' xthankaras are shown ifc relief on the Prabhavali background

TBEA8UBE TROVE

144

Western
Circle
Mr. K. N.
DUuhit

Central Circle
Mr.J.A. '
Pafte

Bihar and
Orissa

in the attitude of meditation, prominence being given to Parsvanatha in the
centre of the top row. The rest of the sculpture is occupied by two standing
male attendants holding fly-whisks on either side of the central image and two
other figures, one male and one female, seated on lotuses issuing from the
stem of the Jot us throne. The dedicatory inscription on the back and the style
of execution of the image show that it must be assigned to the end of the
tenth century A.D. The image is being acquired under the Treasure Trove Act
and will be preserved in the Prince of Wales Museum of Western India.

" The other find of treasure trove which was reported by the Collector
of Thana consisted of 410 silver coins enclosed in a copper pot, the corroded
remnants of which were sent to me for examination along with 3 specimen
coins, a silver ring and two pieces of the inset coloured stone. The hoard was
discovered in a Municipal gutter in the town of Thana. The 3 coins were
issued by Prince Chittaraja of the Silahara dynasty who ruled northern Kon-
kan in the first half of the eleventh century A.D. As Thana is known to
have been the capital of these kings it is but natural that the treasure trove
has been found within the limits of the town of Thana. The entire hoard
being of sufficient archaeological importance, has been recommended for acqui-
sition by Government and distribution in the usual manner."

" Particulars of four finds of treasure trove that proved to be of numis-
matic value have been received in the Central Circle in the year under re-
view. They were examined by Rai Sahib Manoranjan Ghosh, Curator of the
Patna Museum, who recommended the acquisition of them all for the coin
cabinet.

" One of the finds consisted 01 2 gold coins found at Dumrai, P. S. Mas-
rakh in the Saran District. Both of these bear on the obverse the legend
srimad-gangeva-deva in bold characters, and on the reverse a nimbate goddess
seated cross-legged. It has not been possible to identify these coins.

" Another find was made at Shahjahanpur in the Patna District. This
was a collection of 18 gold raohars. The finders, twelve m number, concealed
their discovery, but it reached the ears of the police through the village chau-
kidar. Only five of the coins have been surrendered so far, and these
the Kai Sahib pronounces to be of Chandragupta II ; one, of Chhattra type,
being very rare and another, of Archer type, unique. The Collector has duly
taken proceedings under the Treasure Trove Act for the recovery of the
remaining coins.

"A third find, made at Misian, also in the Patna District, consisted of a
dibba containing 314 large silver coins, six smaller coins, one gold mohar, and
four yellow metal rings. The gold coin pro$cf^tt *>e of Akbar (Agra
Mint), dated 970 Hijra and very r^ re> Of the &^ Iver > which were in
rupees and half-rupees, the greater niu% er were issues o/ /A-urangzeb mostly
from the Patna Mint, four among them being coined at Azimabad and
one at Gwalior, this last being ver y rarc . Shah AlaU* Bahadur,
Farrukhsiyar, and Alamgir II a^ represented ii^ the collection,
all these coins being from ^ e Ajrimabad Mint, and v >rare. A

146 TREASURE TROVE

number of these coins of which duplicates exist in the Patna Museum cabinet Central Circle
will be distributed among other Museums.

" The fourth find also came from the Patna District, from Rajgir. This
was a gold coin of Ruknu-d-diu Barbak (1459-1474 A.D.) of Bengal. Silver
coins of this type exist, but in gold it is unique. 1 '

" A bronze image of the ten-armed Durga was found in clearing an old well Eastern Circle
belonging to Lakshminarayan Thakur of Tinsukia in the Lakhimpur district JJjJ
of Assam. A case was instituted against the gentleman under Act VI of 1878,
but the decision had not been communicated to the Superintendent of the
Eastern Circle up to the end of the year under review."

SECTION VIII.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

SIR AURKL STEIN** THIRD CENTRAL- ASIAN EXPEDITION.

(By Sir Aurel Stein, K.C.I. E., F B.A., Ph.D., Litt.D., A Ate.)

At an exhibition lately held at the British Museum, was shown a small selec- Third Central-
tion from the archaeological objects brought back by Sir Aurel Stem from his third Asian
Central-Asian expedition which led him, during the years 1913-16, over great por- Expedition
tioiis of Eastern Turkestan and Westernmost China, and, towards its end, was Sl ln ura
extended across the Pamir region to North-Eastern Persia. The expedition
was carried out under the orders and at the expense o the Indian (Jrovern-
ment, which, through the Survey Department, has published the topogiaphical
results of the expedition in an atlas of forty-seven maps on the scale of 1 :
500,000. A sketch map, compiled for the Boyal Geographical Society, mainly
from these surveys illustrates the essential geographical features of the vast
area visited in innermost Asia. Among the archaeological proceeds of the ex-
pedition, ail the property of the Indian Grovernment, is a large collection of
wall paintings from ruined Buddhist shrines ; this has been set up at Kaisinu,
Delhi, in a temporary building designed for its reception. Specimens from the
more portable antiquities Were temporarily taken to the British Museum to
be reproduced in the plates of Innermost Asm, Sir Aurel Stein's detailed report
on his third expedition, now being printed at the Oxford University Press.
A preliminary account of its results was published in the Geographical Journal,
vol. xlviii.

After reaching the Tarim basin from Kashmir the expedition crossed the
great desert of the Taklamakan to Khotan, and thence proceeded to visit the
sites of ancient oases eastwards, abandoned to the desert between the third and
ninth centuries A.D. The remains ol relievos in stucco and wood, painted
panels, and other objects of decorative art obtained from ruins of Buddhist
shrines at those sites (Domoko, KadukhJk.61, etc.) belong mainly to T'ang time*.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

146

p <v
Xp 1 100

Sir Aurel
Stein

Third Central- They illustrate the predominance of the Graeco-Buddhisfc style developed under
Hellenistic influences on the north-west confines of India and transplanted to

Ctentral Asia along with Buddhist doctrine and Indian literary culture since

.1 i . . ,

the early centuries of our era.

Towards the close of the second century B.C. trade intercourse between
China and Western Asia was first opened through the Tftrlm basin. Soon fol-
lowed by political penetration, it caused Chinese influence to be widely felt
there in many aspects of material civilization. This is most strikingly illus-
trated by the discoveries made in the area of ancient Lou-Ian, now represented
by the wholly waterless wind-eroded desert to the north of Lop-nOr. Through
it and the salt-encrusted wastes of a great pre-historic sea -bed extending east-
wards, there had passed the earliest route followed by the caravans which
carried the silk fabrics of China, the famous products of the ancient Seres,
into Central Asia, and thus brought them within reach of the classical West.

By exploring grave pits into which remains of earlier Chinese burials had
been collected by pious hands before this route became impassable through the
drying up of the Kuruk-daryS river and the consequent abandonment of Lou-
Ian early in the fourth century A.D., Sir Aurel Stein recovered numerous arid
very interesting Chinese silk fabrics, dating probably between the 1st century
B.C. and 2nd century A.D. They belonged to old garments which, in accord-
ance with an early Chinese burial custom, had bee i used for the tight warp-
ping up of bodies of Chinese travellers, traders or soldiers, who had died on
their way along the forbidding desert route described by the Han Annalists.
The specimens of fine figured silks found among them, both polychrome and
damasks, prove the high degree of perfection attained by ancient Chinese tex-
tile art. The graceful designs of these earliest known silk fabrics, fortunately
preserved by the extreme aridity of the climate, open up a new chapter in
the history of Chinese decorative art. The identical grave pits have yielded
a number of fragments of woollen tapestries, unmistakably Hellenistic in style,
such as the fine piece showing a Hermes-like head with caduceus by its side
Their association with those early Chinese figured silks is a striking illustra-
tion of that interpenetratiou of art influences from the classical West and the
Far East, of which that distant passage land of innermost Asia had been the
scene tor centuries. Other sepulchral deposits, partly of the indigenous popula-
tion, acquaint us with aspects of the daily life which the Lou-Ian tract wit-
nessed before its abandonment.

Wind-erosion has unceasingly worn down this ground, unprotected by vege-
tation since water ceased to reach it. Hence there could be picked up in
plenty ou the surface in different parts of the Lop Desert stone implements,
mainly of a primitive type suggesting use by a pigmy race. Certain well-
preserved burials indicate that even during the historical period the scanty
population of indigenous hunters and fishermen had not emerged very far from
the conditions of neolithic life.

From the delta of the dried-up river Sir Aurel Stein traced the ancient
Chinese trade route across the salt-encrusted bed of the pre-historic sea and

147 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

its utterly barren shores. The line followed by it was all through historical Third Central*
times wholly devoid of water and vegetation for a direct distance of more Asian
than a hundred miles. Among the relics left behind by the traffic which gf Allw i
.had toiled through this wilderness were some two hundred odd Chinese copper g te | n
coins and bronze arrows. They were picked up on the surface beyond the
last watch tower on the Lou-Ian side, lying in a line just as they had succes-
sively dropped from a bag or box carried by some military convoy of Han
times.

On reaching the terminal basin of the Su-lo-ho to the east the explora-
tion of the Chinese Limes constructed about 102 B.C. for the protection of
the route into Central Asia was resumed. Its abandoned watch -stations yield-
ed relics of the life led by the soldiers guarding this desolate border, includ-
ing many Chinese documents on wood of the 1st century before and after
Christ. From the sacred site of the *' Thousand Buddhas' Caves " south of
Tun-huang, there were recovered some five hundred well-preserved Chinese manu-
script rolls, mostly Buddhist, dating from the 5th to the 9th century A.I).,
and belonging to the great cache to which Sir Aurel Stein had first secured
access on his previous expedition.

The exploration of the Chinese Limes were extended eastwards for a total
distance of about four hundred rmles, mostly desert. Then descending the
Etsm-gol river into southernmost Mongolia, the Khara-khoto site, first discovered
by Colonel Kozloff, was visited. Its rums yielded interesting remains, dating
from the Tangut dominion (12th-13th cent.) and including numerous block-
prints and manusciipt remains in Hai-hsia and Tibetan, besides stucco relievos,
decorated ceramics, etc. In the course of the surveys carried during the sum-
mer of 1914 into the Nan-shan mountains there were obtained from Buddhist
shrines at Ma-ti-ssu specimens of stucco relievos and wood-carvings dating from
the Sung and Ming periods.

A two months' journey in the autumn of 1914 through unexplored portions
of the barren Pei-shan hills and along the easternmost T'ien-shan brought the
expedition back to Chinese Turkestan for a winter's work in the depression of
Turffin. The cave shrines near Murtuk yielded a large collection of fine wall
paintings of the Uigur period, now safely set up at Delhi. From the much-
exploited ruins of the Uigur capital at Kara-khOja there was recovered, inter
aha, an interesting cache of miscellaneous metal objects.

Particularly instructive finds rewarded the systematic exploration of a large
series of tombs in an ancient cemetery adjoining the present village of Astfina.
The extreme aridity of the climate had assured excellent preservation to the
remains of burials dating, as proved by Chinese inscriptions on bricks, from
the 7th and early 8th centuries A.D. Here, too, the bodies were found wrap-
ped in pieces of old garments, and these provided an abundant collection of
ancient textiles, mainly silk, very often figured or embroidered. Among the
decorated silk fabrics a considerable number show patterns of unmistakable
" Sasanian " type, clearly pointiug to manufacture in Eastern Irftn or even
nearer to the Mediterranean. The part then played by Chinese Turkestan in

M1SOKLLAKEOUS NOTES 148

Third Central- the cultural exchange between East and West is strikingly illustrated by the
E ned'f ***** *^ at Byzantine 8^ coins were found placed in the mouths, and Sasa-

SlrAwel* n * an S ^ Ver c0 " 18 over ^ e eyes> * ^ e dea< *'

Stein The sepulchral deposits comprise numerous stucco figurines of men and

women, horses and other animals , models of household furniture, clothing, etc.,
all meant to symbolize provision made in true Chinese fashion for the future
life of the departed. Coarsely painted paper pictures show them enjoying such
comforts as they were accustomed to in life. Stucco figures of monsters re-
present guardian demons (t'u-fatei). Of food offerings deposited with the dead
the variety of carefully made and remarkably Well-preserved pastry deserve
special notice. Among objects of actual personal use buried with the dead,
toilet baskets containing combs, mirrors, cosmetics, etc., of two ladies may
be mentioned. To the plundering which must of the tomb chambers had under-
gone is due the fragmentary condition of a fine specimen of secular Chinese
painting, dating from the beginning of the 8th century.

The spring of 19 15 was occupied by surveys mthe barren hill region of the
"Dry Mountumb " and supplementary explorations in the Lop Desert. A journey
of close on 900 miles, utilized also for a,rcha>ological work at sites around the
oasis of KuchS, brought the expedition back to Kashgar by June, 1915. Thence
the long and difficult transport of the antiquities across the high passes of the
K un-lun and Karu-koram (18,300 feet above sea) to Kashmir was safely ac-
complished under the Indian Surveyors' supervision. Sir Aurel Stem himself
subsequently visited extensive portions of the Russian Pamirs and the adjacent
high valleys of the Oxus. While studying there the historical geography (and
ancient sites) of si region through which led cit least t\vo of the main routes
once serving the mt whmige of the ancient civilization of China, India, and the
classical West, he at-quned from an old dwelling in Kosh&n a well-carved
wooden window. Ife subsequent!) proceeded <va Samarkand and Bukhara to
north-eastern Persia, and, alter travelling along the Perso-Afghan border, reached
Sistftn in December, 1915.

During the rapid examination of the numerous ruined sites to be found
there remains of interesting wall paintings were brought to light in the ruins
of a large sanctuary of Sasanian times on the Koh-i-Khwftja hill In the water-
less desert south of the present cultivated area wind erosion has produced
conditions exactly corresponding to those seen in the dried-up delta of Lop.
The erowon terraces rising above the bare plains were found to be thickly
covered with prehistoric remains, consisting largely of fragments of painted
pottery. The association of these with stone implements of the Neolithic period
is of particular interest, because exactly the same type of painted pottery has
been brought to light in such widely separated places as certain Mesopotamian
sites, the " Kurghan " mounds of Anau (Transoaspia), and quite recently by
Dr. Anderson's explorations in Kanau. The remarkably wide extent of the
prehistoric civilisation represented by these remains is bound to attract inciean-
ing attention among students of early Asiatic civilization.

149 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

A MATHURA IMAGE OF THE NAGA DADHIKARNNA OF THE KUSHAN PERIOD. A Mathura

image of the
(Bu Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, M.A.) Naga Dadhi-

. karnna of
The tree and the serpent have been objects of religious worship from time ^ e K us || n

immemorial, Several seals found at Mohenjo-daro and Harappa testify to the period
veneration paid to the pipal tree in the third or the fourth millennium B.C. Rai Bahadur
In the year 1924-25 when I was engaged in the exploration of the ancient g * m
remains at Harappa, I acquired from a villager a terracotta serpent (Naga)
which had been found by him in the said ruins and dates from the same early
period. Coming to later times, we find the worship of nagas mentioned m
the Gnhyasutras, and the Mahabharata and other Sanskrit works give long
lists of serpent deities chief among whom were Vasuki, Sesha and Takshaka.
With the Buddhists they were peculiarly sacred owing obviously to their inti-
mate association with several important events of the life of Gautama Buddha-.
It was two Nagas, Wanda and Upanamla, who gave the infant Buddha a mira-
culous bath immediately after his birth. It was a Naga, too, named Muchalmda,
who protected the Master from ram by extending his broad hood over hin
head after his enlightenment at (Java. The railing around the Bharliut stupa
is adorned with inscribed figures ot the Naga Chakavaka and there are several
representations 111 the Gandhara sculptures in the Peshawar Museum ot the
conversion of the Naga Apalala by the Buddha. Dr. Vogel 1 has sho\vn tin 1
existence of a widespread Naga worship at Mathura jn ancient times and
the Archaeological Museum at that place contains several large-sized statues
of Naga deities. Some of them bear no inscriptions while others are merely
described as Bhagava Naga or the Blessed Naga or Svaminaga, ' the lord,
Naga.' No images of any of the Nagas which have personal names assigned
to them in literature have, as far as 1 am aware, hitherto been found any-
where The little statuette of Dadhikarnna (ht., l()i", width oA") (Plate XL
()) which has recently been brought to light and presented to the Areha i o-
logical Department by Rai Bahadur Pandit liadha Krishna, Honorarv Curator
of the Museum of Archaeology at Mathura, is thus invested with unique im-
portance. The name of Dadhikarnna occurs in the ' Snake- spell ' (alunltu-muntra),
the daily prayer which is said to have been recited by Baladeva and Krishna,
and a shrine dedicated to him is also mentioned m a stone slab inscription
of the Kushana year 26 (>) now deposited in the Provincial Museum at Luck-
now. This slab was found in the Jamalpur mound now occupied by the Col-
lector's Court at Mathura which has been shown by Dr. Vogel to have been
the site of a vihara founded by Huvishka in the Kushana year 47. It i
also obvious, as stated by Dr. Vogel, that Huvishka chose this spot for his
sanctuary as it was already hallowed by the existence of a shrine of ' Nagendra
Dadhikarnna.' The image of this deity, however, which was worshipped in
this shrine has not yet been lound and Dr. Vogel hazarded the conjecture that
a Naga figure in the Lucknow Museum, which most probably came tiom the

Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India, Part II, for 1908-9, pp. 159 M*

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

150

A Mathura
image of the
Naga Dadhi-
karnna of
the Kushan
period

Rat Bahadur
Daya Ram
Sahnl

same mound as the inscription connected with the shrine of Dadhikarnna, might
have, been a later effigy of that same Naga who was worshipped on that spot.
This statue is engraved with u short inscription which, however, does not con-
tain the name of the deity The statuette which is the subject of this note
is clearly inscribed with the name Dadhikarnna on the base. The character
of the epigraph is the Brahmi of the late Kushana period and this must also
be the date of the statue The upper portion of the head of the image, which
is of the usual type met with at Mathura, together with the snake-hoods is
broken ofT ; for the rest it is in good preservation Whether this is the same
image us was worshipped in the shrine which stood nineteen hundred years
ago on the site now occupied by the Collector's Court is more than can be affirmed
at, present. But if it is not, it only shows that there must have been at
least one other sanctuary sacred to this deity at Mathura

Three

unidentified

Graxo-

Buddhist

reliefs

Mr. H.

Hargreaves

An attempt to
crush the Buddha
wider a huge
ttone

THRKE UNIDENTIFIED GRJECO-BUDDHIST RELIEFS.
(By Mr. H. Hargreaves.)

The three attempts of Devadatta to compass the death of the Buddha
by hired assassins, by hurling a huge stone, and by letting loose the enraged
elephant Nalagin are well known, hut representations of only the first and third
of these have hitherto been identified in Gandhara reliefs. Now among the
sculptures acquired this year from the Makkand Agency is a frieze (Plate
XXXIX (c)) the proper right panel of which depicts a scene lemimscent of
the representations of the attack by the hired assassins, but yet possessing
other and novel features, which render that identification impossible.

On the proper left of the panel three lightly clad men of the athletic,
bravo type endeavour to raise a ponderous columnar stone. Kight of this is
a similar figure, turning right with clasped hands behind a similar but vertical
stone, on the other side of which stands the Buddha, whose right hand like-
wise rests on this stone. Behind the Buddha stands a monk.

Were the oblique stone absent and a club placed in the hands 61 one of
the three figures we should have a scene resembling Nos. G.I 2, G.30 of the
Indian Museum, hitherto identified as the attack of the hired assassins. But
these figures in our relief, struggling with the huge stone seem rather to in-
dicate an attempt to crush the Buddha, for the vertical stone, which might
be mistaken for a wall, is almost certainly that which the three men endeavour
to raise on the left. To anyone acquainted with the conventions of the
school the fact that the two stones are not of the same length, will
present no difficulty, and if the cup marks on the sloping stone are no longer
traceable on the upright one this may be attributed to the damage of its
surface.

It therefore seems probable that we have here a unique representation of
the attempt to kill the Buddha by a stone. This scene has not, BO far, been
identified in Gandhara and to account for its absence it has been suggested
that it did not lend itself very readily to delineation. The accounts given of

151 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

this attack vary considerably 1 and the relief does not agree in detail with Three
any one of them, but the intention of the three men can hardly be mistaken unidentiflea

The question also arises whether the scenes hitherto identified as the attack gu^^jgi
of the hired assassins cannot be merely the second scene, as it were of tbiB re ]{ e f g
act of hurling the rock, for what has been taken to be a wall, might well Mr. H.
be merely the stone in its perpendicular position. The presence of the man Har * reave8
with the club may however serve to differentiate the two scenes, and their
likeness may be due merely to contamination and an attempt to link two acts
arising from the machinations of one person.

A second relief of equal interest and also emanating fi om the Swat Valley Buddha imtti
is that shown on Plate XXXIX (d). It is a frieze of two panels ^P^^
by an Indo-Cormthian pilaster on the shaft of which is a meditating Buddha
seated on a lotus.

The scene to the left showing Mara's attack is in no sense rare, but the
demon army is depicted with uncommon vigour and variety, and the presence
of one of Mara's daughters is worthy of note.

It is, however, the scene to the right to wliich attention is specially directed,
this being an unidentified and possibly unique representation We see the
Buddha accompanied by Vajrapani, turning left towards three crouching figures
whose hands and feet have seemingly been cut off, for the stumps of both
arms and legs project from their garments in gruesome and unmistakable fashion.
Between the Buddha and these three victims stands Indra who seems to hold
up with his right hand the garments of the nearest cripple. In the background
are three admiring or adoring figures.

The story would seem to deal with some cruel mutilation and require the
intervention not only of the Buddha but also of Sakra. The fate of the Sakya
maidens at the hands of the heartless and infuriated Virudhaka immediately
suggests itself, but the figures cannot all be identified with certainty as females
and, if we may believe Hiuan Tsang, the Buddha himself did not visit the
unfortunate girls but sent a bhikshu with his robe. 8 Moreover Sakra intervenes
only to collect their bones and, even then, m the guise of a Brahman.

The relief from its unusual and striking character cannot fail to excite
interest, and it is published in the hope that scholars m other fields of Bud-
dhist research may be able to identify it.

Among the scenes which the school of Gandhara completely remodelled as The Bath of the
a result of the direct representation of the Buddha is that of the " bath "
of the newly born Bodhisattva. Many reliefs of this scene are known
and in general they show the Bodhisattva standing on a three-legged stool
supported by two attendants while Indra and Brahma to his left and right
respectively, pour over him water from waterpots held by them high above
his head.

'Bed, flu*BWKHU. VoL I, p. lix, VoL U. p. 16* ; Hwdy Manual <tf Bvddkim, yp.320,383.
Bed, DwUMfl Jtaonfo, VoL II, pp. 11-12 } Cf. Bockbill, The life of ihe Bvddha, p. 121 where, however,
the intervention of Buddh* himself i* definitely stated.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

162

Three

unidentified

Grco-

Buddhist

reliefs

Mr.H.

Now it has been truly remarked 1 that this motive of the " bath " is one
of the few creations of this school that has had no success in later Indian
iconography, but u sculpt ure recently obtained from the Swat Valley shows,
however, that oven the school of Gandhara itself was not entirely content with
the India-Brahma motive and knew at least one other form of representation,
fn the relief now published as Plate XXXIX (e) and which, it is believed,
i a unique spec-mien, the infant Bodhisattva stands on the usual tripod, but
ludra and Brahma no longer hold the posts of honour, but concede these to
the two Nuga-rajaB, Nanda and Upananda, who holding themselves in the air
m symmetrical fashion pour down a stream of water from their mouths over
the newlv born child Of the figures in the background those to the left and
right ot the Bodhisattva appear to be Indra and Brahma. Hiuan Tsang's 2
iiccount of this event IK illuminating . " Moreover two dragons sprang forth,
and fixed in the air, poured down the one a cold, and the other a warm water
stream from //As mouth to wash the prince." Such might have been written
by one describing u relief like the very one m question.

These widelv different representations in the school of (iandhara of the
kt bath " may at first sight, appear surprising, but become less MO when it is
recalled that the Lahta Vtntata assigns this task of bathing the infant Bodbi-
aattva not only to ludra and Brahma, but also to the Nagas, Nanda and Upa-
iiand'i ah well as to "cent mille dieux." 8 As we have seen the Bodhinattva
bathed by Indra and Brahma, and no\\ by the Naga-rajas may we hope to
recover some dav a representation fiom (Jandhara showing this task of bath-
ing the infant entrusted to "one hundred thousand gods"' It IN to be feared
not.

But the interest in this relief does not finish with the recognition of a
second form ot the representation of the ' bath " or the identification of the
protagonist* It has heretofore been believed that it was only maleficent nagas
auoh as the black snake of Rajagriha or that in Kasyapa's fire temple which,
in this sc.hool, were represented in animal form. The relief under discussion
supported by that of the Naga Elapatra recovered at, Sahribahlol m 1912 by
Sir Aurel Stem comes to disprove that belief and it can no longer be safely
assumed that in this school the form of a nat;a reflects his character.

An Ancient
Slate Quarry
in the
Monghyr
District,
Bihar
Mr. J. A.
Page

AN ANCIENT SLATE QUARRY IN THE MONGHYR DISTRICT, BIHAR.

(By Mr J. A. Page, A.R.LB.A.)

A paragraph in the '* Statesman '* of the 17th July, 1924, announced the
discovery of a cave in the Monghyr District that had been formed through
quarrying operations undertaken in early times for the extraction of slate and
its manufacture into the platters known to Hindus as thaks. Enquiry of the

' > Fouchor, Uart grecn-bouddiquc du Oandhara, T, I, p. 310.

3 Beal, Buddhi* Record*, Vol. II, p. 24,
*Lalita Fwtara, TMIU, FOUOMIX, p. 86.
*4. S. L, 191M2. PI. XXXVni, fig. G.

153 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

District authorities elicited the information that this cave was located at An Ancient
Sitakohbar, near Paharpur, some 5 miles from Bariarpur Railway Station Slate Quarry
(E. I. Ey. Loop), on the property of Messrs, the Ambler Slate and Stone /^ Ol ,* nvr
Company, Ltd., who are working the locality for slate. District

The cave was visited by the Assistant Superintendent of the Central Circle Bihar
in April, 1925, and, as previously surmised, it proved to be a portion of an Mr *-A.
ancient slate quarry. It penetrates into the hill side some 180 feet, with
a width of some 60 feet, and its roof rises from 8 to 25 feet above the debris
that now forms the floor, the original level of which Was perhaps some 20 or
30 feet lower.

The principal old slate workings are confined to a bed 65 feet wide exposed
in a torrent cutting made by the Jalkund stream in the eastern flank of the
Kharagpur hills.

On the north bank of the stream the hill rises abruptly some 150 feet,
and this face has been terraced in early times in the working out of the slate
seam. The working in the topmost terrace appears in the better state of pre-
servation, the lower terrace now bemg buried under the talus of the old quarry -
men.

A series of levels have been driven by the old Workers along the " strike "
of the slate. One with about 20 feet of the roof still remaining is visible
at the top of the hill, its floor being buried in debris and chippings of slate.

In making a " drive " along the slate seam well under the above level,
Messrs. Ambler, who are now opening out these ancient quarries, broke into
a " heading " driven by the old quarrymen into the 65 feet seam of slate and
revealed the cave to which reference is made above.

This cave represents the mass of solid slate, of nearly 7 lakhs cubic feet,
extracted by the old workers, every piece of which was laboriously taken out
by hand with primitive iron chisels, some of which have been found in the
debris. The method of extraction was as follows : A groove about 2 to 3
inches deep Was first cut around the face of the slate outlining a portion some
18 inches by 12 inches, which was then split out. The process was repeated
until the extraction had been carried deep into the seam. In this way the
whole mass of the slate was finally removed perhaps after a century of conti-
nuous labour.

Many of the slates extracted Were made into platters or thalis, broken
pieces of which have been recovered from the debris in the caves.

The panelling work done in the extraction of the slate is remarkably
symmetrical, and the work was evidently carried out in a regular and methodical
manner, with the workers organised into separate gangs.

Judging by their intelligent layout of the working generally, and by the
way they availed themselves of the natural jointing of the rock to form a
solid roof, and avoided all hardened bands and " faults " that could not be
worked on with their primitive tools, these early slate workers must have been
very efficient quanymen, equipped, too, with a practical knowledge of geology
to enable them to locate the seams of slate in the thick jungle of the hill*.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

154

An Ancient
Siate Quarry
in the
Monghyr
District,
Bihar
Mr. J. A.
Page

Their work here seems to have been carried up to a certain point, and then
Abandoned, for some reason not apparent. Old quarries and dressing- floors
are to be seen all over these hills wherever the slate beds outcrop at the
surface.

At some time previous to 1756 A.D. a large throne or masnad now
in the Victoria Memorial, Calcutta, was made from the slate of the Kharagpur
Hills for the Nawab of Murshidabad. It measures 6 feet across and stands
]| feet high on four stout pedestals of the same material, and it is inscribed
in Persian with a reference to the place of its origin. Lord Olive is said to
have Hilt on it with the newly selected Nawab after the Battle of Plassey in
1757.

The slate of the Kharagpur Hills is of exceptionally fine quality. It is
harder and tougher than the ordinary Welsh slate, and far exceeds in strength
any known variety of other stone.

A report by the Mechanical Laboratory of the Sibpur Engineering College
states that " the crushing weight of the slate would probably be 15 tons or
so to the square inch. The highest breaking strain on record is 1-3 tons for
strong granite."

The above account is largely based on particulars kindly furnished by Mr.
S. Swindon of Messrs. Ambler and Company, on whose property the cave is
situated.

While the quarry is of much interest as indicative of the methods of slate
extraction adopted in earlier times, it is not felt that any action under the
Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, VII of 1904, is to be desired in regard
to it, and it is not proposed to take any steps for the preservation of the old
workings as an ancient monurrent.

MKDLEVAL IMAGES IN THE EASTERN CIRCLE.

(By Mr. R. D. Banerji, M.A.)

Medieval From time to time numerous medieval images are discovered in different

images in the parts of Bengal. The mo&t important ones discovered during the current year
1 e were found in the district of Dacca. One of these is a fine image of the
Banerji ' Fish Incarnation of Vishnu (Plate XL (&)) which was found in the village of
Fuh Incarnation Bajrayogini near Eampal and has been set up in a modern temple in that
of Vishnu village. Separate images of the Fish Incarnation are rather rare. The majority

of the separate images of the in car nations of Vishnu are those of the Boar,
Man-lion, Dwarf and the Kalki. The images of the boar (Varaha) and the
man-lion (Narasimha) are very common all over India, but the dwarf is com-
paratively rare and the Trivikiama form, in which Vishnu covers the three
worlds in three steps, is still rarer. The Fish and the Tortoise Incarnations
are generally to be met with in slabs bearing representations of the ten incar-
nations or in the tantric emblem of Vishnu, e.g., Vishnu-Yantras. I know of
only one separate image of the Fish Incarnation namely the one in the palace
of the Thakur at Sohagpur in the southern part of the Bewa State in Central

165 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

India. 1 In type again the image of the Fish Incarnation at Bajrayogini 19 Mediaeval

very peculiar. Ordinarily the Fish Incarnation is represented both on the 1 " 18 ^ 8 in he

Dasavatara slabs and on the Vishnu-Yantras in the form of a simple fish. as ?"" f e

In this particular case, we find the bust of the four-armed god issuing out Banerji

of the neck of a large fish, which again is placed on an open lotus. The

figure holds a mace in its upper left, a conch in the loWer left, and a wheel

in the upper right hand. The fourth hand is broken but evidently it was

either in the varadamudra or held a lotus. Two .small lotus flowers spring

from the same stalk and on them Sarasvati stands to the left and Lakshmi

to the right of the central figure. On the pedestal in the centre is the

miniature figure of Garuda with a hala of curly hairs arranged over his head

in the fashion peculiar to the Bengal School of sculpture. To the left is the

bearded figure of the donor and to the right the kneeling figure of his

consort.

Another peculiar image (Plate XL (c)) was discovered in the same neigh- J Saiva image
bourhood and was brought to my notice by Mr. Nalini Kanta Bhattasali of
the Dacca Museum. This image is Saiva in character but I have riot been
able to identify it. It consists of the phallic emblem of Siva, the top of the
Imga being crowned with a lotus. The lingo, is carved in bold relief against
a slab, the upper part of which is fashioned like the back-slab of an ordinary
mediaeval image. Against this slab is carved a four-armed female figure,
evidently Parvati, in a manner which suggests that the goddess is in co-itus
with the phallus. The carving is decadent in style and evidently belongs to
the second half of the twelfth century A.D. The goddess has four arms and
holds a lotus in the upper right and a book in the upper left hands, while
the two remaining hands are held in front of the breast in a posture resem-
bling the dkyanamudra. This image was discovered in the village of Kagazi-
para, close to the steamer station of Mirkadim on the Dhaleswari river. The
present owner of the image has placed it over the funeral pyre of one of his
relations. It is in an excellent state of preservation and with the exception
of one end of the book (pustaka) and the tip of the nose of the main figure
no other part is damaged.

The Dacca Museum contains a number of wood carvings collected by Ancient wood
Mr. N. K. Bhattasali. The finest specimen among them is a wooden cruciform < %^ l * r 1H
capital with two brackets recovered from a mound in the village of Sonarang
in the district of Dacca, noted for its deulharis or the remains of Hindu and
Buddhist temples. This capital was carved out of a single block of wood and
has a niche in the centre containing a small shrine enclosed within two pilasters
and a trefoil arch, inside which is seated a four-armed figure of Vishnu. The
carving has suffered a good deal and portions of the Wood have rotted away,
but the beautifully carved border of the brackets is in an excellent state of
preservation and contains a very fine piece of arabesque work of the tenth
century A.D. The brackets themselves were carved as single volutes of the

There is another image of thia kind in the anoient fort at Gftrbwa, District Allahabad (Ed.).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 156

Mediaeval Corinthian type, but are now much worn. Below the volutes on each side
! ?l. ? are two recessed corners, which once bore some sort of arabesque work, This
Mr R D remarkable piece of carving shows that Wood was used, at least in Eastern

Banerji Bengal in the construction of temples in the mediaeval period. The collection

in the Dacca Museum contains another remarkable specimen of Wood carving
in the shape of an image of Vishnu (Plate XL (d)). The outline of the figure
shows clearly that it was carved in the middle of the twelfth century A.D.
The implements held in the four hands are the mace, lotus, conch and wheel.
It was discovered in the village of Muradnagar in the Tipperah district.
MttalwMges w -jhe collection of metal images in the Dacca Museum has not received the
Museum attention, which it deserves, in the past. The Curator has brought together a

number of very fine metal images of the Bengal School of sculpture, which
prove definitely that plastic art had developed independently in Eastern Bengal
and was in a very flourishing condition in the eighth century A.D., when the
sculpture of Magadha was still very crude. The best image of this collection
is a figure of a female goddess with eight hands, seated on a lion throne
(Plate XL (e)). The Curator is inclined to identify this figure as an image
of Chandi. It was discovered at Sonarang in the Dacca District. Another
fine image of a goddess (Plate XL (/)) which cannot be identified, comes from
the Tipperah district and the oval shape of the halo shows that it is much
earlier than the tenth century A.D. To the same class belongs a very fine
image of the two-armed Avalokitesvara (Plate XXXIX (a)) discovered at Ban-
darbazar in the Sylhet district, the elongated limbs of which prove that it
belongs to the period of the renaissance of art in Bengal in the latter half of
the tenth century A.D. when the Palas recovered their power under the leader-
ship of Mahipala I, who united all parts of Bengal under his rule.

To the same Museum belongs another fine image of Vishnu as Trivlkrama
m his dwarf incarnation (Plate XXXIX (6)). The image belongs to the first
half of the tenth century A.D. and is almost undamaged. The god stands
on one leg while the other is pointed towards the sky in a very unnatural
position. This position of the god is exactly similar to that of the same deity
in the verandah of Cave No. IV (formerly No. Ill) at Badami in the Bijapur
district. It has four hands and holds the mace and the wheel in the left hands
while the upper right holds the conch. The remaining right hand is held
near the breast. Near the foot of the main figure is a small basrelief showing
king Bah seated on a throne and in front of him the dwarf with his particular
symbol, the umbrella. A third figure is seen on the back slab and perhaps re-
presents the sage BrihaBpati. This basrelief represents the gift of three steps
of lancl to the dwarf by Bali, the god of the Daityas, after receiving which
the dwarf suddenly assumed the form of an immense being (Virata-purusha)
and proceeded to cover the heaven, the earth and the nether world in three
steps. A similar basrelief is found in a similar position on an image, dedicated
at Gaya in the 15th year of the king Nayapala of Bengal and still kept in the
small temple of Narasimha in the courtyard of the Vishnupada temple at
Gaya. The Dacca specimen was discovered at Joradeul in the Dacca district

167 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

The credulity of the followers of the modern Hindu religion is shown Mediaeval
by the way in which images of other sects and classes are worshipped in^niages in t
their orthodox shrines. Inside the modern Hindu temple on the island * 5L f ri L *
Umananda in the river Brahmaputra, opposite Gauhati, is a small Yab- Yum Banerjl
figure, evidently of Tibetan origin, but worshipped as Siva and Durga. The A Tibeian
little image is very small being about 3" in height. The god is of the fierce Bu^hist linage
variety with long molars and two hands, while the crude figure of the female
shows that it cannot be earlier in date than the eighteenth or the nineteenth
century. The priests of the temple do not know at what date this image was
brought into the temple. The legs of the pair are placed on the breasts of
a prostrate male, and a female and a human skull arc represented in front
of the crown on the head of the god.

NOTE ON AN AHOM STONE PILLAR INSCRIPTION.
(By Mr. K. N. Dikshit, M. A.)

About three years ago, Mr O'Callaghan, Political Officer, Sadiya Frontier Note on an
Tract, discovered a stone pillar broken in two pieces, lying in the bed of a A?. " 1 . s * on j e
rivulet named Deopani, a tributary of the Dibong river, a few miles to thej*. 1 ^ *~

north-east of Sadiya. Mr. O'Callaghaii had the pillar brought to Sadiya a nd Mr< ^ >N>
set up in the maidan close to his residence, taking care to refix the broken Dikshit
fragments. The pillar has a square base and an hexagonal shaft tapering towards
the top and crowned by a vase, over which appears the hood of a cobra with its
body entwined round the shaft in bold relief. The inscription is incised verti-
cally on the shaft of the pillar, including the tail of the cobra, and consists
of three parts, the main document containing an agreement between the Dihin-
gia Bar Gohain, the local plenipotentiary of the Ahom King and the Mishmis,
a long one-line strip containing a postscript prohibiting the future rulers from
breaking the agreement and another short strip in mixed characters. Impres-
sions of the inscriptions Were sent to Rai Sahib Golap Chandra Barua, Deputy
Inspector of Schools, Jorhat, who is the only living authority on the Ahom
language, having been selected by Sir Edward Gait for training under a com-
mittee of five old Deodhais or tribal priests of the Ahoms. The Rai Sahib
has supplied the following summary of the inscriptions : " I, the Dihingia
Bar Gohain, do engrave on the stone pillar and the coppei* plate these writings
(on the strength of which) the Misimis are to dwell on the hills near the
Dibong river with their temales, children, attendants and followers. They will
occupy all the hills. They will give four basketfuls of poison and other things
as tribute and keep watch over the body of the fat Gohain (Sadiya Khowa
Gohain). If anybody happens to be in possession of and wishes to remain on
both sites (of the hills), he is prohibited from encroachment. If anybody
should dwell by the side of the hills, he will surely become a slave (of the
Misimis).

"I do proclaim wide that if anybody sits exalted (i.e., comes in power,
i.e., becomes a ruler) he should not break (the agreement) and break the stone."

MISCELLANEOUS NO1ES

158

Note on an
&hom stone
pillar

inscription
Mr. K. N.
OUuhit

Some Andhra
Coins from
the Quntur
District

Mr. C. R.

Krishna-
macharlu

The poison of which the Mishmis stipulated to supply four baskets as
tribute in consideration of the rights of occupation of the hills near the Dibong
conceded to them, is most probably the Mishmi Bih, a kind of aconite, collected
to this day by the various Mishmi tribes, e.g., Chulikata, Bebejiya, Digara and
Miju Mishrais, from the outlying spurs of the Eastern Himalayas on and about
the snow line. As the poison ia a very active one, and no reliable antidote
against it J'H known, the Mishmis value it highly and offer only small quantities
for wle, after their own requirements for medicinal purposes and anointing
their arrows have been met. The date of the inscription is not known but
it must be later than the first quarter of the sixteenth century, when the
country around Sadiya first came under the occupation of the Ahom Kings
of Assam under Su-hung-mung (circa 1524 A.D.). The inscription is the only
known hthic record in the Ahom language and the pillar on which it occurs
is a very interesting memento of the Ahom period of Assamese history.

SOME ANDHRA COINS FROM THE GUNTUR DISTRICT.
(By Mr. C. R. Krishnamackarlu, B.A.)

The fifteen lead Andhra coins (Plate XIV (6)) noticed below were secured
for me by my friend Mr. M. Kalidasu, Vakil, Guntur District, Madras Presi-
dency, in the beginning of the year 1922. These were discovered, he tells
me, in the village of Peiwnmh 1 in the Guntur Taluk, Guntur District, m a pot
which came to light while earth was being dug near the outskirts of the
village. The major portion of the other coins iound m the pot, which are also
reported to have been of lead, are not forthcoming though 1 am not devoid
of hope that the efforts being made for their recovery may yet succeed. The
district of Guntur in which these coins have been found is rich in ancient
antiquities. The monuments of Amaravati and Bhattiprolu are well known.
The village of Konglamudi has given us a Prakrit copper-plate inscription of
Maharaja Jayavarman, who cannot have been very distant m date from the
Andhra kings Gautamiputra g&takarni and Vasishthiputra Pujumavi 2 . More
recently a hoard of 304 lead coins of the Andhra kings has been found in
the village of Manflur 8 . These coins have not yet been examined but it may be
hoped that they will throw useful light on many obscure points in the history
of the Andhra dynasty. The weights of the coins now under notice have been
kindly ascertained and noted for me by the Archaeological Assistant,
Government Museum, Madras.

No. 7.- The coin belongs to the type of Nos. 88 and 89 of plate V of
Prof. Rapson's Catalogue of the Indian Coins in the British Museum (1908)
which bear the figure of a chatiya and an inscription on the obverse and the
Ujjain symbol on the reverse. But it is of a lower denomination as indicated
by its smaller size. The inscription, which is much worn, may be read as
coin may be assigned to Vftsishtihiputra Sri Pujumavi, whose

00 w ' th OKpftn " lve mouad ' Jn '*' violiuty -

* ituftted Wlthw flftwn

*p./nd.,Vol.VJ,p.315
l P * 1

159 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

coins 1 have already been found in the Krishna and the Godavari districts. Some Andhra
The coin weighs 30-75 grs. Mntu"?

No. 2. The coin, may be assigned to the series to which No. 90 of plate pj s(r j ct
V of Rapson's Catalogue of Indian Coins belongs. The elephant symbol on the Mr> Ct R>
obverse is clearly seen. But its trunk is lost. Faint traces of an inscription Krishna-
over the animal remain, of which the letters gf 2 may be read. The Ujjain macharlu
symbol on the reverse is entirely worn away. The coin is of a lower denomina-
tion than Rapson's No. 90 and is therefore smaller in size. It may however
be assigned to Sri Pujumavi. Compare also No. 18 of plate XXIII of V. A.
Smith's Catalogue of the Coins in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, (1906). The
weight of the coin is 34 grs.

$0. 3. The coin belongs to the same series as Nos. 95 and 96 of Prof.
Rapson's Catalogue (page 22). The ship with two masts on the obverse is
clearly seen ; but as in No. 96, referred to, there are no traces of the inscription.
The Ujjain symbol represented by four small circles or pellets is faintly seen
on the reverse. The present coin is of a smaller size than even No. 96 which
represents size 2 of the series catalogued by Prof. Rapson. The coin may
perhaps be attributed to king Sri Pujumavi whose inscribed coins bear the
same symbols as this com on the obverse and the reverse. The coin weighs
39'75 grs.

No. 4. The coin is of the same type as, though of a smaller size than,
the horse-marked coins Nos. 126, 127 and 129 of plate VI of Prof. Rapson's
Catalogue. The horse symbol is clearly seen, but the altar is not visible in this
as also in Nos. 129 and G. P. 31 of Rapson's plate. The inscription above
the animal which is preserved in part may be read as [TM] 3 - Tne Ujjain
symbol on the reverse is worn but still discernible. The coin may be
assigned to Sri Chandra Sata whose name on, coins appears as TC3TH 4 and
whose coins (page 32 of Rapson's Catalogue) have already been found in the
Krishna and the Godavari districts which adjoin the modern Guntur district
where the coins under notice have been discovered. The coin weighs 25'5 grs.

# . 5. The coin is of the same type and denomination as No. 134 of
plate VI of Prof. Rapson's Catalogue. The chaitya symbol with the crescent
surmounting it is clearly seen. The lotus flower aeems to be represented by a
dot to the left while the conch-shell is shown on the right by a small irregular
loop. The wavy line below the dwitya is lost but the right end of it appears
to be carried up slightly and seen in the form of two specks. Part of the
Ujjain symbol on the reverse is seen. The coin would belong to Oautamiputra
Sri Yajna 8atakarni. It weighs 36 grs.

No. 6. The coin has a horse cut on it facing the reader's right. Nos.
148, 154 and G. P. 6 of Rapson's plate VI have the same animal. But the
two former specimens have the crescent cut over the horse. Our coin which
approximates to No. 154 in size and so must belong to the same denomination

1 Rapson : Catalogue of the Indian Ooina in tke Brttith Museum, p, 20.

;..,{putu].

i.^[8&3to[ga]
* i. A., Ch*d*-S4t*.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

160

Some Andhra seems to have the crescent cut near the hind legs of the animal. There are

Coins from
theGimtur
District
Mr, C. R.

machftrlu

Blight traceH of an inscription above the horse. Two of the four pellets of the
Ujjain symbol are seen on the reverse. The coin must be ascribed to Gautami-
putra Yajfia Satakarm to whom the allied coins noted above belong. It weighs
39 KTH.

No. 7. The com i*> of the type of No. 186 of Rapson's plate VII to
which it approximates in size and resembles very much in cast. On our
coin is preserved the lower part of the elephant's figure whose upraised trunk
is obliterated. Of the worn-out inscription above the animal it is only possible
to read n. The letters on either side of it are probably si and sd which
could be part of the inscription ' Siri Satakanisa ' to whom Nos. 171 and 172
of the plate belong. No. 185 of the plate, the king of which IK not known,
has the same inscription as our coin and may have to be assigned with it to
Sri Satakarni. The difference in size between Nos. 171 and 172 l on the one
hand and Nos 186 and 186 and our com on the other, must be due to
difference in denomination. The Ujjain symbol on the reverse is preserved
almost as in No. 186. The coin weighs 43'5 grs.

No. 8.- -The coin would belong to the type of No. 18 of plate XXIII
of V. A. Smith's Catalogue to which it approximates in size and design. The
elephant is almost in the same pose in both the coins but its trunk in our
coin is lost. The inscription ' Pulumfi [vi] ' seen in Mr. Smith's coin, above the
elephant, is Worn away in ours. The only other approximation to it in type
is No. 183 of Kapson's plate VII. The weight of the coin is 42 grs.

No. 9.- This coin which bears no inscription is of the same type as, but
of a smaller size and denomination than, No. 183 of plate VII of Eapson which
has been tentatively ascribed by Prof. Rapson to king ChaqLa Sata by taking
the inscription on it to be part of ** Sin Chaolasa." On the reverse two of
the four pellets that form the Ujjain symbol are seen very faintly. The weight
of the coin is 39 grs.

A*o. 10. The coin has the elephant with upraised trunk on the obverse
and the Ujjain symbol is partly seen on the reverse. Above the elephant are
worn traces of an inscription which may be restored as [TO]*( * The coin may
perhaps be assigned to Satakarni with No. 185 of Rapson's plate. It weighs
31 grs.

A'o. 11. --The com is of the elephant type. Whether the trunk is hanging
or upraised is not clear. The greater probability is that it is upraised. The
coin bears traces of a worn-out inscription above the elephant. The Ujjain
symbol on the reverse IB partly seen. The coin may have to be assigned to
the series to which Nos. 185 and 186 of Rapaon'u plate VII belong. The
weight of the com is 34-25 grs.

1 No. 17.1 of Rapacn'g Catalogue (page 43) which is identical with No. 30 of plate I of Elliot'* Coins of Southern
ln<tva, hao been taken both by Kir W Elliot and Pro! Rapaon to contain the elephant symbol A close examination
w ould suggest the greater resemblance of the animal to a hone than to an elephant and so the com would belong to
the king Yajfia gfttakaryi to whom No*. 148 and G.P. 6 of Hapton's plate VI belong.

,.f.,[Sata]ka.

161 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

No. 12.- -This belongs to the usual type with the elephant with upraised Some Andhra
trunk on the obverse and the Ujjam avmbol on the reverse. There is <i damaged Coins from

inscription above the elephant- which may perhaps In* rmd as [^Tf]?f * '^ e nktrict
specimen would then belong to the king Satakarm to whom N 7 o 185 of KapBon 's Mr> c< R>

plate with the inscription faft*H 2 has been attributed above bv mo. The KrUhna-

' macharUi

coin weighs 20 grs.

No 13. -This coin is of the same size as No. 1!>7 of plate VJ1 of
Rapson's Gatoloffw* off he 7WV/w Coin** but jn tvpe it approximates to No. 182 of
the same plate The elephant symbol in (Hit exactly on the model of that of
the latter. Of the four circles composing the* Ujjam symbol, represented on
the obverse side, only two are een very faintlv No legend is traceable on
eithei side of the coin 'I he smallnesn in size ot this c.ojn compared with
No. 182 muet be due to excessive wear, The coin weighs 33 grs,

No. 14.- -This coin would belong to the name type as No. 1J)7 of plate
V1J of Kapson. It has no traces of any inscription. Hut the elephant symbol
which has lost the head and the hanging trunk appears to have been of the
same type as that on No 107 The reverse shows one of Ihe four circles
which make up the U]jam symbol. The com weighs 32-5 grs.

No 15. -The coin is much corroded bill bears clear traces of its symbols,
viz., the elephant on the obverse and the Ujjam t*ynibol on tlie reverse, ft
is difficult to determine whether the trunk is hanging or upraised. Above the
elephant are indistinct traces of an inscription. The com weighs 17 grs.

SECTION IX.

INDIAN STATES WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENTS OF
THEIR OWN.

'" During the year under review " writes VI r. (i Ya/dum, Director of Hyderabad
Archeology m Hyderabad (Ueccan), "an extensive prognimmo of conservation (" eccan /
was carried out, the most important measures an usual relating to the paintings Vazdani
at Ajanta. Previously reference has been made to the conservation of the f res- ^^^^j^,,
coes by two Italian lestourateur*. Professor Lorenzo (Vcconi and (Jount. Orsini.
The work executed by them is extremely satisfactory, but the relentless hand
of time being always at work it is apprehended that despite all care bestowed
upon them, these gems of India's ancient art and culture will one day be
'Completely destroyed. His Rxalted Highness' s (rovernment is therefore most
anxious to preserve for posterity a,n authentic record of the paintings by means
of copies that will represent faithfully the original colour and line of the frts-
coes. The preliminaries for this undertaking, tlurough the co-operation of Sir
John Marshall and Sir AureJ Stem, have been fjompleted and estimates from
various European firms of note are now under consideration.

2. t.e.,8iri-Sft.

INDIAN STATER 162

Hyderabad " Two other important measures now being carried out at Ajanta also deserve

(Ueccan) t/0 ^ e mentioned. The first is the laying out of a metalled road from the Farda-

pur bungalow to the foot of the hill wherein the caves are situated. Hitherto^
fair-weather rod winch, in the tourist season, was kept sufficiently good for
motor traffic has existed ; but during the rainy season, the road became almost
inrpossible to drrve along even in a tonga. The work is being pushed on vigor-
ounh and it is hoped that the road will be completed before the cold weather
(1925) The estimated cost for the work is Rs. 1,20,000.

*' The second measure relates to the building of a new approach to the
caves. Till now visitors reached them by means of the steps built in front of
cave No VI J ; but. during the rams, when the stream flowing at the foot of
the hill IB full, visitors were laced with considerable difficulties. The new
approach constructed at the eastern end of the hill enables the visitor to
reach the caves without crossing the stream/'

Kashmir Mr. Kak reports that funds for Archeology, which had stood at about

Mr. R. c. Kak ^ s 14.000 for the previous vear, were reduced to only Ks. 100. He suyu,
"In consequence of this the excavation works begun at Harvan, Martand and
Kakapur cnme to n standstill and no new conservation or repair works could
be taken in hnud The allotment >\a,B insufficient even tor winding up works
which had been begun. The little that could be done consisted of the erection
of a shed over the very valuable carved tile pavement found at Harvan and
the replacement of the old fencing of the Avuntisvami temple enclosure bj r .
new fence of more suitable design.

fc 'A ne\\ site known as Hutakesvara in Malakhah, Siinagar, came into
the possession of the Department owing to a dispute between the Hindus and
Muhammadans over its ownership. The style of the architectural stones lying
at the site or buried about it/ clearly stows that there was once a Hindu
temple at the place, and Hindu tradition ascribes it to Hatakesvaia Bhaiiava
one of the eight legendary guardians of the Srinagai city. The Musalmans,
however, maintain that the place was the site of a mosque called Hara and
point to several graves of which the tombstones are in situ as evidence. The
Darbai, therefore, decided that the site should be made Over to the Archaeo-
logical Department."

Exploration " r ^ ne Archaeological Surveyor made tours through the northern pargana*

of Lolab and Khuyahoma in the Uttarmachipura Tahsil and through the northern
parts of the Baramula Tahsil. His reports deal mainly with the sculpture
extant in those parts, since the larger architectural monuments had already
been noticed by officials of the Archaeological Department.

" Much of the Surveyor's time was occupied with literary work. A Memoir on
Maiev-Wadwan, and a note on the Stone Age in Kashmir by Mr. Carter, I.C.S.,
were published, and are now available for sale. An article entitled : ' A Bird's
Eye-View of Kashmir' was published in the Calcutta Review, another on "the
Ancient and Medieval Architecture of Kashmir ' was Bent to the Rupam Art
Journal for publication. An introduction to a Catalogue of manuscripts in the
Library of liaja Sahib was prepared for the press, and a brief sketch of the Persian

163 INDIAN STATES

work, Gulab Nama, was a] BO made as a ready reference for the compilation of Kashmir
a contemplated History of Kashmir."

During the year of report conservation works were carried out at theGwaliOf
following places at a total expenditure of KB. 29,534-1-0 which included a Garde" 3 *
special grant for the Narwar Fort. Regarding the works undertaken Mr. Garde
writes :

" The woik of clearing d&biis from the Buddhist oaves at Bagh (District Conservation
Amjhera) which has been going on for the last three or four years was brought ^
to completion. Caves Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5, the only cave* in this group that
are worthy or capable of being preserved, have now been cleaned up (Plate XL1).
Caves Nos. 4 and 5 especially the former, which is also the most interesting
in the series, now need masonry supports to prop up their ceilings, large spans
of which are overhanging owing to the decay 01 disappearance of most of the
original monobthic pillars. It is hoped to undertake this work ui the coining
season.

" The few but valuable fresoo paintings which still survive on the facade
of cave No. 4 are seriously exposed to rain and weather, the roof of
the verandah in front of them having fallen. Being situated nearly u hundred
miles from, the nearest Railway Station Iliey re not easily accessible to those
who mtiy be interested in them and the question, therefore, of removing them
bodily and of exhibiting them at a central place such as G wall or has been
engaging the attention of the Darbar Expert advice on this point was sought
from the Director General of Archeology, who examined the frescoes in Febru-
ary and advised that owing to the condition of the paintings their removal
would be both unjustifiable and impracticable. The proposal has therefore
been finally abandoned tmd it lias been decided to carry out the Director
General's recommendation to erect a verandah of simple design in timber roofed
over with tiles in front of the frescoes in order to protect them in their
original position from the weather. An illustrated monograph on the caves with
special reference to theii fresco paintings is being pubb'shed by the India Society
of London on behalf of the Gwalior Government.

" Plate XLII, figs, (a) and (6) illustrate certain measures of conservation Ujgoin
carried out to the Samrat, Narivalaya and Digamsa Yattiras in Jaisingh's
astronomical observatory at Ujjain. The repairs in question have already been
described in the Annual Report for 1922-23. The photographs were not then
available and are therefore published in this Report.

" At Chanderi the rock-cut pass known as Katighati, the Delhi Darwaza,
the small but beautiful tomb known as Shahzadi ka Roza, the Madrasa tomb
.(Plate XLII (c)), the Battisi Baodi, a spacious step well built of chisel dressed
stone masonry and the Badal Mahal Darwaza, a majestic gateway standing
at the western foot of the Fort, were conserved. All these monuments date
from the fifteenth century having been constructed during the reign of the
Sultans of Mandu, as evidenced from the dated inscriptions recorded on most
of them. Conservation measures carried out here consisted chiefly of clearing
.jungle and Mbrte, tidying up surroundings, resetting displaced portions

INDIAN STATES 164

Gwalfor of masonry and architectural pieces. making roofs and tope of walla water-tight

Mr. M.B. and providins; proper drainage arrangements.

Gard * " Budhi (,'handen is the old site of Chanden, and appears to have been

r
80on a ter fh (1 |, rH f Muhammadan conquest of this part of the country.

The town contained ,i number of Jain temples m three different groups which
with the exception of one or two solitary examples, are now reduced to mere
heaps of debris enveloped m thick jungle. Judging from the style of architec-
ture and sculpture thev range in date from the 9th to the llth century. To
conserve these temples IH n hopeless task but the ruins contain mam sculptures
of Tirlharakaras winch both from the artistic and iconographic points of view
are ol great interest and too good to be left uneared for As a preliminary
measure the most important group Ivmg to the south-east corner of the site
was cleared of jungle to facilitate a closer examination of the sculptures and
carvings. The open courtyard of one of the two temples still standing in thib
group was freed from jungle and debnt>, with which it was choked and the
sculptures thus exposed in the debris or Ivmg scattered over the site were
collected and arranged in order against the walls of the court forming a sort.
of open an museum (Plate XLII (</)). It is proposed to pursue this same
process in respect of the other important groups here

" Within the walls of the hill fort of Narwar stand the nuns of an ex-
tensive toxvn of the Kajput period, now practically deserted The eastern por-
tion of the town is occupied l>v a group of nmhalit or residential palaces which
would appear to huve been built bv the later Kachhavahas about 300 years
ago. The style of architecture is Kajput, pillars being fluted and tapering and
arches of multifoil design. The ceilings and roofs are all flat, no domes having
been used. The walls and ceilings fho\\ remnants ot paintings in which men
and women m Rajput costume are clearly distinguishable There is a series of
enclosures forming separate units containing audience halls, baths, garden
pavilions, harems \uth screened \\mdows and galleries and quite a number of
swinging posts. One of the umliah known as the Kachehri Mahal, which pos-
isesses some line ornamental plaster work inlaid with glass, part of which
is set on the eastern verge of the Fort commanding a view of the vallev of the
Sind river belovs, is being repaired bv the order of the late Maharaja for utili-
sation as a rest house. Co-incident with this work the following were also
carried out m connection with other old buildings of interest in the Fort. The
approach road to the Kort was put m order One of the laige bastions flank-
ing the road had fallen and blocked the road; this was repaired and the road
cleared up. A fair-weather roadway was constructed between the Hawa Paul
the topmost gate and the Kachehri Mahal Many of the palaces, which are of
considerable architectural interest being in a state of disrepair and covered up
with jungle were quite inaccessible to visitors. A footpath giving access to
the more interesting Imildings and objects m the area has. therefore, been made after
cutting strips of jungle clearing away heaps of dtbri*, which came in the way,
and dismantling or repairing portions of masonry which appeared to be danger-
ous to the safety of visitors The retaining walls of the old tank known as-

105 INDIAN STATK8

Makardiiaj Tal were repaired and the big mosque built by Sikandar LodiGwalior
was freed from jungle and d&>ris and petty repairs were done to its parapet
walls. The surroundings of the tomb known as Madar Shah ki Daigah wen*
cleared and tidied up.

" The work of clearing the courtyard of the Nilakanthesvar temple is in ffdat^ipur
progress. The kachcha houses trespassing upon the old compound of the temple
have been acquired by compensating the owners and the work of clearing them
away will be taken in hand as soon as the rainy seasoi) is over.

"Trial excavations were carried out in the year of report at Pawaya x/ferobMt
situated at the confluence ot the Sindh and the Parvati rivers about 40 miles Sxmvaiwtu <*/
south-west of Gwalior. The site has been identified as that of the old city
of Padmavati, one of the three capitals of the Nagas (See Annual Report
for 1915-16, Part II, pages 101-4). It is a promising site for archaeological
excavations as they are likely to throw light on the history of the Nagas (3rd-
4th century A.D.) which is still veiled in obscurity.

k4 The spot selected for the trial excavations this year is a conspicuous
artificial mound about half a mile towards the north of the site of the tntv
proper. This mdund measures nearly 200 feet by 200 feet by 30 feet (high).
The area around it was studded with brickbats and the palm capital of a
stone pillar had been discovered at its foot some years ago There was, there-
fore, every reason to believe that the mound contained the ruins of an ancient
structure

" This hope was quickly realized an a few trenches sufficed to bring to
light a large square platform 140 feet along each side surmounted by a smaller
platform 56 feet square, both together rising to a height of 30 feet and solidly
constructed with large well-baked bricks measuring 18"x9"x3" So far only
the four corners of the structure, the whole of the east retaining wall and
portions of the remaining three sides have been exposed (Plate XLIII (a)).
The lower portion is strengthened at the base by a number of courses of
footings which are absent in the upper platform their place being taken by a
horizontal moulding relieved by vertical pilasters at suitable intervals The upper
structure was further decorated with terracotta figures and panels, a number
of which have been found in the excavations though none of them occupied
their original positions (Plate XL1I1 (6))

" On the evidence so far disclosed it is difficult t-o determine the character
of the building. The solid core and dimensions of the entire structure, point
to its being a st.upa but as no Buddhist or Jaina antiquities have so far been
found either in a well bored m the centre of the platform or anywhere else
in the excavations carried out, it IB more reasonable to assume that it IK a
Brahmanical temple, especially as several stone sculptures brought to light are
of a distinctly Brahmanioal nature. One of these is a fragment of a large
lintel of a Torana gateway on which the following subjects are depicted, (1)
a patty of musicians, (2) Bali's sacrifice and Vishnu taking the three strides,
(3) Karfelikeya and (4) the churning of the Ocean by the gods and the demons
(Plate XLIII (a) & (d)).

INDIAN STATES

166

Gwalior

Mr. M. B.

Garde

Listing of
monuments

Buhla

''The temple itself has disappeared. Further excavation may, however f
reveal more remnants of its decorations, the gateway or gateways which gave
accfeBH to the place, and last though not the least the stone column, the palm
capital of which was found on the site some years ago (Annual Report, for 1915-
1, Part II, plate LVTI, d). No coins of any kind were found in these excava-
tions, The age of the building can however be approximately ascertained from
the stone sculptures and brick mouldings referred to above which are definitely
ttsHignable to the Early Gupta period.

"In the year under report thirty-three monuments comprising temples,
rork-c,ut sculptures, mahals, tombs, mosques, old Wells, Sati stones, etc,, Were
inspected and listed at Ohanderi, Budhi Chanden, Lakhari, Bithla, Rakhetra,
1 jttderi and (jurila ka pahad. Notable among the now discoveries are the Hindu
and Jama rock sculptures at Rakhetra (better known locally as Bhiyadant),
on the bank of the river Orr and the Jam temples at Bithla and on the hill
known as (Jurila ka pahad.

" The village of Bithla lies about 5 miles to the south-west of Budhi
(lianderi. Some two furlongs to the north- West of the village is a group of
Jaina temples Only one of these is standing at present, but there Were at
least four other subsidiary shrines which are now merely marked by heaps of
ruins. The former faces roughly towards the west. Jt consists of a shrine
with a projecting entrance porch, the whole measuring externally 33'xl6'.
Part of the back wall of the shrine and the sikhara have fallen down. The
door frame is carved in the usual way. On the lintel are sculptured three
Tirthamkaras in a row, the middle one being seated and the other two standing.
The rest of the surface is carved with figures of the Navagrahai. Over the
lintel is a frieze in the centre of which is an image of a seated four-armed
goddess probably Padmavati with a figure of a seated Tirthamkara at cither end*
The object of worship in the shrine is a large standing image of a Tirthamkara
whose head is partly broken ofi. The cella also contains smaller statues of
Tirthamkaras but as their pedestals are buried in the dfbns their lanchhanas
or distinctive symbols are not visible and it Was therefore not possible to
identify them during my short visit.

"In the ruins of the attendant temples referred to above are seen carved
pillars, door-jambs, lintels, roof slabs and a number of damaged images of
Tirthamkaras including two which can be definitely identified as Sambhavanatha
and Muuisuvrata from their lanchhanas the horse and the tortoise respectively.
Judging from the style of construction the temples may be assigned
approximately to the 12th century.

" Within the limits of the village Rakhetra about two miles south-east of
Bithla carved in the western face of a hill overlooking the Orr river in a
series of rock-cut sculptures. The biggest sculpture in the group IB a seated
image of the Jaina Tirthamkara Adinatha distinguished as such by a miniature
figure of a bull carved on the seat and popularly known as Bhiyadant or
Bhimasena. The height of the image is 10' 6* and the width at the base
7' 6'. The head-dress is somewhat uncommon for a Jaina sculpture inasmuch as

167 INDIAN STATUS

it resembles the jaffi or matted hair of Siva. The head is flanked on either Gwalior
side by an unfinished figure of an elephant and we notice on the right side
of the Tirthamkara an image of the goddess Padmavati and on the left that
of the goddess Chakresvari. On the seat is an inscription dated in V. S
1675 and on the pedestal, a dJiarniachakra or the wheel of the law between
two scenes of elephants fighting with lions.

" At the point where this sculpture is carved, the face of the hill is
chiselled into a right angle. The sculpture of Adinatha described above is
carved on the arm of the right angle which faces the south. On the other arm
which faces the West is carved a small niche crowned with a spire and enclosing
a pair of foot-prints of Sri Visalaraja as is recorded in an inscription dated in
V. S. 1555. The back wall of the niche is decorated With lotuses carved in
relief while a swastika is carved in the floor on either side of the foot-prints

" Sculptured on the fayadc of this same hill on both sides of the Jama
group are a number of niches sheltering images or groups of images of Brab-
manical deities, mostly Saivite. The latter include figures of (Janesa, four-armed
Farvati seated on a crouching lion, groups of Hara-Gauri seated on their
respective vehicles, Siva dancing (tandava] and a group, better finished than
the rest, of the twelve-armed Siva dancing in the midst of his attendants and
flanked on the right in a separate niche by Biahma and by Vihsnu in the
boar incarnation on the left (Elate XL1II (c)) These Brahmanical sculptures
though smaller in dimensions are better works of art than their Jaina neigh-
bours and some five centuries earlier in date as shown by the accompanying
inscriptions which date from the middle of the 10th centuiy A. D.

"About eight miles to the south-east of Chanden is a lull known as Gurila Qunla ka pal.
ka pahad, crowned with the ruins of two temples of the Digambara Jaina sect
which stand in an enclosure of coarse rubble masonry One of these consists
of a cella with an entrance porch facing the east. The shrine which has a
hemispherical dome contains an image of Santinatha, 11 '9" high but broken in
twain across the neck.

" The other tempJe which faces the one just described is an oblong shrine
with three entrance doors and a pillared verandah in front. It measures 20' x
17' 3" externally and has a flat roof. There are in ail 26 images of Tirthamkaras
(some standing, others seated) leaning against the three walls of the shrine. The
central image is one of Adinatha ; the others cannot be identified in the absence
of their laiwhhanas or distinctive emblems. The only inscription noticed in the
temple is a portion of a pilgrim's record dated in V. S. 1307. The temple
cannot bo later than this date.

"Forty-eight inscriptions were noticed or copied during the year under Epigraphy
report. Ot these 28 are in Sanskrit or Hindi, 10 in Arabic or Persian and l
in French. Classified according to ruling dynasties two of these refer to early
Hindu kingn, two to the Pathan kings of Delhi, seven to the Sultans of Malwa,
six to the Mughal Emperors of Delhi, one to the Tonwar Rajput dynasty of
Gwaliot and Narwar. one to the later Kachhawahas of Narwor, two to the
Bundelu chiefs of Chanderi. one to the Soindias of Gwalior while the rest men-

INDIAN STATES 168

tiwalfor tion no king. They were discovered at Budhi Ohanderi, Chanderi, Khanpur,

T^khan, Kakhetru and Singhpur (Diatnct Esagarh), Narwar Fort and town
(District Narwar) and in (T]jain city. Out of these two, being loose slabs and
not HI *?,*?/, have been removed to the museum while another which came from
the Mochiwudu gate .it fTjjain dismantled by the City Improvement Trust is
prewervcd tn the Madhav College, Ujjam.

" Among the Sanskrit inscriptions one is important. It is incised on a
rook tablet on the right bank of the river Orr within the limits of the village
kakhetra, not far from the old site of Chanden. Jt is dated in V. H 999
and again m V S. 1000 It has not been satisfactorily interpreted so far
hut apparently it records the construction, at a cost of 95 or 96 crores of
(coins v ). of some Hort of water works connected with the Orr river by
Ymayakapaladeva . who wan probably the same UK is mentioned in the
Diandela inscription at Khnjuroho dated m V. S 1011 1 . This place would thus
appear to have been included in the diandela kingdom of the time. A king
of Gopapin (Uwitlior), whose nume is not given, is, however, also mentioned,
in connection with the works in <|uestion.

"An inscription dated in V.S. 1124 found at Lakhan mentions a Maharaja -
dhiraja Abhayadeva and his son prince fhandraditya, but neither of them is
known so far from other sources. Two fragments of stone found at Ujjam
appear to belong to a very large Sanskrit inscription of about the 10th or the
llth century, which must have contained over two hundred verses written m
the high-flown Kuvya style Unfortunately, however, the fragments discovered
are too small to give any idea of the purport of the inscription

k A MuHalmun inscription, which is dated m A. H. 711 (1311 A D.) is
of importance as it furnishes the earliest date so far known for the new site
of Ohanderi Altau-d-din conquered the old town or Ohanden in A. 1). 1304 and
the town appears to have been shifted to its present, site almost immediately
afterwards as the inscription under reference records the construction of a
mosque on the new site only 7 years after this date.

" 1407 coins were examined in the ycai undei report. Of these 5 were
of gold, 101 of silver and 1301 of copper. All these coins with the exception
of 95 silver and 229 copper coins winch were received from the State Museum
as duplicates came from Treasure Trove finds. The gold coins were found at
Sehora (District Esagarh) and the rest at Pungarpore (District Narwar) and
Shajapur (District Shaiapur). All the 5 gold pieces, 53 silver and 63 copper
coins or 121 m all have been acquired for the Archaeological Museum.

"Of these the & gold pieces, belong to Chandiagupta 11 of the Gupta
dynasty (A. I). 373-413) and are of the type represented in the Indian Museum
Catalogue, plate XV. 12. Of the. silver coins 2 are of Shahjahan I (A. H.
MXU) of the Delhi mint and 10 belong to later Mughals up to Shah AJam
II. They range in date fiom A. H. 1207 to 1281 and were issued fiom the
Benares and Bhuj mints. The rest of the silver and some of the copper coins
were duplicates from the State Museum. Most of these belong to the Soiadia

* Bpigrapkta Into*, VoL I, pp. 124 ft

109 INDIAN STATES

of Gwalior, European powers including England, France, Italy, Portugal . Gwalior
Austria and America (U. 8. A.). The copper coins belong to the later Muglials
or rather to the Indian States which were subordinate to them and represent
Orchha, Bhopal, Kota, Bundi, Jaipur and Dhar.

"Two stone inscriptions, one Sanskrit and the other Persian, eight stone A i
sculptures, nineteen old paintings of the Mughal and Kajput schools, live gold, M * rwm
fifty-three silver and sixty-three copper coins and about eighty minor anti-
quities mostly brick mouldings unearthed in the excavations at Fawaya (old
Padmavati) were added to the Museum in the year under report.

" One sculpture in blank slate stone representing Hara-(iauri seated OH
their respective vahancts was purchased from outside the Stale The remaining
seven were acquired in different parts of the State All of them belong to the
mediaeval period, the most conspicuous among them being the huge sculptures
of Siva slaying (Jajasura, and his Sakti (Parvati) brought from Oyaraspur
The specimen of the Matsya or fish incarnation acquired in the year of report
completes the series of the ten incarnations of Vishnu in the Museum/'

*' No works ot special repairs were undertaken in the Bhopal State during Bhopal
the year but the Buddhist remains at ftanchi under the charge of Mr. (ihosal,Mr. B. Ghosal
the State Superintendent of Archaeology, were maintained m a satisfactory
manner. A number of small antiquities were added to the Museum,"

SECTION X.

DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES.

ANCIENT MONUMENTS PRESERVATION ACT AND LISTING OP MONUMENTS.

Khan Sahib Maulvi Zafar Hasan reports that m the United Provinces six United
Muhammadan monuments and the Roman Catholic Church at Sardhana in the Province
Meerut District, erected by the famous Begum Somru, were declared an protected

during the year. He also states that seventeen monuments in the Province Delhi
of Delhi were brought under the operation of the Ancient Monuments Preser-
vation Act.

In regard to the Punjab, Mr. Hargreaves writes "twelve Muhammadan Punjab
monuments have been declared protected under the Ancient Monument* Preser-
vation Act, seven m the Lahore District, two in the Sheikhupura District
and one in each of the Jullundur, Attock and Hissar Districts. Two monu-
ments, the Suraj Kund in the Gurgaon District and Man Singh's Haveli in the
Fort at Bohtas, Jhelum District, which were formerly in charge of the Superin-
tendent, Frontier Circle, Lave been transferred bo the list of Hindu and Buddhist
Monuments.

" The Deputy Commissioner of Hazara having reported the existence of a North- West

rock inscription in the Agror Valley, Hazara District, the monument was Frontier
inspected in November 1924 and found to be a large, firmly buried boulder Provlnce
.lying in a small gtofl a mile to the south-west of Shahdaur Tillage, which latter

DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES

170

North-West

Frontier

Province

Bombay
Presidency
and Sind

ifc some four miles east of Oghi. This boulder is inscribed on the top and
northern face. Photographs and estampages were taken and the latter submitted
to the Government Epigraphist who reported that both inscriptions Were of
Kushan dale and though fragmentary yet valuable. The Government of the
North-West Frontier Province have therefore been requested to bring* this monu-
ment under the operation of the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act.

" A list of the protected monuments in the Frontier Province has been pre-
paied and printed and the charge of all those appearing in the list has been
accepted by the Central Government.

" The ( ii aeco-Buddhist sculptures of Gandhara have always been greatly
bought aftci by amateurs on the Frontier but since the formation of the
Frontier Circle irregular excavations and traffic in these sculptures had almost
ceased. Ah a result of the recent icvival in Europe of interest in Indian art
a firm of dealers in London has been advertising in Indian newspapers
offering to purchase authentic specimens of Gandhara art. This, has not failed
to excite the cupidity of dealers and others and the traffic in Gandhara
sculptures has again revived. In an endeavour to check this a notification
under Section 17(1) of the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act has been
issued prohibiting the bringing or taking into or out of the North- West Frontier
Province any of these sculptures without the permission of the Superintendent,
Frontier Circle."

In the Bombay Presidency eleven additional monuments were added to the
list of protected monuments, viz., the eight gates in the city wall at
Ahmedabad, the Virabhadra temple at Hanagal in DharWar District and two
other monuments in the Bi]apur District.

Mr. Dik&hit reports that " in March 1921, certain wilful damage to the
Portuguese remains in the fort at Bassein, was done by labourers employed
by a firm of contractors for collecting stones for building purposes. The case
was reported to the Collector and the Executive Engineer, Thana District,
the latter officer taking up the case directed the contractors to make good the
damage to the satisfaction of the Archaeological Department. The contract-
ors failed to comply with the demand and the Executive Engineer realised a
sum of Rf. 1,000 from them. It is hoped that this case may have a deterrent
effect on other people and assist in preventing the use of ancient monuments
as quarries for building material."

With the discovery of an * Indo-Sumerian ' culture extending over Sind
and the south-west of the Punjab, it has been found necessary to take stock
of the ancient mounds and sites in Sind. The Collectors of the Districts of
Karachi, Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Larkana and Sukkur and the Deputy Commis-
sioner, Tpper Sind Frontier have been furnished with samples of antiquities
from Mohenjo-daro in order to give them a rough idea of die kind of objects
that may be expected to be found on the surfaces of ancient mounds, of the
1 Indo-Sumerian ' period and they have been requested to supply any informa-
tion concerning such mounds and sites that may be brought to their notice.
Thus much interesting material has been already collected, but it will be necea-

171 DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES

ary for an officer of the Archaeological Department to visit at leaat the more Bombay PresU
important sites, before final action is taken. denc y **&

In the Bihar and Orissa Province Mr. Page writes " four more monuments Bihar and
Were notified as protected under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act.^ r ' IS8a
These Were three Buddhist images at Haweli Lalbagh near Jajpur in the
Outtack District, which were notified under Section 3 (2), the famous " Kalinga
Edict" of Asoka, with its rock-cut elephant, at Dhauli in the Khurda Sub-
Division of the Puri District, the ancient Vedic burial mounds and the ruined
fort of Nandangarh at Shikarpur, in the Champaran District and the mound
known as Kanhaiyaji Mandir, together with an adjacent mound, in the village
Banderjhulla in the Kishengunj Sub-Division of the Purnea District.

"' In the Central Provinces and Berar eleven notifications were issued by Central
the Local Government under the Act. In three of these the previous notifica- Provinces
tions of protection were withdrawn, the monuments affected being the Temple an " Ber
of Nilkanthi at Chhindwara, the old temple of Parasnath at Bhandak in the
Chanda District, and the Old Fort, with its Dahibauda Gate and Fathiburj
at Akola.

" Revised notifications concerning these last two monuments were, however,
issued, the revision being dictated in the former case by the fact that the
old temple had been dismantled by the owner (who, since he used it. for re-
ligious purposes and had entered into no agreement With Government under
Section 5 of the Act, was thus free to do as he willed with the monument),
and a new shrine had been erecled on its site. The revised notification Was
issued under Section 18, and merely affects the fine image of Parasnath that
had been re-installed in the new shrine. The revised notification respecting the
Akola Fort was necessitated through the Municipality's demolishing one of the
items of the original notification, the Fathiburj bastion. It re-affirms the pro-
tection of the Dahibanda gate, the Hawa Khana bastion, a khirld gate below it,
and another well-preserved bastion in its vicinity.

" Notifications issued under Section 3 (3) confirmed as protected the city
walls and the citadel of the old Mughal Fort of Khimlassa in the JSaugor Dis-
trict, the city wall of Nawab Ismail Khan, together with its Haripura, Jiwan-
pura and Dula Gates, and the Hauz Katora pavilion, at Kllichptir in the
Amraoti District and in the Akola District the Arnbar Mahall, now used as
a Dak Bungalow, in the Nam all a Fort.

" In a notification dated 23rd November 1924 guardianship was assumed
by the Commissioner, under Section 4 (C) of the Act, of the Ganpati Temple
at Chanda, the Maroti Temple at Maroda, the Mahadeo Temple at Mahadwari,
and an old temple at Palebaras, all in the Chanda District ; and the protection
of the following temples in the same district was confirmed in a further notifica-
tion under Section 3 (3) issued on the same date. The cave-like Temple at
Maroda ; an old temple at Dhanora ; the Ekvira Temple at Ekoripura, Chanda ;
the Someswara Temple and the Sankh-shaped well in Dadmahalpura, Chanda ;
the Maroti Temple in Bhiwapurpeth, Chanda ; the Bam Tirtha rock-temple at
Ballarpur ; the Mahadeo Temples at Naleswar, and at Warha, the two temples

2A2

DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTE8

172

Central
Provinces
and Bow

Bengal

Assam

Burma

to that deity at Gbosn, one of which contains an image of KeshvaBwamii
the JKahadeo Temples at Bhejgaori at Rajgarh, and at Chandapur the Keshava-
nath Temple at Chural ; the old tank with the remains of an ancient palace
at Jnnona ; the group of cromlechs at Chamursi ; the Bhadranath Temple, the
Bhawani Cave, the knoll with the rums of a carved temple, and the ruined
temple and images on the side of the masonry tank, all at Bhandak ; the
Mahadeo Temples at Kadholi, at Waghnakh, at Amdiliarba, and at Diwalwada ;
the icniainn of several temples on the low hill at Gaoiara ; and the Earn dig
temple and pool in the Nimdehla Forest."

Three new monuments were added to the list of protected monuments in
Bengal during the year and four Were removed from it. Mr. Banerji reports
that " the former were the stone temple at Garui in the Burdwan district and
two ancient mounds, containing ruins of the later Gupta period at Biharail
and Dhanora in the Rajshahi district. Two modern buildings removed were
the Hussaini Dalan and the tomb of Colombo Saheb in Dacca city. The
owners of the mosque at Gurai in the Mymensing district having refused to
allow the Government to repair this monument, it was removed from the list,
and the mined temple at Devagram in the Nadia district was also removed
as it has been practically rebuilt in recent times and is now to all intents
and purposes no longer an ancient monument.

" In Assam " Mr. Banerji continues " the temple of Hayagriva Madhava at
Hajo in the Kamrup district was removed from the list of protected monu-
ments owing to the refusal of the owners to enter into an agreement with the
Government. A stone boundary pillar of the Ahom kings of Assam discovered
near Sadiya on the north-eastern Frontier and described by Mr. K. N. Dikshit
on page 1 57 ante was added to the list together with three guns, one of which
bears an inscription concerning its manufacture in the reign of the Emperor Sher
Shah. The remaining guns belonged to the river flotilla of the Mughal Empire
and are of the swivel type."

" In the Report for last year,'' writes Mon. Duroiselle, " reference was
made to steps that were being taken for the declaration of certain inscription
sheds as protected under the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act. These sheds
have now been finally declared as protected and to the list have now been
added during the year :

(1) Andaw pagoda at Mrohaung, (2) Dukkanthein temple at Mrohaung
and (3) Ratanabon pagoda at Mrohaung, all in the Akyab District.
Steps are also being taken to add the following monuments at
Pagan in the Myingyan District :--

(1) Shitthaung pagoda, (2) Thetkyamum temple, (3) Kondawgyi
temple, (4) Pebingyaung pagoda, (6) Shinbinthalyaung, the
recumbent image of the Buddha within the precincts of the
Shwesandaw pagoda, (6) Patothamya temple, (7) The Than-
dawgya image, (8) Kubyauk-gyi temple, (9) Abeyadana temple,
(10) Payathonzu temple, (11) Thambula temple and (12) Nanda-
manya temple.

173 DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES

" Owing to their being inhabited and as a result always in danger of being Burma
burnt down, the following wooden monasteries at Mandalay, which were on
the list of protected monuments have been removed from that list, and the
annual Government subsidy of Rs. 1,000 for their upkeep and maintenance
has been withdrawn :

(1) Shwensandaw Kyaung, (2) Thudama Kyaung, (3) Salin Kyaung, (4)
Myadaung Kyaung or Queen's Monastery, (5) Sangyaung Monastery and
(6) Taiktaw Kyaung.

For the same reason the Sangyaung Monasteries at Amarapura have also been
removed from the list. The Sandamani pagoda at Mandalay, which contains
the tombs of King Mindon's brother and two other princes all oi whom lost
their lives in the Myingun rebellion of 1866, and which is looked after by the
hermit U Kanti has been removed from the list of monuments in Burma
that are maintained by the Central Government."

PUBLICATIONS.

The following publications were issued by the Department during the year
1924-25. :

1. Urdu Translation Guide to Taxila, by Mohammad Hamid Kuraishi,

B.A.

2. Memoir No. 16. The Temple of Siva at Bhumara by Mr. R. D.

Banerji, M.A.

3. Memoir No. 17. The Pallava Architecture, Part I (Early Period)

by Mr. A. H. Longhurst.

4. Memoir No. 18. Hindu Astronomy by Mr. G. R. Kaye.

5. Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India for 1921-22 by

Dr. D. B. Spooner, B.A., PH.D.

6. Index to the Annual Report of the Director General of Archaeology

in India, Part II, 1902-3 to 1915-16 by Mr. G. R. Kaye.

7. Archaeological Survey of India, New Imperial Series, Vol. XL1V.

South Indian Inscriptions (Texts), Vol. IV by Rao Bahadur H.
Krishna Sastri, B.A.

8. The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar by Mr. Robert Sewell,

M.R.A.S.

9. Guide to the Buddhist Ruins of Sarnath , 3rd edition by Rai Bahadur

Daya Ram Sahni, M.A.

10. Annual Progress Report of the Assistant Archaeological Superintendent
for Epigraphy, Southern Circle, for the year ending 31st March 1924.

11. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XV, Part 8.

12. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XVII, Part 7.

13. Annual Progress Report of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey.

Burma, for the year 1923-24.

14. Epigraphia Indo-Moslemica for the year 1921-22.

DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES

174

In addition to the above there are several Memoirs and Monographs in the
Press and efforts are being made to bring them out as soon as practicable.

PHOTOGRAPHS.

Director In the photographic section of the Director General of Archaeology's office

General a tota i O f 5 $ negatives were taken. These consisted to a great extent of

views of excavation sites and antiquities unearthed therefrom. 71 photographs
* Were taken of antiquities from Mohenjo-daro, 36 of antiquities from Harappa

and of the sites there and 145 of sites and antiquities including a hoard of
jewelley and punch marked coins found at Taxila. Besides these over a
hundred photographs were taken of the specimens of calligraphy in the Delhi
Fort Museum concerning which Khan Sahib Maulvi Zafar Hasan is writing
a monograph. About fifty photographs of representative monuments and
sculptures at Sanchi and a hundred views of the monuments at Dhar and
Mandu were also prepared. Over a thousand photographic prints received
from the Archaeological Superintendents have been mounted in the albums
kept for reference in the Central Archaeological Library.

Northern Circle The Superintendent, Muhammadan and British, Monuments, reports that
Agra his photographer exposed 154 negatives during the year and that the photographs

consisted chiefly ot the ancient monuments at Kalpi, Irich and Lahtpur in the
United Provinces, and at Delhi. Photographs were also taken in connection with
conservation works at Delhi and Agra and 29 were of plans of certain monu-
ments at Delhi prepared by his draftsmen.

Lahore 105 negatives were exposed by the photographer of the Superintendent,

Hindu and Buddhist Monuments, and consisted mainly of views of the excava-
tions at Harappa which were under his supervision. A few photographs were
also taken at Kasia and Sarnath and of the unexplored Buddhist mounds at
Piprahwa in the Gorakhpur District, United Provinces. This office supplied 113
photo-prints to the public on payment and 192 gratis to officers of the De-
partment.

'Frontier l n ^ ne Frontier Circle eighty-three negatives were prepared. Thirty-three

Circle O f these were taken to record the condition of the Lahore Fort before

conservation and twenty-five in connection With excavations at the Sampur
Mound, Mastung, Baluchistan. The photographer also prepared for the office
records six hundred prints from the negatives transferred to this circle from
the Agra Office in 1923-24. Forty-six photographic prints to the value of
Us. 18-7-0 were sold to private persons.

Western Of the 397 photo-negatives added to the photographic collection of the

Circle Western Circle, during the year, 223 were of the excavation works and anti-

quities found at Mohenjo-daro and the remaining 174 concerned other monuments
and antiquities in the Bombay Presidency. 588 photo-prints Were supplied to
the various officers of the Survey during the year and a set of 205 prints
representing the work of the previous year was submitted to the Government
of Bombay by ^hoee instructions it was made over to the Prince of Wales
Museum in Bombay for exhibition. The number of prints sold to the public

175 DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES

during the year was 109, the sale-proceeds of which amounting to Ks. 60 being Western
credited to Government. Circle

In the Bihar and Orissa Province 164 photographs were taken during the Central Circle
year, and 55 in the Central Provinces and Berar. Of the former the principal
were those of the excavated remains at Nalanda, in Bihar, and the minor
antiquities recovered on that site ; and a few more records were made of
the Black Pagoda at Konarak, in Orissa. In the Central Provinces and Berar
photographs were taken oi the somewhat inaccessible hill fort of Deogarh
in the Chhmdwara District ; and of those monuments at Asirgarh and Burhanpur,
in the Nimar District that were under repair. In addition, 971 photo-prints
were made, of which 155 were supplied to the public ; and 126 estampages
Were prepared of inscriptions, mostly at Nalanda.

One hundred and eight negatives were added to the Eastern Circle collec- Eastern Circle
tion. Of these, sixty-nine were taken in Bengal and thirty-nine in Assam
The photographs taken during the year include a set of the specimens collected
at different times by the Curator of Dacca Museum and now deposited in that
Museum and of the later Mughal buildings in the Dacca city. A set of now
photographs was taken of the oldest mosque in Bengal, i.e., that of Zafar Khan
Ghazi at Tribem in the Hoogly District. In Assam the photographer was
mainly occupied in taking photographs of the pre-Ahom sculptures at Tezpur
and Gauhati. The revision of the list of photographic negatives belonging
to this Circle was commenced but little progress was made owing to the sanction
of privilege leave for three months to Mr. Iv. N. Dikshit and to his subsequent
transfer to the Western Circle.

In the Southern Circle only 21 new negatives were required as most of Southern
the monuments inspected during the year had already been photographed during Circle
previous tours. Altogether, 445 prints were prepared and of these 379 prints
were supplied to the public at a cost of Es. 290 which amount has been remit-
ted into the Local Treasury. The photo-albums are in good order and being
kept strictly up-to-date.

To the list of photographs prepared by the Superintendent, Archseological Burma Circle
Survey, Burma Circle, there have been added 156 new photographs. They
comprise amongst others views of the mounds excavated at Hmawza during the
year and the * finds * made there. A large number of copies were taken of
photographs of the members of the late Burmese Royal family, which were
found in the possession of some of their descendants, and which Maung Maung
Tin, a pensioner of the Burma Provincial Service, kindly procured on loan
for this Department. Many of these photographs were taken on the Palace
platform during King Mindon's time (1853-78), a special feature of them
being that, they show the particular mode of dress worn by Burmese royalty
in those days, in private as well as on state occasions. It is proposed to have
enlargements made of the most important of these photographs and to hang
them on the walls of the Museum on the Palace platform.

In the Archaeological Section of the Indian Museum 61 photographic ne- Indian
gativea were prepare and include seven of antiquities in the Maynrbhanj State. Museum

DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES

170

Assistant 79 photographic negatives were exposed by the photographer attached to

Superintendent the office of the Assistant Superintendent for Epigraphy, Southern Circle, Madras.

for Epigraphy,

Southern

Circle

DRAWINGS.

Director
General of
Archaeology.
Northern
Circle

Agra

frontier
Circle

Western
Circle

Central Circle

The draftsman of the Director General's Office prepared eleven large draw-
ings of the diggings and excavations at Taxila.

The Superintendent at Agra reports that the survey of the monuments
at, Delhi was still in progress. The two temporary draftsmen with the assist-
ance oi the head draftsman of his office completed during the summer nine
drawings of Wildings for which measurements had been taken during the
previouh cold weather. In addition measurements of ten other buildings Were
taken and thirteen pencil drawings of plans and sections made. Amongst
these latter may be mentioned the tombs of Ghiyasu-d-Dm Tughlaq, Shah
Alum, including the mosque attached, Kabiru-Din Auliya and Bahlol Lodi , the
Satpula sluice and that with the bridge near Shah Alam's tomb and the bridge
near Sikhandar Lodi's tomb. The second draftsman of the Agra Office was kept
fully employed in the preparation of working drawings lequired for conserva-
tion purposes.

The draftsman in the Lahore Office made seven drawings of the excavations
undertaken by the Superintendent at Harappa in the Montgomery District
which he has described in the Exploration section of this Report.

The Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, Frontier Circle, states that his
draftsman was employed throughout the summer and autumn at the Lahore
Fort in supervising the trial excavations there and preparing drawings of the
archaeological buildings, courtyards and excavated areas. In order to obtain
at an early date complete records of the archaeological buildings and their
modern additions a temporary draftsman was appointed for seven months.
Thirty-eight drawings in all were prepapred thirty-four being of Lahore Fort.
Later the draftsman was engaged at the excavation at Mastung in Baluchistan
(vide page 51) in connection with which he made the necessary drawings, two
in number.

Mr. Dikshit writes in respect of the Western Circle " during the year thirty
new survey drawings were taken in hand, of which thirteen consisted of
plans and other details of the buildings excavated at Mohenjo-daro in Sind,
four plans of buildings exposed in the Shanwar Wada Palace at Poona and
the remainder detailed plans of the group of temples at Un in the Indore
State, Central India. These latter were required as illustrations for Mr. R. D.
Banerji's Memoir on the Un temples. One unfinished drawing connected with
the excavations at Mohenjo-daro in previous seasons and two of the buildings
at Satara ataited last year were completed. Besides, several working plans
were prepared in connection with conservation works in progress.'

The drawings made in the Central Circle were of the excavated remains
at Nalanda in Bihar, where the survey work of the previous years was con-
tinued, and further sectional records and plans made of the several strata oi

177 DEPARTMENTAL ROUTINE NOTES

occupation" disclosed in Monastery No. I and of the monastic sites Nos. 4 and Central Circle
5 to its north. Detail sections to a larger scale were also prepared of the
walls and other features revealed through the sinking of pits to the bottommost
foundations ; records being made in this way of the levels of the several struc-
tures disclosed in the sanctuary of Monastery No. 4. Similar large-scale records
were made of the earlier strata disclosed beneath the chaitya in Monastery
No. I, as well as the later entrance gateway at the uppermost level between
that monastery and site No. 5 adjoining it.

Survey of this nature is indispensable for the elucidation of the remains,
which are often so complicated m their incidence that they can only be rendered
intelligible by careful correlation in plan, elevation and section ; and it is
unfortunate that the work has been impeded through the lack of an adequate
staff. However, the vacancy for a second draftsman, which remained open
through tjie difficulty of obtaining a suitable man, has now been filled, and
it is hoped that greater progress will be possible in future.

In the Eastern Circle office the draftsman began a detailed plan of the Eastern Circle
palace of the Ahom rajas at Garhgaon in the Sibsagar district of Assam.
The plans of the temples of Siddeswar at Bahulara and Shyam Ray at Vishnu-
pur in the Bankura district along with a plan of the area to be acquired at
Paharpur for further excavations were completed by him. He also enlarged
three sketches made by Major Mockier in 1871 of the dambp of Baluchistan
for the purpose of illustrating Mi. R. B. Banerji'b Memoir on the first excava-
tions at Mohenjo-daro. Plans of the rums at Tribeni and of the Lalbagh fort
at Dacca Were begun during the year but could not be completed.

In the office for Madras eight new drawings were prepared and a few plans Southern
and tracings made for office record. The drawings are to serve ah illustrations Circle
to Part II of Mr. Longhurst's Monograph on Pallava Architecture now under
preparation.

Nine drawings were added to the collection of drawings m the office of Burma Circle
the Superintendent, Archseological Survey, Burma. They consisted of plans
and sections of the Dhammayazika pagoda at Pagan, and additional plans and
sections of the Ananda temple also at Pagan. A list of these is given in his
Annual Report for 1924-25.

PERSONNEL.

Mr. J. F. Blakiston continued to officiate as Deputy Director General
of Archeology vice Dr. D. B. Spooner, who remained on leave till the 15th
July 1924, from which date Mr. Blakiston reverted to bis substantive appoint-
ment as Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, Muhammadan and British Monu-
ments, Northern Circle, and Khan Sahib Maulvi Zafar Hasan, who had been
officiating for him, returned to the Director General's Office as Assistant Superin-
tendent for Central India and Rajputana. Owing to the sudden illness of Dr.
Spooner, Mr. Blakiston was again appointed to officiate as Deputy Director
General 'from 12th January 1925, Mr. Dhama taking over the office of Superin-
tendent Archaeological Survey, Muhammadan and British Monuments from him

2 B

DEPARTMENTAL KOTJTINB NOTES 178

for a month until relieved by Khan Sahib Maulvi Zafar Hasan, who 'had beei*
granted a few weeks' leave. On account of the untimely death on the 30th-
Jlsnuary 1925 of Dr. Spooner, by which the Archaeological Department has
suffered an almost irreparable loss, the officiating appointments above referred
to were made permanent and Mr. B. L. Dhama, Excavation Assistant, was
appointed Assistant Superintendent for Central India and Rajputana.

Sir Aurel Stein, who was on six months' leave from February 1924, was after
the expiry of this leave placed on deputation in England for a period of ten
months in connection with the preparation of his book on Innermost Asia.
Khan Bahadur Wasi-un-Din continued to hold charge of the Frontier Circle
until relieved by Mr. H. Hargreaves on return from leave on the 31st October
1924. There were no changes m the gazetted personnel of the Northern
(Hindu and Buddhist Monuments), Southern and Burma Circles nor in the Indian
Museum and Epigraphical Branch ; but Mr. R. D. Banerji on the expiry of
his leave on medical certificate was transferred from the Western Circle, Poona,
to the Eastern Circle, Calcutta, with effect from the 10th June 1924, and Mi.
K. N. Dikshit the Superintendent, Eastern Circle, proceeded on three months*
leave on the expiry of which he was appointed Superintendent of the Western
Circle thereby relieving Mr. G. C. Chandra who had been officiating as
Superintendent during the period Messrs. Banerji and Dikshit were on leave.
Mr. G. C. Chandra then reverted to his substantive appointment as Assistant
Superintendent m the Western Circle, Mr. M. S. Vats, who had been officiating
for him, returning to his appointment of leave reservist.

The titles of Khan Sahib and Rai Bahadur were conferred respectively
upon Maulvi Zafar Hasan, Superintendent, Muhammadan and British Monu-
ments, Northern Circle, Agra, and Mr. Ramaprasad Chanda, Superintendent^
Archaeological Section in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

,7. F. BLAKISTON.

179

APPENDIX A.

t(a) SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURE ON ESTABLISHMENT, ALLOWANCES, ETC., EXCLUDING CONSERVA-
TION.

Original
Allotment*

Expenditure.

(a) Director-General of Archaeology .......

(6) Superintendent, Muhammadan and British Monuments, including
Delhi Museum and Fort Garden Staff.

(d) ,, Frontier Circle .....

(e) Western Circle

</) Central Circle

(g) Eastern Circle

(A) Southern Circle

() Burma Circle .....

()) Government Epigraphist for India ....

(*) Assistant Superintendent for Epigraphy, Southern Circle
'(0 Arolwsolofncal Chemist m India .....

(TT) Central Asian Antiquities Museum, Delhi

(n) Superintendent, Archnological Section, Indian Museum .

Bs.

2,07,340
52,480
45,100
30,680
48,440
44,050
22,320
29,090
46,810
49,340
29,410
10,550
39,390
28,510

Rs. A. P.

1,98,801 8

50,629 12 5

52,440 3

26,946 9

61,694 15 }

39,343 2 6

25,879 11

24,366 10

38,957 6

43,578 14 )]

27,919 1

16,608 4

20,581 11

31,912 4

6,90,110

6,59,649 7 9

180

APPENDIX A contd.

(a) EXPENDITURE ON ESTABLISHMENT, ETC., EXCLUDING CONSERVATION.
Director-General of Archaeology *n India.

1. Establishment

() Pay of Officers

Director-General, Deputy Director-General, Assistant Superintendent
and Moslem EpigraphiKt.

(6) Pay ot establishment-

Superintendent, Excavation Assistant, Accountant, Clerks, Steno-
Hiapheis, Librarian!*, Modeller, Photographer, Photo-printer,
Draftsman, attendants and servants, Excavation coolies and
temporary establishment.

2. Publications

(a) Annual Report

ffc) Epigiaphia Indo Moi-lemica ........

(<f) Sanchi Monograph

3. Photography

Photographs and phrtto-mntenals

4. Library

Purchase of booka ..........

5. Contingencies-*

Petty Bupplie* and servicea, IJveries and warm clothing, Kent, rates and
taxes, Service postage and telegram charges, Conveyance of tents,
stores and records, Office expenses and Miscellaneous.

6. Purchase of antiquities ...... ...

7. Allowances

(a) Travelling allowance to officers .......

(6) Travelling allowance to establishment ...

(d) Oononensation for df-arnefis of provisions . ...

8. Excavation at Taxila ...

0. Special charge*

Dr. KJHOW'B viwt to India

TOTAL .

07,420

2,000

7,800
1,300
3,000
19,140

14,400

11,000
13,800
3,290
910
] 1,000

2,07,840

61,057 5

41,574 3 0*

13,112 10 0*

246
19.316 ff 6*

2,360 15

14,918 11 0*

9,488 13

8,921 10

2,108 10

11,000

1,98,891 8

* EMMA expentLtnre met by re-appropriation.

t Re-appropriated lor Annual Report, Memoir* and other archaeological publications, excavation,
travelling allowance.

contingencies and

181

APPENDIX A oontd.

(a) EXPENDITURE ON ESTABLISHMENT, arc., EXCLUDING OONSEBVATION-- contd.
Northern CwcU(Muhammi*dan and British Monuments).

Head*.

Allotment.

ExDenditore

1. Establishment

R*.

He. A. r.

(a) Pay of officers

Superintendent .........

J 2,732

11,412 14

(6) Pay of Establishment

Conservation Assistants, Munshl, Clerks, Accountant, Photographeis,
Draftsmen and attendants

15,040

]fl,017 12

7,800

7,380

2. Museums and Dak Bungalows

(<i) Delhi Museum

(i) Establishment

3.620

3,352 12

(ii) Contingencies . ...... j
(iii) Compensation for dearncss of provision* J
(ft) Taj Museum, Agra ,

2,130
+668

100
100

250

+100

V 2,797 7 6
^ Ntl
1 39S 13 6

250

251 15

3. Photography-
Photographs and Photo materials ..... j

750
-|230

? 939 12

4* Library
Purchase of books j

200

-I 560

J ] 259 12

5. Contingencies-

Petty supplies and services

38 12
13 6

Rent, rates and taxes . ...... I

410
100

I T07 1 8

and tele am char s (

800
-200

V 003 4

000

)
518 1

1,500

1,366 1 9

6. Allowances
(a) Travelling allowance to officers . ....-]

(61 Travelling allowance to Establishment 1
(e) Compensation for dearness of provisions ... j

2,800

+WXJ

2,540

| a.OSfl
! 1,085 1ft

TOIAt .

02,4RO

50.829 12 ff

182
APPENDIX A contd.

<o) EXPENDITURE ON ESTABLISHMENT, ETC., EXCLUDING CONSERVATION contd.
Northern Circle~(Hindu and Buddhist Monuments).

Head*

Allotment*.

Expenditure.

1 Establishment

R*.

Rs. A. r.

(a) Pay of officers

Superintendent .........

16,430

11,425

(6) Fay of establishment

Conservation Assistants, Pandite Mid Munehie, Clerks, Photographer,
Draftsmen and Attendants.

12,980

12,874 3

2. Museums
Sarnath .... 5

2,000
4-859

J 2,804 14

3. Photography
Photographs and photo materials . - j
4. Library

400
-4-102

> 822 2

Purchase of books ......

300

277 15

6. Contingencies-

Liveries and warm clottiing .... ....

100

Nil

Rents, rates and taxes . . .

2,190

Service postage stamps and telegram charges

300

313 3

Conveyance of tents, stores, etc. . . ...

800

53 12

Menml establishment char|tt . ...

310

336

Purchase and repair of office furniture ......

7/50

640 2

Petty supplies and services .... ...

150
300
-f 100

116 4
C 499 ft

6. Allowances

t) Travelling allowance to officers |
(6) Travelling allowance to establishment ....

2,400
+1,000
3,440

} 3,238 2
3,438 3

(

150

f yn

<> f J

102

<d) Componftatiojt for dee mess ol provisions ... j
7. Exertion-

100
100

2,000

1 NU
674

f**itni . .... j-
DeogaA - j

1,800*

24 4

HMapp*

4-ItJflO

12,620 7

Tor*r ,

MOfl

82,440 8

R^ppropztatedtoHarapp*.

183

APPENDIX A contd.

(a) EXPENDITURE ON ESTABLISHMENT, ETC., EXCLUDING
Frontier Circle.

CONSERVATION COntd.

Head*.

Expenditure.

1. Establishment

(a) Pay of officers

Superintendent ... .

(b) Pay of establishment

Clerks, Draftsman, Photographer, Modeller, Peons, etc.

2. Photography

Photographs and photo materials

Petty supplies ... ... .

3. Library

Purchase of books

4. Contingencies

Purchase of stationery

Liveries and warm clothing

Service postage and telegram charges

Conveyance of tents, stores and records

Hot and cold weather charges

Purchase of furniture

Menial charges

Office expenses and miscellaneous

5. Allowances

(a) Travelling allowance to officers s

(b) Travelling allowance to establishment

(o) Compensation for deameas of provisions

6. Excavation

Bampur (Martuog) Katat State, Baloohistan

14,900

0.140

400
100

40
350
600

70
760

2,400

TOTAL

1,600
+ 1,000

+2,600

30,230

510 ,1 0-

Nil

20 12 O

350

262 2

141 11

00 14

587 10

3,353 9

2,482 7

Nil

8,600

20,946

184
APPENDIX A contd.

(a) EXPENDITURE ON ESTABLISHMENT, KTO., EXCLUDING CONSERVATION COIlld.

Western Cvrcte.

Heads.

Allotment*.

1. Establishment-

fa) Pay of officers

() ^Superintendent

(ii) Assistant Superintendent

Leave salary ...

(h) Pay of establishment-

Clerks, Stenographer, Draftsmen, Photographer, peons, etc.

Leave salary ........

2. Photography-

Photographs and photo materials

3. Library

Purchase of books ........

4. Contingencies

Liveries and warm clothing ......

Service postage and telegram charges .
Conveyance of tents, stores and records
Office expenses and miscellaneous

l*urchase of furniture ....
Purchase and repair of tents
Petty supplies and services .
C. Allowances

(a) Travelling allowance of officers
(i) Superintendent
(ii) Anmtant Superintendent.
(6) Travelling allowance oi Establishment

(e) Hou^ rnt allowance

(d) Compensation for dearnens of provisions

R*. A. r.

16,310
6.260
249

10,730

+249 o

450

1,000
-f-496 10

300 (i
4-305 5 6

130

67 13 9

1,200

447 3

2.000

+ 217 1C 9

400

-| 786 1 6

100

+ 40

+2,000

100

4,000

2,400
+ 1,600

2,000
+ 17,257 11 6

71,687 11 6

12,728 8

11,044 10

oor> 5 c

62 2 3

752 13

2,217 15 9

1,182 4 3

140

2,000

} *

6,623 11
3,983 4
600

19,267 11 6

61,604 15 3

185
APPENDIX A contd.

(O,) EXPKNIMTURTC ON KSTABLTSHMENT, ETC., BatOLDBlNO OONSKBVATION - COHtd.

Central Circle.

, 1, Establishment

(a) Pay of offioei* -

(i) Superintendent ^

(ii) Aaifetant Superintendent J

Leave salary ..........

(6) Pay of establishment

Excavation Assistant, Accountant, Clerks, Photographer, Draftsmen, <
Peons, etc I

2. Photography

Purchase of photo mater tab

3. library

Purchase of books

4. Contingencies

Telephone charges

Liveries and warm clothing

Kent*, rate* and taxes .........

Service, postage and telegram charges . ...

Conveyance of tent*, stores and records . ...

Office expense* and miaoellaneouw

Menial charges ...........

1'uMhase of furniture .

Petty supplies and services .........

5. Allowances

(a) Travelling allowance to officen .

(6) Travelling allowance to establishment

(o) House rent and otlier allowances

(d) Compensation for dearnew of provisions

0. Excavation-

Exoavation at Nalanda, Kumrahar and Bafeadibagh 1

TOTAL

Allotments

Kxpenditnm.

12,100
5,668 4
241 3 (a)

10,870
1,000 (6)

9,291)

150
100
(WO

1,200
600
90
400
100

3.040

2,800

1,000

2,000
+200 (rf)

226

158

586 12

454

1,234 8

428 5

152

53 8

24 15

2,891 g

2,498 14

mi (

21 11 O

2,192 I

43,3flO

39,343 2 6

(a) Leave ouarvmge pay for 17 days from 4th March 1094.

(A) Ro-appropriated for oonervation and maiotaoMwe at Nalanda.

(o) B0-o.pproprlfl.ted for oonaervatton and maintenance at Kalaada.

(d) Be-apptvp-iated from tin head Upfewsp of Museum and bungalow aft Nalanda.

186
APPENDIX A contd.

(a) EXPENDITUBK ON hSTABLISHMJSNT, ETC., EXCLUDING CONSERVATION CWltd.

Ecmtern Circle.

Heads.

Expenditure.

1. EHtabliBhment

(a) Pay of officers

Supermtendwnt ... .....

(6) Pay of establishment

Clerks, Draftsman, Photograph**, Dnftri and Peons

2. Photography

Photograph* and photo materials ....... 3

3. Library--

Purchase of bookn, etc. .......

4. Gontingeuoifw

Telephone charges

Liveries and warm clothing .........

Service portage and telegram charges

Conveyance of tontu, stores and reoordfl ..... <

Office expenses and miscellaneous . . . . . ]

Purchase of furniture .

Rents, rat* 1 *!, te. ........

Petty supplies and cervices ... . . .

6. ADowaaoes

(a) Travelling allowance to offi<wf. ......

(6) Travelling allowance to establishment )

(c^ House rent allowance to Superintendent .....

9,150

6,180

600
+ 300

7fiO
^300

690
200

600
-100

400
160

1.600
+ 1,676

640
+924

1,000

10,46o O

5,110 11

187 8

300

1,028

349 2 u

314 S

266 7 O

3,276

1,564

1,505 Q

24.920

25,879 11

187
APPENDIX A contd.

() EXPENDITURE ON ESTABUSHMBNT, KTO., EXCLUDING OONSBRV \TlON COVtid.

Southern Circle.

1. Establishment

(a) Pay of officers
Superintendent

(6) Pay of the estabUshmenfr-
Clerks, Draftsmen, peona

2. Photography

Put chase of pho'to-nmtenal

Purchase of books

4. Contingencies

Liveries and warm clothing .
Rente, rate* and taxes ....
Service postage and telegrams
Conveyance of tents, stores, etc.
Office expenses and miscellaneous .
Gleaning charges ....

Purchase of furniture

6, Purchase of antiquities ....

-6, Allowances

(a) Trv*Uin* allowance to offloen

(fr) Tmvelling a9owaoe to estabUskne&t

Allotments. Expenditure.

15,600

260
960
300
400
1,500
100

260

1,800

29,690

3,704 8

219 7

960

180

136 14

763 6

33 4>

1,616
714

24,366 10 6

2c2

188

APPENDIX A contd.

(a) EXPENDITURE: os ESTABLISHMENT, ETC., EXCLUDING CONSERVATION contd.
Burma Circle.

Allotments.

Expenditure.

(a) Pay of offii

Leave salary ..........

(fr) Pay of establishment

Aroh*olOjgioal scholarship . .

Archaeological Assistant, Architectural Surveyor, Clerk*, Pandit,
Draftsman, Artist, Photographer and Peons.

Leave salary

2. Publications

3. Photography-

Purchase of photographs and photographic materials

4. Oontingencjoa

Contract contingencies

Rente, rates and taxes

Petty suppliei and aarrioea

5. AflowanoRB-

() Travelling allowance to officer .......

(6) Travelling; allowance to establishment

(e) Contingent allowance to Honorary Archaeological officer for Arakan and
other aBowanou

<tf) Honorarium

16,200
3,000

1,930
11,740

300
1,000

ToTAt

2,860
960
200

2,400
1,600
*,**>
1,000

46,810

[15,700

876

11,689

82 11

1,000

2,712 15

960

180

1,063 12

1,872 15

2,810
fl*l

38,957 ft

189

APPENDIX A cuntd.

(a) EXPENDITURE ON ESIABLIBHMENT, BTC., EXOLUD^G OONBKXYAIIO:N
Government Eytigraphtst.

Heads.

Rs.

Ka A. P

1. Establishment

(a) Pay of officers

(i) Government Epigraphwt

27,430

26,927 3

(111) Assistant Superintendent for Epigraphy

2,860

1,3C1 IS

(fr) Pay '.f establishment-

Clerks ... ...

4,860

3,880 6 10

Attoadors and servants ....

1,260

1,163 1

Leave salary . .

260

92 2 I

Temporary establishment

240

2. PubUoations-

() Honorarium to contributors
(6) Reproduction of plates ...

(

4,600
l.OOOf

f 1,079 14 4
( 2,084 8

. Library-
Purchase of books, etc. ....

560

-f-845

878 14 1

4. Contingencies

Service postage and telegram charges .

300

208 4 6

1,200
1,000

' 100 8 6

600
200

308 8

oe pe

500
05

404 8

2,400

180

180 ft

160
100

5. Allowances

1,200

4-1,000

2.044 7

(b) Travelling allowance of establishment

{

800
450
90

907 IS

TOTAL

48,340

43,578 14 11

t Utilised by the Director-General.

100
APPENDIX A oontd.

(a) EXPENDITURE ON ESTABLISHMENT, ETC , EXCLUDING CONSERVATION contd.
Su'jterintendent for Epigraphy, Southern Circle.

Head*.

Allotments.

Expenditure.

1. BBtabliahmont-

Rs. A. v.

(a) Pa> of officers

4ssi8tant Hupermtendent ......

0,360

6,354 13

Leave salary ........ -j

f,60

(6) Pay <>t establishment

(talk*

1 2,520

11.870

Lnave salftiv . .... J

f S

( 758 10

0,280

)

100

f 0,011

m ** nrU *

)

450

)

Petty supplies and services . . J

-] 100

> r,4<5 15

3. AttowanoeH

1,200

(a) Travelling allowance of Assistant Superintendent J

500

f 499 3

(

] ,400

(ty Travelling allowance of eeUbhshment j

+.WO

f 1,869 3

TOTAL

29.410

27,919 1

Archaeological Chemist

Headn.

AUotmentB.

Expenditure.

I. EBtabUhme^-

Rs,

RB. A. P.

() Pay of offioera
Arohteolngicnl Chcmiat ......

8 980

8 982 4

<*) Pay of eatbklwient

Clerk. Laboratory Assistant and menial establishment

2,020

2,449 11

2. Ufcrary-

Purchasft of books, etc. '

200

f 82

> 282

2,550

f 1 966

Purchase of, a4 freight of Chemicals and Apparatus, etc. ]

1,000
+350

> 1,349 11

(a) TrroHin KlbwMMe to Archseologic&l Chemist \

yoo

+390

> 1,319 3

(my.raUi-J^^oetoe^bi.Bhmeut J

240
+60

S26H ?

(

TOML .

"** 4 <

191

APPENDIX A contd.

(a) EXPENDITURE ON ESTABLISHMENT, ETC., BJMJLUDINO CONSERVATION
CollecMffn and arrangement of the Central Asian Antiquities at DeUi-i.

Heads.

Allotment*.

Bxpenditur*

1. Establishment -

R0 A. P.

(o) Pay of officers

1. Fiir Aurel Stem, K C.I.E. . ...

17,480

2 Mr. F. H. Andrews .

5,000

(b) Pay of establishment-

Temporary establishment and craftsmen ....

1,600

1,015 2

2. Contingencies

12,810

12,06ft 9

3. Allowances

Passage of Mi F. H. Andrews from England to India and back

2,500

2,600

TOTAL .

39,890

20,581 11

Indian Museum.

Heads.

Allotment*.

Expenditure.

Ra.

Rs. A.

1. Establishment

(a) Pay of officers

7,780

7,064 8

(6) Pay of establishment

12,500

12.605 5

2. Purchase and acquisition of antiquities 4

l.oOO

+2RO

] 1,748 10

8. C*ontingencioi ..... ... <

3,000
+2,000
+390
266

t 6,133 H

4. Allowances

l,ftOO
390

1 1,194 13

(6) Travelling allowance for eaUbliahment \

640
+21

1,510

5
| 60 4
1,505

Grant notion6d for the oonatonotion of how-*^ ...

+2,000

2,000

TOTAL .

32,510

31,912 4

192
APPENDIX A contd.

(b) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION.
Ftumwary of expenditure on conservation works, etc., 1924-25.

Provinces.

Original
Allotments.

Expenditure.

United Province*-

Ks.

Re A. r.

Muhttmmadan and British Monument* . ...

1,26,000

1,32,033

Hindu and Budtlhwt Monuments .

25,887

19,03ft 2

Delhi . . . .

92,800

83,861

Punjab

Muhammadan and Bntish Monuments .

60,289

57,162 0{)

Hindu and Buddhist Monuments .

fiO,632

32,922 3

Murth-Wmt Frontier Pi ovmco ... ...

9,670

3,901 3

Bombay . . -

80,000

84,221

Bihar and Onssa

17,387

18,099

Central Provm<*s and Beiar . .

26,481

24,799

Bengal .... .

24,000

25,521

AMMII . . . - ....

9,349

7,684 3

MaJra. . .

24,920

21914. 13

Coorp; ... ....

600

322

Burma ....

64,997

(53,100

Ajmer . .

6,041

6,642 3 6

Chhatarpur State ....

3,000

Reserve . ...

30,247 (6)

TOTAL

0,62,200

5,84,267 12

(a) Excludes Rs. 20,550-4-6 grant foi gardens fiom Provincial Government.
(6) Distribution from the Beaerv.

Original Reserve

Supplementary Reserve by sunenders ... ,

Nummary of Sxj>end*ton of St. 60,302.

30,247
30,055

00,302

(1) Conservation.

Amount.

(2) On other head*.

Ri.

KB.

United Province,*

11,581

1. Show-oaaeH, Indian Mutteum .

2,000

Punjab
Bombay
Bihar and Oti^a
Central Provinces

2,184
8,430
1,088
1,200

2. Annual Report and other Aroheo-
logioal Publication.,.
3. Photography
4, Library . .

lft.076

400
800

Bengal
Aiam

2,897
098

5. Contingencies
6. Purchase of antiquftteB

73S
2,500

Madro-
Ajrnor

370
189

7. Travelling allowance
8. Excavation .

IJMO
13,000

TOTAL

28,712

TOMX,

*M07

GRAND TOTAL

60419

103

APPENDIX A contd.
(b) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION.
Northern Circle, Muhammadan and British Monuments.

District.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
year 1924-20.

REMAKKS.

Ba.

RB.

Rs. A. p.

OUCH.

Special Repair* (non-recurring charge*)
carried out by the Public Works
Department.

Agra . .

Sikandra

Conducting a tube -well at tho Ranch
Muhal

37,194

2,005

2,004

In }?rogre-

Do. .

Tajganj .

Replacing Uie existing underpiound
road lighting cable at the Taj.

0,304

6,304

5,400

Completed.

Meerut .

Sardbana

Special repairs to the cemetery .

254

2fi4

219

D...

iLuoknow

Lucfcmvw

Special repairs to Raura-i-Kasmaui ,

7,fi27

4,28fi

5,487

Completed. Tlia
extra expenditure
of RB 1,202 ha*
bopn met oat of
contribution grant
of the Luck-
now Huaawabad
Trust

Do.

Do. .

Renewing the w heels of one of the can-
non at the Residency.

132

112

Completed

Do.

'Do. .

Providing iron railings around the
residency.

9,839

3,000
(-8,000)

}

The work wa* not
carried out and
the allotment re-
appropriatcd fo'
special repaire to
certain monu-
ments at Lucknow
damaged by flood*.

Do.

Do. .

Special repairs \o certain monuments
damaged by floods.

4,783

(+3,000)

| 3,002

In progreaa.

Etawah

AJitmal .

Dismantling and rebuilding the front
arch of the Ajitmal gateway.

511

fill

498

Completed.

Do.

Ekdil

Special repair* to the gateway at

132

127

Do.

JBenarea

Benares .

Certain improvement* in Aurangzeb'g
mosque

202

102

Do.

Do. .

Certain improvements to Battees
Kharaba

ito.

TOTAL .

16,950

17,104

Agency charged @ 1ft per cent.

3,218

3,281

TOTAL

40,168

20,426

194
APPENDIX A contd.

DiiWoU

Locality

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
daring the
year 1924-25.

REMARKS.

Rs.

Rs. A. r.

Tin t'Minj PUOVIM i>>- 01 \OIA AM>

Agra .

Ailta l-oil

Ccttam woik- in the \Joti Masjul,
Muohlu Hhuwtaii nivl .laluuigin
Mahal

UV,7

(626)

, ,

In progress.

Do,

KatchpurSikn

Providing a pa\(d patlvwav TO the Harm
Mahal

r> or, 7

l,0l
( 4 l.Od'l)

|j 101

Completed

Do. .
Do

Certain additions to ln> Office building
of the Superintendent, Aichspoloaienl
SuiVf\, Muhammadnn and British
Monuments Northein Uule

(>.(i07

D<>

of the platform of AkbaiS tomb and
ntpp 1 -, sulmiM and we&t end of the
uest <auf.e\vav

( 2,060)

j vuo o o

Do. .
Do. .

Tojganj .
Agta

Acquisition of shops attached to Katra
Kosham

Hpecial repaus to the damage caused
by flood and heavy rams to certain
arehenologieal buildinfrs

403

fi.UOO

4(>:t

(408}

5,000

(+52II)

] 5.020

The work was not
i an led out.

Completed.

Do. .

Jagner .

&lecial rejiaiio to the Jaunei Fort

C.S8

(4-088)

| <i.'59

Do.

Meerut .

Surdhana

Flepans carried out by the Archbishop
of Apia to the Roman Catholi*
Church

0.8JJ7 8

2.SOH

2,38

Do.

Pro\ idm enamelled notice boards f<r
the Pioteoted monuments m the
United Piovmces

72--.

(-1 725)

> *1S>9

To,,, .

22.I8S

22. 1, Ti!)

Annual Ropatri< (rtCuinnq charges)
carrif'l out by Ihf /'ifWic Works

Agra .

ASIA

Maintenance of elect) ical .nstallation
at Tuj

1,000

1,900

1,594

Meerut .

T'unWShahpir ....

130

ISO

D.I. .

Tomb of Abu Muhammad Khao

100

D.<

Sarc'Lnna

Cemrterj .....

244

844

Ahffarh .

Tappal .

Gnte\\n\ of the Fort

Currie'l -.ner

2.390

2,040

195
APPENDIX A c

District.

Locality.

Name of work and description

Amount
of ganc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotmen
for the
year
1924-25

Amotint Bpent
during the
y r 1924-20

RBMUBKS,

Rs.

Us. A. r.

Brought forward

L',390

2,040

THK VMT i.i> PROVISOES OF \OUA ASI>
Odtm contd

Annual Repairs (iecu nng charges)
carried out l>y the Public Works
Department- LtmUL

.Mu7affarnay;ar

Majheia .

Tomb of Savyid Saif Khan and his
mother Tomb of Diwnn Kayvid
Mohammad Khan, Tomb of 8ay.\ul
Husam. aNo ailed Savvid Hiajju
Khun, Tomb uf Sa\ V id Umar Nm
Khan and ()rtnonal well

ISO

100

14H

Bijnor

Nnjibabad

Xawab Najibu-d daubh's tomb

144

Allahabad -

Allahabad

Tomb of Kultivn Khutro, Tomli of
KhnnroN mothci. Tomb of Khuwo'ij
NHtii.Torobof Bibi Tamnlan Fn
closure -wall ami ^atcwav oi Khu'.ro

400

Do.

/aniim Palace m the Fort

-UK)

3(Mr

222

Mirzapur

Chimar .

Iftikhat Khan'H t.>ml>

300

AlKi

47 r>

Benares

Jionarcs .

Auinntrob'a nx^que

112

11?

111

Ghimpur

lliutn .

St'inc lindyo

]r,

Jaunpur

Jaunpnr .

JamiMasjid

Do.

Do .

Atala Masjid .....

Do
Do

Lai Darwara Mnjid

Do.

Jhinjri Masjid

Do
Do.

Do.
Di.

Sharqi Kings' Tomb near .Tami \Janjid
Hamnmm or TurUinh Bath

> 1,200

1,200

Do.

firoz Shah's Ma^bara

Do.

Stone B-id^c over Gurati .

Do.

Do. .

Rausca of Sher Zaman Khan

Do.

Kings' Tomb at Macharhattn .

Do.

Do. .

Stone lion

AzJtmgarh

Mchnajjar

Daulat'jiTomb

Jalftun

Kalpi .

ChnurasiGumbDd ....

4.W

450

419

Cawnporw

Cawnporo

Savda Kothi monument

Farrukhftbad .

Mau Baabida-
bad.

Tomb of Nawab Rachid Khan .

Carried over

S.fttl

5,32 s ;

196

APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locabty

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned

llotment
for the
year

mount spent

RHXAAKS.

stimate.

1924-25.

Be.

Rs.

RS. A. F

Brought forward

5,841

5,325

'HE UNIT* D PHOVINOKS or AOXA AND

UD ii -contd.

Annual Repairs (recurring charges)

earned out by the Public Work*

FarruZthabad

Curhar

Department conoid.
Well . .

'haudhanapnr

Tomb . ...

If,

1400

Fy/sbad

Akhaipnr

Mosque in the Fort

jr.

KoJtanpur

Haul.

Mosque . ...

150

Locknow

jucltnnw .

Alain bagh House ....

7(50

7. r iO

7.10

Do.

Do. .

Chhatar Manzil palate fur Queens and

3,800

8,800

3,780

platforms

Do.

Do .

'^arhat Baksh station Library

1,2(M)

1 ,200

1,199

Do.

Do .

tfrnl'sgate . ...

Do.

Sikandar Bagh Buildings .

300

27.'J

Do.

D .

Kaiaai bagh gates

HOO

800

l>0.

Do.

Nadan Mahal and Ibrahim C!hishti'

300

277

Trtntb.

Do.

Do .

Nasiruddm Hyder's Karbala .

300

298

Do.

Do .

Janab Aliya's tomb ....

300

Do.

Do. .

Qullstan.Mram ....

540

500

459

Do.

Do. .

Residency buildings and Caretakers'

1,650

1,580

quarters.

Do.

Do. .

Bibiapur House ....

300

263

Da.

Do. .

Dilkusha palace ....

300

299

Dehi Dun .

Dehra Dun

Katanga monuments

fcUrdol .

Malawaa

Wells

Do.

Shahabad

Maqbara of Nawab Diler Khan .

295

266

TOTAL

16,603

16,025

Agency charge* @ 19 per cent.

3,193

3,045

TOTAL

10896

19,070

Fyzabad

Fyeabad

Qulab Ban ....

776

500

The total erpendK

ture incurred on-

the annual repair*
to Gulab Bar!

TOTAL

20,496

19,570

tomb at Fytabad

amounted to Ba.

776. the extra

amount of Bt. 370

baring been paid

SrsSS

197
APPENDIX A eowfcL

District.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sane*
tioned
estimate

Allotment
fur the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25.

RmABXS.

Rs.

Rs. A. r.

THE UKTTKD PROVINCES or AGRA AWP
OUDH contd.

Annual Sepatra (recurring charges)
earned out by the Archaeological De-
partment.

Agi* .

Agra

Roman Catholic cemetery

600

300
(+250)

\ 713

Do. .
Do

Tajganj .

Taj Buildings including gateways

4.050
9,950

4,050
6,800

4.153

gra

( + 3,150)

| 9,833

Do. .

Sikandra

Akbar'sTomb ....

2,800

2,80Y>

2,38 >

Do. .

Marjam'sTomb ....

700

402

Do. .

Ranch Mahal

Do. .

Agw

Itimaduddaula's Tomb

700

683

Do. .
Do.

Chini-ka-Rauza ....

150
6,150

*150
050

163

Do. .

Do .

Delhi Gate . ...

(+4,500)
(3,500)

> 5,184

(-^,557)*

900

Sale ptooeoda of
old materials
credited to the
work.

Do. .

Kanagate Pulohanga Modi

100

108

Do. .

Itban Khan's Tomb

100

Do. .

Itbari Khan's Mosque

Do. .
Do,

Do. .

Atrra Muttra

Salabat Khan and Sadiq Khan'u Tomb*

200
50

328

Road.

JX>, .

Agra . .

Dhakri-ka-Mahal ....

Do, .

Kachpura

Humayun's Mosque

Do.

Agra .

Jodh Bai's Chhattri.

Do.

Agra Muttra
Road.

Small Chhattri

Do. .

Ara . .

Firoz Khan's Tomb ....

300

266

Do. .

Do, .

Office of Superintendent, Archaeological
Survey, Mohammedan and Buddhist
Monument*, Northern Circle.

300

350

311

Do. .
Do. .

Ffttehpnr Sikri.
Itmadpnr

ArohcBologioal Btuldingi .
Barhia.kft.Tal

6,500
100

5,500
(+1,000)

100

] 7,191
91

Carried over

28,460

28.465

198
APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality

Name "f work and description

Amount
of nanc-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

RSMASKS.

Rs.

Rs. A P.

Brought forward

28,460

28,4 '16 o

THE UNITED PROVINCES OF AQEA AND

OUI>H crmtd.

Anniud Repairs (recurring charges)

carried nut by the Arfhmologieal

Department contd

MMTUt .

Sardhana

Roman Catholic Church .

160

IfiO

160

Cav.-npore

Cawnpoie

Memorial well .....

238

Agra

AJ a

SiipnK "f uniform* to the Khaditna at

200

200 n

Taj, Sikandra and Itimad-ud-daulah.

TOTAL

29,048

29,043

GRAND TOTAL AITNUAI. BBPAIKS

48,613

Allotment for

Amount spent

District.

locality.

Name of work and description

the year

during the year

REMARKS.

1924-25.

1924-25

Rs.

THE UNITED PROVISOES OK AQRA AMD

OUDH concld.

Maintetuince of gardens (recurring

charges).

^gra . -

Agra . .

Taj, Khau.i-Alam, Agra Fort, Itimad-
ud-daulah, Chim-ka-Rauza, Earn

Bagh and Roman Catholic Ceme-

tery.

}- 40,813

29,126

Do. ,

Sikandr*

Akbar'stomb ....

JLuokuow

Laoknow

The Residency, Nadan Mahal and
Ibrahim Chlahti's tomb.

7,b97

AlUhsbad

Allahabad

Klmsro Bagh .....

3,000

3,013

Cawnpore

Wheeler's entrenchment .

1,000

TOTAL GARDEJTS

44,813

40,836

SUMMABY.

Speoi&l repaint earned out b\ the Public Works Department
J>itto ditto Archaeological Department

Annual rwp n carried oui by the Public Works De]>artmeiit .
Ditto ditto Archwolopioal Department

Gardonu .........

R0.
20,425
22,159
19,570
29,043
40,836

GRAND TOTAI WOK THIS UNITED PHOVISOKS o AGRA ASD OITDH

190

APPENDIX

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount of
sanctioned
estimate.

Allotment for
the year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the year
1924-25 *

REMARKS.

KB.

H,.

DKLHT PKOVISOH

Kpe(,ial Sequin* (nri recurring

rktirfet) rarrifd out hi/ the, Public

Work* Department

Delhi

C<mn<M'tlng tort with permanent

t>,r.oo

:v>o<>

3.r,oi

Completed

irrigation M'ater supply

Ocmsnrvation work at Shcr Shah'n

10,000

P,noo

(> 38.',

la piogiciw.

patow ay

Pro\idm teak wood doors to Shci
Shah's mosque m Purana Qila

1.0/>0

i .or>o

Not undertaken

Pro M ding an olevatoi to replace the
Htr'ani pump at Qutb

B.4WI

4,81 :t

D.071

Citiinpletod

DC,

Retired lav out and grassing ot the
Saldaijan^ garden,

8.050

1 ,4J5 )

(4818))

2,031

In progress

TOTAL

19,220

,,,

Agency charges (Uj 10 per cent.

1,923

1 ,501

GBAND TOTAL SPECIAL REPAIRS.

21,149

,T.,

Annual Repairs (recurring charges)
carrted out by the Publtc Works De-

partment.

Delhi

1 Delhi Fort ....

Do.

2. Baradari in Roshanara Garden

Do.

3. Mutiny Memorial

Do.

4, Baoh near Pirgaib .

Do.

5 Chauburji mosque .

Do.

0. Gateway and mosque in Qudsia

garden

7. Kashmir gate

14,340

14,341

14,070

Do.

8. Kotla Firo? Shah .

Do.

9. Abdul Nabi's mosque

I>0

JO, Kbairul Manazil

Do.

1 1. Purana QiUv ....

J'U.

12. Nili Chhatri ....

JJo.

1 3. Lai Bungalow

Do,

14. I*aKhan'*tomb . . .

200
APPENDIX A contd.

Lo0lty.

Name of work and description

Amount of
sanctioned
eatimate.

Allotment for
the year
1924-25.

Amount spent

< " m &&r'

Ra.

Us.

R B .

DJBLHI PHOVIVCE contd

Annual Repair* (recurring charges
earned a*t by the Public Work*
Departmentr contd.

Delhi

15. Gateway Eu Halmia

16. Humayun'ts tomb

Do.

17. Chaunsatb Khamba

18. Lodi tombs

19. Safdaijang's tomb .

'Do.

20 Moth ki-MaRjid

21. Dome in Mubarak pur Kotla

14,340

14,341

14,070

Do.

22 HaurKhaH

Do.

23 BijaiMandal

24. Qutb buildings

Do.

25 KmrkiMasjid

Do.

26. GhiaHuddin TuRhlaq'a tomb

Do.

27. Koftd front of Taghlaqabad
TOTAL .

14,341

14,070

Agency chargrh (a~ 1 per rent .
TOTAL ANKUAT, REPAIRS .

1,434

1,407

15,775

15,477

Rs.

Annual Repair* and maintenance earned out by the
Archoxilogical Department

IHtbi

Two Temporary Draftsmen for survey work, at Rs. C5
per mensem, for 12 months.

1,320

Do.

Travelling Allowance for above ....

fiOO
(-68)

422

IVo,

Contingencies 1 or above ......

250

248

^rploration of the tomb of Ghiasuddin Toghlaq .

TOTAL AKWUAL BBPAIBB .
GUAUD TOT a AirsrrjAL REPAIBS .

250

244

2,252
18,07

2,234

17,711

201

APPENDIX A contd.

Allotment

Amount spent

Locality.

Name of work and description

for the year
1924-26.

during the year
1924-26.

RUAIUU.

Rs.

DMLHI PROVINCE rancid

Maintenance of Gardens (recurring charges)

-Delhi

Kotla Firo Shah . . .

Do,

PuranaQila . ...

Do.

Humayun's tomb, Bu Hauma garden, laa Khan's tomb
and Arab Serai

. 40,000

36,142

Do.

Safdar Jang's tomb

<Do.

Ham Khas . ....

Do.

Qutb gardeas .......

Agency charges @ 10 per cent, on above .

4,000

3,614

Unhltered water supply to tho Delhi Port Gardens .

3,000

3,060

Delhi Fort Gardens.

Pay of Mahs and other Horticultural expenses .

3,106

3,090

Garden contingencies . ...

1,000

425

Captain T. J. Campbell's contingent lea

f 2,400 )
1 (-1,400) )

1,750 *

* Thin includes Re.
900 paid to Captain

Bonus to Captain T J Campbell for the vear 1 924

fiOO

500

T J Campbell and
his staff on account

Bonus to Captain T. J Campbell's staff for the year 1 924

400

of their bonus tor
the year 1923.

TOTAL GARDENS .

53,056

48,981

SUMMARY.

Special Repair** carried out by Public Works Department .

Annual Repairs earned out by Public Works Department .

Annual Repairs and Maintenance carried out by the Archaeological Department

Gardens

GRAND TOTAL FOR THR DELHI PROVWOB

Be.

17,169

15,477

2,234

48,981

83,8(J1

Summary of Expenditure on Conservation in the Northern Circle , Muhammadan and British Monuments.

Frovince.

Total amount,
spent on
Special Repairn

Total amount
spent on
Annual Repairs.

Total amount
spent on the main-
tenance 01 gardens.

TrwAu.

Cnited Prov*acs
.Delhi Province

Es.

42.5M4
17,19

Rs,

48,613
17,711

Bs.

40,3
48,981

Ra.
1.W33

83,861

TOTA1 .

59,753

66.324

S9.817

2.15,984

GRAND TOTAL

2,10,894

202

APPENDIX A contd.

(6) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION.

Norfhnn Circle, Hindu and Buddhist Monuments.

District

Locality.

1
Name of work and description

of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924.25.

RKUAJUCB.

Ba.

R s .

Rs A. P.

THE PUNJAB

Spcnnl Mepatr/t (nan-recnrrtng charges)
earned out by the Public Works
Department

Special repirn to

Qurgacn
Kangra

Tughlaqto.d .
Baijtiath >

Surajkund

10,570
453

2,000
273

1,405
135

Work stopped

Completed

Juelutn .

Kat*8 .

Satflbfiru temple? ....

10.448

5,000

Funds re-appro-
priated.

EUngra

Ambibeshwar .

Temple .....

400

Nadu

Gateway and temple

140

Rawalpindi

Taxila .

Construction of Museum

1 at ,784

80,000

16,798

In progress

Do.

Construction of a petrol and oil

godown.

334

2(13

Bo.

TOTAL

38,147

1 8,601

Apenoy charges @ 19 per cent. .

3,534

TOTAK.

88,147

22,1 SB

Special Htpaira (iwn-recvrring cJutrgt*)
oarri4 ovt by eke Ankmohgieal
Department

Rawalpindi

Taxila

Maintenance of Police Guard

1,617

Lahore .

Inhere

Puu haec of Notice Board*

700

645 3

In progre*fe

Rawalpindi

Taxila

Special Connervation work (Director-
Gonetul)

3,000

TOTAL

fi,817

5,262 8

QBAJTD TOTAL SPXOIAI, BBVAIRS

5,817

27,397 3

203

APPENDIX A contd*

District.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-26

Amount spent
doting the
year 1024-25.

RmtABK*.

THE PUNJAB concld.

Rfl.

Its. A. *

Annual Bepaws (recurring charge*)
carried out by the Pubhc Works
Department,

Shahpur
Do.

Vijbi
BLiora

Ancient site . .
Ditto ....

} {

50
30

i 74

Do.

Amb

Temple in the Fort ....

230

350

225

Sialkot .

TibhaJahan ....

150

140

Rawalpindi .
Do.

Mankiala
Bballar .

Buddhist Tope ....
Ditto ....

} "{

ir.

1
X 22

Jhelum .
Do. .
Do. .
Do. .

Katas .
Malot .
Rohtas .
Katas .

Satghara temple ....
Temple .....
Raja Man Smgh'a Haveli .
Sardar Han Singh's Haveli

!- MlJ

j I

r>o

300
SO

X W)8

Gurgaon

Taghlaqabad

Surajkund

250

200

182

Do.

Anekpur

Masonry tank .....

100

Karnal .

Thanesar

Kaja Kara Ka Mound

Do. .

Kaithal .

Baoli ... .

185

180

Kangra

Kangra .

Temple in the Fort

347

340

261

Do. .

Nurpur .

Ditto ....

Do. .

Bajaura .

Basheshwar Mahadeo temple

Do .

Kanhinra and
Pathiar.

Rook inscriptions ....

Lahore .

Maintenance of Electric installation in
Aroheolofdcal Office.
TOTAL

400

1,997

1,086

Rawalpindi .

Tawla .

Agency charges 19 per cent. .

TOTAI,

Annual maintenance of Museum, Monu-
meate, etc. (Director General of
Archeology).
TOTAL ANNUAL BEFAIRB

320

2,006

3,020

3,520

5..-517

5,525

SUMMARY.

Special rflpaire carried out by the Public Work* Department .

Special repairs earned out by the Archwologloal Department ,

Annual repaka carried out by the Public Work* Department .

Annual repair, carried out % the Arohwological Department .

TOTAL FOR THE PUNJAB

Ha. A r.

22,13f

5,202 3

2.005 O O

*520

82,922 3

2*2

204
APPENDIX A- - contd.

Dktriot.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

of aanc-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-26.

REKABK&

Rs.

Rs. A. F.

OUPCT

tipetutl B'pairn (ncni -recurring charge*)
Carried out by the Pnt>ln Work*
Department

Allahabad

(3arh\va

Special impairs to Fort and Monuments

20,387

5,000

9, r ,8 1

In progress

Conservation of

Almorn .

Dwarahat

Antiquitmtf

13,780

(5,845

fi.842 7

Completed

Do .

Minor antiquities

9fl

9fi

90 O (i

Do.

Bonaros

Sarnath

Contitruition of a surface drain

1 ,47fi

714

(iOt

Etah .

Bilsar .

Conservation of Gupta rehcn

1 ,03

{ (-'iao'l

| 382

In pi ogress.

TOAL

13.555

8,972 8

Agency charges (3} 19 per eent

1.705

TOTAL

10,677 8

BeanreF

Sarnath .

Special Repairs (non -return ng charge*)
carried out by the Archaeological
Department

Conservation of Buddhwt remains

{ {-'859

] 2,939 b

In progress-

ajid
500)
- 4,641

Gowkhpur

Kama

Ditto ditto

2,758-12

1,029 8

Do.

Punhaso of Notice boards for Hindu
and Buddhint MonumantH in Umt^H
Provm- CH

( 1,000
( -f-136

] 1,069 1

Do.

TOTAL

12,904-12

5,027 15

ORAKD TOTAL SPKCIAL RT-PAIRS

26,459-12

15,706 7

Annual Rtpatr\ (recurnnq rhargc*)
oirnttl out 6f/ the PiMir WorLt
Dejxtrtmfnt

Dohra Dan

Agrii

KalM
Agra

JaHM^ant Sin^h ki Chhatri .

00
150

37
4-23

150

60
128

Wuttra .

Bnndaban

(Jo bind Deo temple .

360

137

Do .

Radha BallaW, t.-mplo

120

Do.

Jugal Kishore temple

120

Canted over

810

469

205

APPENDIX A- contd.

Dwfcriot.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of aano-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

REMARKS.

R B

RH.

Ea ,A. P

Brought forward

810

450

UNITED PROVINCES OP AOHA AXD
OUDH condd

Annnil JBejwtrs (rmumng charges)
earned ovl by the, Public Works
Dppartme n t conoid

Hamirpur
Do.
Do.
Do

Mahoba .
Saknrn. .
Do
Do

Tlahilva temple
Jain temple

Four Ohandolln tomples and small .
masonry tank
iirahmaniral temple

37
4

^
k 55 A

Oorakhpur

Kasia

Buddhist remains

172

]72

137 S

Oonda, .

Sahrth Maheth

Ditto

650

550

533

Benares

Rarnath .

Ditto ....

01 8

918

909 R

Jhangi .

Talhchat

Fott , ...

184

177 2

Do. .
Benares

Chandpur and
Dudbai
Hhitri

Tomples
Asoka pillar

400

40O

Do.

Oo.

Stone bridgn

l. r >

Hurdoi .

Sandhi .

Phnlmat i temple

500

Allahabad

Carhwn .

Fort

TOTAL
A.jrenoy charjzrB ^19 por cent.
TOTAL AWNTTAI. BBPAIHS

94 4

3,100

2,797 11

532

3,329 11

SUMMARY.

Special repairs carried out by the Public Works Department .
Special repairs earned out by the Archaeological Department '
Annual repairs carried ont by tho Pnblin Works Department .

Ks A P.
10,077 8
5,027 15
3,329 11

ORAND TOTAT, ro THK UNITED PROVINCE** OF Aon A AND Otfon

10,030 2

Summary of Expenditure on Conservation in the Northern Circle, Hindu and Buddhist Monuments.

PovixrK

Total amount apont on
special repairs

Total amount *pent on
annual repairs.

TOTAL.

Punjab

Rs. A. P.
27,397 3

15,70fl 7

R.8 A. P.

5,/52fl
3,329 11

Rs. A. r.
32,922 3

19.0.W 2

TOTAL

43,102 10

8,854 11

81.987 ft

GRAND TOTAL

Kk.Wl 5

206

APPENDIX A contd.
(b) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION.
Frontier Circle, Muhammadan and British Monuments.

District.

Locality.

Name of work and description

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1024-26.

KEMAKKS.

Ra.

Us.

Ra A. r

PUNJAB.

Special Repairs (non-recumng charges)
earned out by the Public Works
Department.

Shaikhupura .

Shahdara

Improvement to Asaf Khan'e Tomb .

41,020

1,050

1,060

Completed.

Lahore .
Do. .

Lahore .
Do.

Making a syphon drain at Gulabi Gate-
way.

Purchasing of uniforms for chowkidare

305
378

204
331

Do.
Do

employed at historical buildings.

Do. .

Chauburji Mosque ....

f 3,000
i ( 3,000}

}

Reappropnated

Do .

Do. .

Acquisition of land from Railway
Department in connection with
Budhu's tomb at Lahore.

466

460

Completed

Do. .

Providing marble Balustrade to re-
place existing iron railings to
rampart top of SbaJamar Gardon.

2,491

2,483

2,000

Do.

TOTAL

4,676

4,051

Agency charge* @ 10 par cent. .

770

TOTAL

4,821

Lahore

Lahore Fort

Special Repair* (non-recurring charge*)
corned out by the Archaeological
Department.

Conservation of Lahore Fort boild-

r 10,000

< <+ 1,500)
L(~f-3,UUO)

>H.800

TOTAL

14,500

14,800

QKAWD TOTAL SPKOIAL RBPAIBS

19.176

1,821

207

APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotmen
for the
year
1924-25,

Amount epen
during the
year 1924.25

RCKAAKS.

RB.

Rs. A. P.

Annual Repairs (recurring charges]
carried out by the Public Work*
Department.

Campbellpore.

Haan Abda] .

Lala Rukh's Tomb ....

Do.

Abdul Hakim's Tomb

Do.

Loaar

LosarBaoh ....

V 046

540

287

Do.

Saidan .

Saidan Baoh

Do.

Attook .

Begam-ki-Sami ....

Jhelum .

Rohtas .

Rohtas Fort

308

300

298

Gujrat .
Do. .

Gujrat .
Kharian .

AkbariBaoh
Aurangzeb Baoli ....

} .

284

210

Muxaffargarh.

Muzafiargarh .

Tomb of Tahir Khan Nahar
Mosquo of Tahir Khan Nahar.

] 208

200

164

Gurgaon

(lurgaon .

Annual repairs to Kos Minars .

160

Rohtak

Rohtak .

Ditto ditto

126

120

Annual repairs to

Rohtak

Sonepat .

Kliawaja Khfear'e Tomb

133

130

Hi/war .

Huaar .

Muhammadan and British Monu-
ments.

734

720

719

Jullundur
Ludhiana

Jullundur
Ludhiana .

Ditto ditto
Kos Minars ,

691
13

890
10

195
11

Ambala

Ambala .

Ditto

500

Karnal .

Muhammadan and British Monu-
ments.

424

415

458

Do. .

Kala Arab

Oblisk commemorating the 3rd
Battle of Panipat.

Sheikhnpura .

Shaadara

Historical buildings

15,995

15,580

15,490

Lahore .

Mian Mir's Tomb .

991

900

899

Do. .

Making a syphon with drain at
GuSbi gateway.

101

Do. .

Providing marble balustrade at
8halmar garden*.

155

Do. .

Rebuilding east wall of nonary

990

900

Carried orr

21,570

19.947

208
APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of aano-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1024-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924.25.

RHMABKS.

R-

R*.

RS. A, T.

Brought forward

21,570

19,947

PUNJAB condd.

Annual Repairs (recwnng charges)

carried out by tie Public Works

Department i-one!d.

Annual Repairs t>

Lahore

Uhor, .

Historical buildings in Lahore

Do.

Shalamar gardens

Do.
Do.

Do
Do.

Chauburji
Budhu's Tomb

Do.

Budhu ka Awa .

> 6,H7

5,690

T>,87

Do.
Do.

Do.
Do. .

Dai Angha'a mosque*
Ah Mardan Khan^e Tomb

Do.

Dai Anga's Tomb

Do.
Do. .

Do.
Do.

Gulabi gateway .
Baruwala Maqb&ra

Do. .

Do.

Historical buildings in and outside

7,867

6,300

6,130

Lahore Fort.

Jujranwala

lamnagar

Graves in Baradan

Imritsar

Mile 273. 278 &

Kns Minars ....

279 of G. T.

urdaspur

Batalfl. .

Shamsher Khan'a Tomb

Do.

Lalauaur

Takht-i-Akbari ....

211

200

145

tangra

Dharamsala .

Lord Elgin's Tomb

Shuikbupuro .

hcikhupura

Firan Munara and Tank

827

800

814

TOTAL

33,640

31,800

Agency charges (2} 19 per cent. .

6,041

TOTAL ANNUAL RBFAIUS

3^,841

Gardens.

^ahore .

halamar

Shalamar Gardens

8,764

8,128 1

Do. .

Ab or*

1,300

1,285 8

heikhuputu

ShaKdara

shahdara gardens ....

12,400

11,130 11

TOTAL OABDKKS ,

20,550 4 0*

* This sum w*w

provided from

funds.

SUMMARY

Total special repair* carried o6 by the Public Works Department
Total special works carried out by the Arohmologioftl Dapwtmnri
Total Annual repairs carried out by the Public Works Depwtment
Total Gardens (Provincial Fimde)

GRAND TOTAL iron PUNJAB

209
APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
entimatr.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount apent
daring the
year 1814-25.

REMAKES.

Rs.

Rs. A. p.

NOBTH-WBST FRONTIER PROVISOS).

Spectal Repatfi (non-recurring eftoryw)
carried out by the Archteologteal
Department.

Conservation of

'Peshawar
Do.

Mai-dan Tehail .
Do.
Near Tazila

Jamalgarhi Monuments
Takht-i-Bahi ....

2.9SO*
3,600

375
1,000

*Ra. 1,930
B*. 1,000 surren-
dered.

TOTAI, SFBOTAI, RBPAIBS

6,430

1,376

Annual Repairs (recurring charge*)
carried ovt by the Public Works
Department.

Peshawar

Mardan Tehail .

Takht-i-Bahi Monuments .

380

Do.

Peshawar

Annual Repairs to Aroheeologioal
Office, Peshawar.

235

249

200

Agency charges at 24 J percent .

141

TOTAL .

629

717

Annual Repairs (recurring charges)
carried out by Ike Arch&ological
Department.

Peehawar

Mardan Tehsil .

Annual repair* and maintenance of
Monuments at Jamalgarhi.

380

180

Annual repairs to

Do.

SwabiTeh.il .

Asota monument . ...

760

Do.

Mardan Tehgfl .

Shahbazgarhi monument

100

700

Hazara .

Near Taxila .

Annual repairs and maintenance charge
of Jandial Monuments.

280

180

Carried ovor

810

374 lit

210
APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
vear
1924-25

Amount spent
during tbe
year 1924-25.

REMARKS.

As A p.

Brought forward

810

374 12

NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE
concld.

Annual Bepatrs (recttrn(j charrjfi)
carried out bit the Arclifrolorjical Jj?
prirtment oontcl

Annual repairs to

Harara

Near Taxila

Jauliari monument

846

778 13

Bo. .

Do.

Pippala ....

230

189 (1

Do. .

Do.

Nikra
TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL ANNUAL REPAIRS

632

526 10

2,518

1,869 3

2,586 3

Special repairs carried out by the Archjpologicn! Department
Annual repairs carried out by tho Public WorkB Department
Annual repairs carried out by tho Amhseologioa] Department

GRAND TOTAL FOR NORTH-WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE

Rs. A. r

1,375

717

1,869 3

3.961 3

Summary of Expenditure on Conservation in the Frontier Circle

PROVINCE.

Total amount spent on
special repairs.

Total amount spent on
annual repairs.

TO,A,

Rs. A. P.
19,321

Rs. A. p.
37,841 o

He. A. f .
67,162

North-Wea< Frontier Province

1,375

2,586 3

3,961 3

TOTAL

20,696

40,427 3

61,123 3

GRANTD TOTAL

....

eu* a o

211

APPENDIX A.

(6) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION.
Western Circle.

Dfrtrfet
'P. W. D.)

Locality.

Kame of work and description.

Amount

of Hani -
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
yaar
lP24-2r>.

year 1924-25.

RKMABKS.

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY INCLUDING Sum

Ra A. r.

Ftperial Repaint (non-recvrnnff r.hargei)
carried wit by the Pubhr Worl*
Department.

Kaira and
P a n c h
Mahals.

Mohmedabad .

Bhamana well (Total expenditure
incurred up to date is Rs 4.644)

7,TO7
(rcviaod)

52,000
-{ 1,650

3,49

In progress,

.Bijapur

Bijapur

Uol (lumbaz (nlling n cracks). (Total
expenditure up to date is RH 3,390)

H.87S

(revised)

2,000

-I-400

2,400

Do.

Do. .

Gagati Mahal. {Total expenditure up
to date is Rs 9,397)

ll.5S

(2 eati
maten)

200

138

Completed.

Do.

Badi Kaman (Total expenditure up
to date is Rs. 1,95(1)

2,27]

1,000

+ 85

1 ,08(J

In progress.

Do.

Do. .

Asar Mahal. (Total expenditure up
to date 10 H 2,525).

2,<t75
(revised)

186

18(5

Completed.

Do.

Torvi .

Nari Mahal (Total expenditure up
to date is Rs,. 1,528)

4,040

1,000
179
+02

883

In progress.

Badami .

Temple on the hill (Total oxpendi
ture up to date is Rs. 521)

1,039

63 b

- 485

95 Q

DC.

Do.

Do. .

Cavoa (parapet walls). (Total expen
diture up to date is RH 81).

1,227
(revmed)

498

542

Completed.

Bijapur .

Hydn or Upli Burudj

290

272

Do.

Do. .

Tank at Asar Mahu!

070

40O
+ 179

578

Do.

Aihoh and
PattadkaL

Surveying and preparing plar.B for the
acquisition of land for the preserva-
tion of temples.

Do.

Presidency

Aiholi .
Gharapun

Charanti Math

Makir.g certain improvement* in the
water cistern in Cave 35<>. 1

1.138
(2 estim-
ates).
3,437

7J
3f.O

3,35S

385
3,430

In progress.
Completed.

Ahmedabad .

Dholka .

Khan Masjid. (Total expenditure up
to date IB Rs. 13,385).

8,568
5,873

1,000

999

Do.

Ahmedabad .

Renewing the roof over the oaietakerV
quarters in Aohyut Bibi's Mosque

219

218

Do.

Renewing the decayed posts and fixing
the enamelled notice boards in
Ahmedabad District.

132

125 O

Do,

Sholapur

Sliolapur fort .

The rampart walls near the temple,
(Total expenditure incurred up to
dateiaRB. 1,883).

Calmed over

2,134

835
41

784

Dii

15,840

15,86$

212

APPENDIX A contd.

(P. W. D.)

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
vear
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-26.

RmUBKB.

RB.

R8. A. P.

Brought forward

16.840

15,865

BOMBAY PKESXDENCY INOLUDINO BIND
contd
8p a ctal Repairs (nam-recvmng charges)
carried out by the Fvbltc Works
Department aontd.

Kanara

Bhatkal .

Narasimha Devasthan. (Total expen-
diture incurred up to date IB
Rs 1,891).

2,064

558

466

In progress

Karachi Build -
rngf

Hyderabad Fort

Harem of Mire (walls of platform).
(Total expenditure incurred up to
date in RB. 1,355)

1,437

(revised)

518
-(-303

821

Completed

Oovt House

Pratapgad

Afzul Khan's tomb

900

Ahmednagar .

Niyamat Khan'e Palace .

Do.

Batara .

Satara .

Fixing up enamelled notice boards to
protected monuments.

Do.

Eastern Nara

Naokot .

Fort . ...
TOTAL

Agency charges allotted @ 23 per cent,
and apportioned on pro-rata basis.

TOTAL

Special Repairs (non-recurring charges)
carried mtt by ftc Archaeological
Department

260

Do,

18,490

18,417

4,263

6,232

22,748

23,649

Kaira and
Panch Mahals

Karnal .

Galesvara Mahadeva temple. (Total
expenditure incurred up to date is
Rs 11,903).

19,788

(revised).

1,000

In progress.

Poon* .

Karla .

Caves. (Total expenditure incurred
up to date is Rs. 7,298).

8,940

(revised).

3,000
4-2,000

4,998

Do.

Do. .

Nanaghat

Inscribed Cave

1,444

+250

250

Do .

Poona City

Improvements to the Fort walls of
Shanwar Wada . (Total expenditure
incurred up to date is Rs. 18,264).

29,748

3,700

Do.

Ahmednagftr .

Ahmednagar

Farm Bagh Palace ....

425

1,000

447

Completed.

Do
Presidency

Do,

Ohcrapari

Work in connection with the excava-
tions in the Fort. (Total expen-
diture incurred up to date is
RIB 2,560).
Elephanta Caves. (Total expenditure
incurred up to date is Rs. 22,740).

Carried over

4,000
(revised).

33 831

(7 wti-
mates).

1,060

1,600
+970

1,060
2,469

In progress.
Do.

18,928

19,084

213
APPENDIX A contd.

District
(P. W. D.)

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
euttinate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-2B

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-2S,

R.U.

Re-

Re.

Rs. A. P.

Broupht forward

13.928

13 924

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY INCLUDFNCI BIND

Special Repairs (non-recurring charge*)
earned out by the Archaeological
Department contd.

Thana .

Baasein Fort .

Portuguese monuments (Total ex-
penditure incurred up to date is
Rs. 14,065)

24,021

1,000
418

582

In progress.

Ratnagiri

Jayagad .

Main arohwaj to tho Fort

890

Completed

Larkbana

Mohenjo-daro .

Constructing caretakers' quarters, store
and inspection rooms

3,684

2,000
+902

2,992

!.,*

Do.

Do .

Enamelled iron notice boards for the
monuments in the Western Circle
(Total expenditure incurred up to
da-toisRs 1,770)

TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL SPECIAL REPAIRS

Annual Repairs (refumng charges)
carried out by the Public, Work*
Department

1,820

820
50

770

Completed,

19,162

19,158

41,900

42,807

Ahmedabad .

Ahmedabad City
and Suburbs.

Annual repairs to Ahmed Shah's Maajic

Do.

Annual repairs to Azam Khan's Palace

Do.

Annual repairs to Baba Lulm's Masjid

Do.

Annual repaint to Dada Ham's well

Annual repairs to Dada Harir'e Mas j id
and tomb.

Do.

Annual repairs to Dutch Tombs on
Kankaria tank

Do.

Annual repairs to inlet to Kankaria
tank

Do.

Annual repairs to Muhafir, Khan's
Masjjd.

Do.

Annual repairs to Queen'n Mas j id

Do.

\nnual repairs to Sidi Savyad's Mas
jid.

Do.

Annual repairs to throe gates

Do.

Annual repairs to Bhadar Tower
Carried over

392

867

214

APPENDIX A contd.

District
(P. W. D.)

Locality.

Name of work and description

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25.

REMARK*

Rs.

Es. A. P.

Brought f orwai d

392

307

$OMBAV PBESIDBNCY iNCLtroiNa BIND
contd.
Annual Repair* (rfcumng charge*)
rarned ovi by the Public Works
Department contd

Ahmedabad .

Ahmedabad city
and Suburbs.

Annual Repairs to Arhyut Bibi'ft Mas-
jid and Tomb.

Do.

Annual repair* to Mian Khan Jahan's
MaAiul and Tomb

Do.

Annual repairs to Tomb of Mir Abu
Turab

1>J - '

Maintenance charges for garden m
Ahmed Hhah'a Maspd (manure,
pipe connection f*es, etc , and Alalt'n

280

Ahmedabad .

Maintenance charges lor garden in
Sidi Sayyad'a Masjid (manure, pipe
connection fees, etc., and Mali's pay).

175

1GO

Do.

Vatwa .

Annual repairs to tombs .

140

139

Do.

Dholka .

Annual repairs to Bahlol Khan Oaw's
Mapud.

Do.

Annual repairs ti> Khan Masjid .

Do.

Annual repairs to Khan tank

Do.

Adalaj .

Annual repairs to stepped well .

Do.

Kochrab Paldi

Annual repairs to small stone Masnd.

Do.

Vasna .

Annual repairs to tomb of Azam Khan
and Muazzam K ban.

Do.

Isanpur .

Annual repairs to small stone Masjid to
the south of Malik laan-ul-Mulk's
tomb.

Do.

Viramgam *

Annual repairs to Mannar tank .

Do.

Ranpur .

Annual repairs to Azam Khan's PoJkce

1>0.

Prantij .

Annual repairs to Sikandar Roza

Do.

AUmedabad

Maintenance charges ioi the upkeep
of Archaeological buildings.

2,000

2,000
- 219

1,757

iKaira d
PanohMalvttU

Champaner

Annual repairs to (22 monuments) and
maintenance charges for the Archeeo-
logical buildings (46 m number).

1,372

1,306

Do.

Jlhavka .

Annual repairs to Mahadeva temple

SojftU .

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for the tombs of Saif-ud*diu
and Kizam-ud-din.

Carried over

172

4,787

4,717

215

APPENDIX A contd.

District
(P, W. P.)

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sano-
tiontid
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount apont
during the
year 1024-25.

RHKA&XS.

Be.

Rs. A. P.

Brought forward

4.787

4,717

BOMBAY PKBSIDENCY ixcr,i T r>iNQ HIND
contd.
Annual Repair* (recurring charges)
earned out- by the Pubhc Works
Department^- contd.

Surat and
Broach.

Sural

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for the English Cemetery
(front portion)

424

371

288

Do.

Annual ropaira to and maintenance
charge* for the Dutch and Armenian
Cemetery

255

256

254

Do.

near mouth oi
uvcr Tapti.

Annual repairs to Vaux'e tomb .

Rajgm (Suvah)

Annual repairs to tombs .

Do.

Broach .

Annual repairs to Dutch tombs .

Do.

Annual repairs to Jarm maajid

ieo

ICO

100 (1

Presidency .
Do.

Gharapun
(Elephanta).

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for Caves (6 in number) and
piern, etc
Annual repairs to Custodian's quarters

2,775
1/31

2,037
200

2,775
100

Do.

Annual repairs to Assistant Custodian's
quarter?.

Do.

Annual repairs to police chowki and
watchman's quarters.

100

10 ()

Thana .

Annual repairs to graves of English
factors

Do.

Kalyan .

Annual repaint to Matabar Khan's
tomb and Knh roasud,

Do.

Ambaraath

Annual repairs to temple . .

Do.

Mahnli .

Annual repairs to fort

Do.

Nanaghat

Annual repairs 10 Brahuiamcal Caves

Vaeheli .

Annual repairs to Caves . .

Do.

Arnala .

Annual repairs to fort

Do. .
Do .

Barat Hills .
Kanheri .

Annual repairs to the Caves . .
Annual repairs to Cave* . .

95
100

too

05 o

191)

Do. .

Audheri . .

Annual repair* U> Jogwvari Cavea

oa o o

Do. .

Kondivat

Annual repairs to the cave*

Do. .

BofivU .

Annual repairs to MsncUpwvam Caves,
Watch Towwr and the Portuguese
monastery.

Carried over

Off

9,888

0,190

216

APPENDIX A.contd.

District
(P. W. D )

Locality.

Name of work and description

Amount
of gano-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spend
during the
year 1924-25.

RrHMA&XS.

Re.

Rs. A P.

Brought forward

9,328

9,100

BOMBAY PBESHJHHOY INCLUDING *SIN
eontd.
Annual Repairs (recurring charges)
carried out by <* PvbKc Works
Department oontd.

Thana .

Band .

Annual repairs to th Fort .

Uo.

Amlnvli .

Annual repairs to the oaves

Do. .

Revadanda
(Agarkot).

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for the Portuguese remains.

625

611

Do. .

Revadanda
(Chaui)

Annual repairs to and maintenance
rharges for the Portuguese and
Muhamadan remains.

580

567

Do. .

Peth

Annual repairs to the Kotali fort .

Do. .

All bag .

Annual repairs to the Fort

175

169

Do .

Korlai .

Annual repairs to Korlai Fort .

a*t Khandesti

Patan .

Annual repairs to Mahesvara Mahadev
temple.

Do.

Annual repairs to Shnngar Chavdt

Do.

Annual repairs to Nagarjun Caves

Do.

Annual lepaire to Caves (Sita'a Naham)

Do.

Waghh .

Annual repairs to Mudhai Devi's temple

Do.
D.

Dighi .
Sangamesvara .

Annual repairs to temple of Devi and
Sambha.
Annual repairs to old temple of
Mahadev.

40
60

40
50

40
60

Do.

ChangdevA

Annual repairs to temple of Changdeva

160

West Khan-

de*h.

Balsan* .

Maintenance charges for the temple

Do.

Thalner

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charge* for the three Muhamadan
tombs.

Xafttk .

Jhodga .

Annual repairs to the temple of Mankes-
vara Siva.

120

125

Do.

Ankai .

Annual repairs to and maintenance
chargai for the Caves.

273

DJ. .

Pandulena

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for the Caves.

330

350

Do .

Sinnar

Annual repairs to and maintenance
chargfw for Oondeewara temple.

300

D,.

Do.

Annual repairs to Aiswara temple ,

WOO

Carried over

12,735

12,909

217

APPENDIX A contd.

Difltriot
(P. W. D.)

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
l24-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25.

RSKA&KB.

Rs.

Rs. A. f

Brought forward

1,2,785

12,OS)

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY INCLUDIMI
MNP contd

Annu>il Jtepatr* (reeumnij charges)
carried out by the Pubh< Work*
JJepa rtment ' >n td

Nasik .

Anjannori

Annual repairs to the temple .

100

Bo. .

Ambegaon

Annual repairs to temple of Siva

Ahmedoagar .

Ahniednagar .

Annual repairs to th- Demri Masjid .

Do.

Tahakan

Annual repairs to Tnpad Srimvasa
temple of Bhavani

900

Do.

Hanechandragad

Annual repairs to tho caves and temple

Do.

Ratanwadi

Annual repairs to the temple of Atnri-
tesvara.

Do.

Bamni

Annual repairs to Hemadpautj tank .

Do.

Kokamthan

Annual repairs to the old temple .

Do.

Dhokoswara

Annual repairs to the Caves

Mandavgaon
Katrabad.

Annual repairs to the Devi's ttmple

Do.

Karjat .

Annual repairs fco M&llikarjuna temple.

Do.

Pedgaon

Annual repairs to Lakshnn Nara-
yaii temple

Do.

Annual repairs to Bablegvara temple

Do.

Tisgoan .

Annual repairs to Five atone gates .

*Poon& .

Junnar

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for tho groups of Caves and
Sivaneri fort.

1,043

1,023

Do.

Annual repairs to Habahi gum buz

Do. .

Ghatghar

Annual repairs to the Cavea .

Do. .

Khed .

Annual repairs to Dilavar Khan's
Masjid and Tomb.

Do. .

Koregaon
Bhima.
Phulgaon

Annual repairs to the Monuments
Annual repairs to Peahwa'a ghat

50
50

60
50

50
50

Do. .

Annual repairs to Mabadova's temple
with ghat.

Do. .

Tulapur .

Annual rejmirs to Sangameavara
temple with ghat.

100

Do. .

Do,

Annual repairs to Vishnu Valla-
bhesvara temple with ghat.

Carried over

1 1,827

14,62]

2 a

J18
APPENDIX A cmitd.

District
(P. W. D.)

Locality.

Nnmo of work and description

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
jear 1924-25

R&MABK8.

Its A P

Brought forwnid

14.S27

14,021

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY INCLUDING

Annual Repair* (recurring charges)
earned out by the Pubhc \Yark*
Dtpartm cni r o nt d
Annual repairs to the fort

Do. .

hhdarttadi

Annual repairs to the < aves

100

Do .

Bodna .

Annual repairs to the ( aves

100

Do. .

\ wpur

Annual rcpans to the Fort

100

Do. .

Lohngad

Annual repairs to the Fort

150

Do. .

Rnjamaohi

Annual repairs to the 1-ort

125

128

Do .

Bhajft .

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for Caves.

270

Govt. House

1'ooua . .

Annual repairs to Kotwal's residence

Do.

Annual repairs to European tombs

Do.

I'litapgad

Annua] repairs to Afzul Khan's tomb

Do.

Bhamburda

Annual repairs to Pa tales var Caves

277

273

Satara .

Jakhmwadi

Annual repairs to the Buddhist Caves

100

Do. .

Karanja .

Annual repairs to the brick column
erected by Emperor Aurangzeb.

Bholapur

Rholapur

Annual repairs to and maintenance
oh a p<w fo? the Fort

500

HOG

Mahuras

*Tte K ampnr .

Annual rejtfdrs to the Begam'a tomb

Vejapur

Annual repairs to the double shrined
temple.

l>,>

Annual repairs to the old temple of
Mahadena by the road side.

Belgaum

Dogaon .

Annual repairs to old Jain temple

Do. .

Bolgnum fort

Annual repairs to the Jam temple
neai Barrack No 4.

Do .
Do.

Do .

i nual re]urn to the old Jain temple
ri the corner of Commissariat Store-
ard.
Ai nual repairs to old Jain temple
u>ar Barrack No. 1.

40
15

40
10

40
15

l*>

Do.

Annual repairs to Safa Mofljid .

Do .

Do, .

Maintenance charges for all monuments

180

Do .

CHiitftUi

Annual repairs to Kadamba inscrip-
woa in the temple of Kalameavar.

600

Canned over

17.800

17,088

219
APPENDIX A coittd.

District
(P. W. D.)

Locality.

Name of work and description

\mmint

tioned
eptiinatt*

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

Rxuuuut

Ks.

Rs A P.

Brought f 01 waul

17 HtO

17,088

BOMBAY PUK-ilOE>C\ IVtJLUJUlM.

Annual Rppanft (recurring iharye)
carnal out by the Public Wvrkt.
Department contd

Bolgaum

Nandagad

Annual lepaus to the old Jain temple
with nne "atvmgs

Ill

11)

Do. .

Malvan .

Annual repane to the Smdhudurgsi
(fort)

250

240

Dharwar

Amargol .

Annual jepairg to Sankarluigu temple

1100

Do.

Baukapur

Annual repairs to Nagaiesvara
temple

Do.

Unkal .

Annual tepatra to th- four porchecl
temple (chandramoulesvat)

700

Do.

Haven

Annual repansto Sidhesvara temple

Do.

Balambjd

Annual repairs to Kalmesvari
teini>Je

Do.

Do. .

Annual repans to Ramesvara
temple.

Do.

Hangal .

Annual repairs to OJd mined temple
between the fort and the tank
(Billosvara temple).

Do.

Annual ropaiis to Tarakeavars
temple.

Do.

Annual repairs to Virabhadra
temple.

Do.

Naregal .

Annual repairs to Sarvesvara
temple.

Do.

Chawdad&npur .

Annual roiwiirs to Muktosvara
temple.

Do.

Galagnath

Annual repairs to Galgosvara
temple.

Do.

Rattihalli

Annual repairs to Kadambesvara
temple.

Do.

Lakhundi

Annual repairs to Kunibbarpni
temple

Do.

Do. .

Annual repairs to Namesvara
temple.

Do.

Annual repairs t>o Jam Basti

Do .

Annual ropaira to Kasi V isvosvara

Carried over

17,984

17,760

2a2

220

APPENDIX A contd.

District
(P. W. D.)

Locality.

Name- of work and description

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1024-25.

RKHARKS.

Bis

Rs A *.

Brought forward

17.KS4

17,760

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY INCLUDING
,-IN.U contd

Annual Kepiir* (recurring ctiargea)
carried out by the Public Work*
fiepartnt e. nt uont d

Diuviwar

dating .

Annual repairs to Sarasvati temple

^ is

Annual repairs to Somosvara temple .

30
18

12 >

Daml.al .

Annual repairs to Sotnosvara temple .

Annual repairs to Dodda Basavatina
temple

Dbarwar

Annual repairs to two gates of the fort.

Harallialh

Annual repairs to Soinesvar temple .

Bijnpur

Bijapur .

Annual repairs to Archwological
buildings in the District

1,793

Do.

Do .

Maintenance charges for the general
upkeep of Archaeological buildings

5,724

Knara

Clulufcultf,
Sadasivogad.

Annual repairs to European tombs

Do. .

Sorida

Annual lepairs to King's seat

200

Do .

Annual repans to the temple close to
and to the south of King's Beat.

200

Do. .

Somasagar

Annual repairs to temple of Siva

Do. .

Gersappa

Annual repairs to Vardhamana Swami
temple.

600

Do. .

Annual repairs to Virabhadra temple.

600

Bo .

Annual repairs to Chaturmukh* Bastt.

600

Do. .

Do.

Annual repairs to Inscription stone .

Blip

Annual repairs *o small deserted temple
dedicated to Stva

800

Do. .

Kumti .

Annual repairs to the fiure of a tiger
opposite to the English School

300

Annual repairs to tomb* on the right

700

Hide o>f foanki Kumta Road,

Do .

Mirjan .

Annual repairs to the Fort

Do .

Do.

Annual rep urn to the inHcnption in the
compound of the District bungalow

and the figure of a tiger.

700

Carried over

25,808

25,614

221
APPENDIX A cowUt.

District.
(P.W.D.)

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25.

UBMAUK?

Us.

Rs.

Us. A. P.

Brought forward

25,808

25514

tSlIv I) COIlltl

Ka-nara

Bh.tkal .

Annual Kepa\r& (recurring charge*)
earned wl by the Public Worki
Dtparlmt. nt contd.
Annual repairs to Jatappa Naikan
Ohandranathesvara Basti

Do. .

Annual repairs to three European
tombs

700

Ratnagm

Ra^gad .

Annual repaus to Sri Sivaji's aamadhi
and Mahadeva teraple

350

349

Kuda

Annual repairs to tho Caves

Do.

Pah(Mahad) .

Annual repairs to the Caves

Do.
Do

Nagothna
Jaygad .

Annual repairs to the Muhamruadan
bridge
Annual repairs to the fort

200

160

200
160

200
149

Do.

Dabhol .

Annual repairs to and maintenance-
thftigea foi the masjid.

ISO

160

150

Vijayadurga .

Annual repaus to and maintenance
charges for the fort.

480

Narat Canals

Moro, Doulatpur

Annual lepairs to Tomb of Nur
Mahnmed Kalhora

125

123

Thul Mir-Rukhau

Annual repairs tu thr- Buddlnst Stupa.

300

Fuleli Canals

Gaja

Annual repairs to Buddhist etupa

Northern Dist.
Jamrao
Canals.

Smjhoro, Dalor

Annual repairs to and maintonanco
charges for Brahmbra-Ha-Thul
(Brahmanabad)

18:-;

183

182

Eastern Nara

Mirpurkhaa

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for Buddhist Stupa.

240

227

Do.

Naokot .

Annual repairn to the Fort

Karachi Build -
ings.

Hyderabad .

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for Gulam Shah Kalhora's
tomb.

105

Do.

Do .

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for Gulam Nabi Kalhora's
tomb

To.

Do .

Annual repairs to and maintenance
ohurges for Sarfaraz Khan Kalhora's
tomb.

122

Do.

Do. .

Annual repair* to and maintenance
charge* tor Haram of Mire.

24 0-

Do.

Do. .

Annual repairs to tombs of British
officers and Mm, soldiers.

Carried over

28,285

27,949 j

222

APPENDIX A contd.

District.

(P. W D )

Locahty

]Mane l work and description

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25.

RBMABXB.

fts

Rs A. P.

Brought forward

28,265

27,949 o

vaiathi Huild

f.idu Handar .

BOMBAY PRESIDENCY INCLUDING
MND rowf/d!
Annuv* Repair* (recurring charge*)
carrnd (mi by the Public Work*
Department- - c ontd
Annual repairs to Memorial pillar

iikarpur Canals

Rohn

Animal repairs to Satyan-jo-than

247

thar (Canals .

Rato-bhando .

Annual icpaira to the Tomb

Vftern Nar&

Khudabad

\nnuul repair* to and maintenance
chatgoH tor Jarai Masjid

228

21b

+ 9

227

Do .

Annual ropairH to Yiar Muhamad
Khan'w toinb and the adjoining
Masjid

240

229

+v>

234

Mohenjo-daro .

Mainu-nano* 1 charges fi Buddhist
Btwpa nd oxcavut -d nit -

384

Zaraohi Canul*

Talta and Makh
Hills.

Annual reiinas to and maintenance
charges for Alunurncuts at Tatta
and ilakli Hills

TOTAL

Apvjn y charges a^ottcul <fi} 23 per oont
and apportiunHd on pro rata basis

TOTAL

G03

210
-i 51) 7
41

603

30,122

29,789 o

6,928

8,461

37,050

38,250

Annual Repair* (recumny charges)
earned out by the Archceolognal De-
partment.

OOtltt .

Korla .

Annual repairs to and maintenance
charges for the Oaves.

1,000

999

Do .

Poona City

Annual repairs at Shanwar Wada .

1,570

1,576

1,076

hmednagar .

Ahmednagnr .

Annual repairs at Faria Bagh palace

192

191

hana .

Brtisem .

Annual repairs to Portuguese Monu-
ments.

TOTAL
GnANn TOTAL ANNUAL REPAIRS

400

398

3,168

3.164

40,21 8

41,414

SUMMARY.

Special rei*ur carried out by the Public Work* Department
Special re]>aira earned out by the Archseologjcal Department
Annual repairs earned out by the Ptibha Works Department
Annual rnpotra carried out by the Archaeological Department

UTIAWD TOTAL TOK THE BOMBAY PitKsiK7?nv i SCLUDINQ SINO AKJ> THTE

Ks.

23,640
19,108
38,200

3,164

84,221

223

APPENDIX A contd.
(6) EXPENDITURE OK CONSERVATION
Central Cvcle.

District

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of
*aur tionod
otiraftU*

Allotment
for tlio
year
1024-2S.

Amount apcnt
during the
year i 924-2 r >

KFMAKKS

Ite

Us. A. P.

BIHAR AND OBISSA.

/Special Jtepairs (non-recwmwfl charge*)
atrrtKd oiti by the Public Works De-

jMrtment,

Pa laniau

Palamau

Forts at (cutting down tr&ee and

3,557

182

178

Completed.

taking out roots, filling holes in

walls with brifks and mortar in-

cluding repoiuting, clearing shrubs

and vegetation from tops oud aides

of walk).

Bhagalpur

Colgong . .

Hock temple at , providing Notice
Board and foot path to the .

Do.

L^uri .

Bhuvaneavar .

Scaffolding m the eavea at Khandagiri
and 1 'dayagiri , erection of .

2r>

Do. .

Do.

Tomples at ...

4,040

2,191

1,590

In progress.

Do .

Do.

Ilaja Rani temple at Bhuva-noevar
and tavea at Khandagiri and Udai-

690

637

474

Do.

giri.

Patna .

Bihar

Monuments at 14ftjgir and Bihar, pre-

1,200

967

323

Do.

servation of .

Do. .

Ka ]gir .

Notice Boards, provision of .

207

181

145

Do. .

Do.

Inscription on the rooky pathway at
Old Rajgir preservation of .

300

(-1-45)

Completed

TOTAI,

4,291

2,839

Agency charges @ 24 per cent.

081

TOTAt

3.520

Special Repair* (non-recwnnff charges)
carried ovt by the Archaeological Depart-

ment,

Patna .

Nalanda .

Conservation of excavated monuments

7,500
( + 1,000)

9,998

In progress.

(+1,000)

(+400)

(+100)

Do. .

Pataa .

Provision of enamelled iron notice
boards for protected monument a in
Bihar and Orissft.

650

643

Completed.

Cuttftok

KhandAgtri .

Provision of uniform and badge for
Chauktdar at Khand&giri Caves,

Do.

Orisaa.
TOTAL

10,666

10.6S7

GBAJTO TOTAL, SFEOIAL RSPAIKS .

14,987

14,177

224

APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality

Name of work and description

Amount
of
tanctioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-26.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25.

REMARKS.

Ila.

Re A F.

BTHAB AND ORISSA cordd.

Annual Repairs (recurring charges) car-
ried out by the Public Works Depart-

Palatnau

Palanittu

ment- L-oritd.
Old and New Fort* at (clearing

424

vegetation and removing roots on

cither sides of the walls of old and

new forts and round the Masjid ,

also repairing the approach road to
the new fort after removing stones

and jungle *>.

Champaran .

Govmdganj

Aaoka pillars at ~- ....

Lauriya.

Do.

Do ....

id o o

Lauriya.

Do.

Rampurwa

Bhagalpur

Colgong

Roc-k Temple at

600

Mongbyr

Monghj r

Fort. Gates and bridges at .

200

185

Pun

Koiwirak

Temples at

522

422

Bhuvanesvar .

Caves at Khandagiri and Udaigiri

183

180

165

Do.

Konarak

Sculptures nhed at

Do. .

Bhuvanesvar .

Dhauh HiU , inscription at

Do. .

Ra]a Rani temple at .

Cuttaok

Cuttack

(i ateway, Barabati Fort at .

2fi

Do. .

Do .

Moat wall, Barabati Fort at .

Do. .

Jajpur

Protected monuments at

Patna .

Kumrahar

Agam Kuan at

800

Do. .

Banktpur

Gola (granary) at

Do.

Maner

Mukhdwm Shah's tomb at .

304

360

363

Do. .

llajpir

Mahadeo temple at

Do .

Jam temple at ...

Do. .

Mamvar Math temple, including all

ancient structures.

Do .

Bihar

Tonxb of Syed Ibrahim Beyu

Santa! Pargnna

t Hadaf near

Jumma Afasjid and bridge at . ,

104

100

Rajmahal.

Shahabad

Arrah

Arrah House at .

108

<-f9

Carried over

1,839

2,074

225
APPENDIX A cowtd.

District.

Locality

Name of work and description.

Amount
of
sanctioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924.23.

Amount spent
during the
>ear 1934-25.

RJOMJUM.

Rs.

Rs. A. P.

Brought forward

1,30

2,074

BIHAR AND ORISSA conoid.

Annual Repairs (recumng charge*) car-
ned out by the Publtc Works Depart-

ment cont A.

Sbababad

Sassaram

Tomb of Sher Shah at

Do.

Do. .

Tomb of Hasan Shah at

78
(4-40)

105

Do.

Do. .

Tomb of Alwal Khan at

( + 45)

Do.

Ohampur

Tomb of B&khtiar Khan at .

148

121

( + 24)

145

Do.

Bamgarh

Mundeshwari temple at

Do.

Buxar

Muhammadan tomb at Katkauh

500

Do.

Rohtas .

Fort at . .

348

345

>Gay . .

Shamshernagar

Shamsher Khan's tomb at

Do.

Gunen

Buddha statue shed at

Do. m .

Ghenjan .

TOTAL.

2,010

2,924

Agency charges @ 24 per cent.

702

TOTAL .

3,620

Annual Repairs (recurring charges)
earned ovt by the Archaeological

Department,

Patna .

Nalanda .

Upkeep of Museum and Bungalow

600

296

TOTAL .

296

GRAND TOTAL, AHUTJAL RKFAIRS .

3,922 6

8(7MMABY

Special Eepaiw carried out by the Public Work* Department .

Special Repairs carried out by the Archaeological Department .

Annual Bepaiw carried out by the Public Work* Department, .
Annual Repair* carried ont by the Acchicologioal Department

Us.

3,020

10,667

3,62

296

TOTAL toa BIOAB AD GMESA

226
APPENDIX A contd.

DUtrict,

Locality.

Name of work and description

Amount
of
auctioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
daring the
year 1924-26.

REMARKS.

K*.

BB. A. P

A'jpet-toZ Hr pairs (non-recurring charge*)
carried out by tJte Public Works
Department

Cbaada

Ckiaiulu

Auhaleswar gate to tho Fort wall

3,900

1,570

1,336

Inprogreea.

A kola .

lialujmr .

Ancient monuments ....

8,700

3,000

Do.

Etaipur .

Kirpur

A shelter for protecting the sculptures

construction of -

4,349

Completed.

Nimar .

Burhanpur

Tomb of Nadir 8hah

9,775

1,840

In progress.

Da .
Do

Do. .

Shah Nawaz Khan'u tomb , providing
groynes below

3,162
13,993

1,710
2,664

1,710
2,165

Do.
Do

Tor At, .

10,790

10,074

Agency charges at 23 per cent. .

2,317

TOTAL SPECIAL REPAIRS

12,391

Avnval Xepatrs (reenrrtng charge*)
earned on* by the Public Fort* Depart-
ntent.

Nftgput

Junapam

Stone Circle attributed to the GaoU
penod

Do. .

Ubali and Peth
Ubah.

Ditto

Do. .

Takalghat

Ditto

Do. .

Nildoh .

Ditto

Do. .

Wathoda

Ditto

1ft

Do. .

Ohogta Khapa

Mahadeo temple ....

No repair* done.

Do. .

Ramtek ,

Remains of old ehrine upon the west-
ern ndg of the Ramtek Hill.

. 25

Do. .

Nagardhau

Fort juat south of the village . .

180

Do. .

DongaltaJ

Fort at the bottom of the hiU .

17B

I7fl

176

Carried ov*r .

46C

445

227
APPENDIX A contd.

District

Locality.

Name of work and description

Amount oj
sanctioned
eetimatc.

Allotment
for the

1924-25.

Amount spent
dunng the
year 1924-25.

RBMARKB.

Ra.

Ra. A. F

Brought forward

4.55

445

CENTRAL PROVINCES ANT> BBHAB contd

Annual Repairs (recurring charges) car.
ned out by tte Publw Works Dtpart-
me< oontd.

iihandara .

Pfcdampur near
Amgaun.

Some curiouB old remains of massive
atone buildings

Do.
Do

Tilota Khaira .
Nagra .

A cromlech formed of one huge stone
placed on two other upright ones
and three other atones called giant's
Tilota.

Temple ......

\> 93

Do.

Partabgarb

Fort . .

Do.
'itaiachat

Pawni
Lanji

Temple of Chandaka J evi, south-east
of the town.

37
100

32
150

1
J

Do.

Garhi

Fort

Do.

Kanjal near
Kuangarb
north Karola.

Old court house of Ala Udal built
of black stone.

* 197

Do.

Sonkkar .

Fortre&s containing 53 images, Sadha
Bada.

Do.
Do

Madanpur near
Diupur

Yogi Mandir of Buddhist architecture

10
2

'Chanda

Piparwara

430

508

608

Do.
Do.

Do. .
Do. .

Temple of Mahadeo near Municipal
office
Gond Rajas tombs ....

150

157

900
157

Do.

A small well inside Jatpuru gate

Do.

Temple of Fkon near Ekoripura

34'

Do.

Do. .

Temple of Gaapati in Balajipura

Do.

Do. .

Temple of Someswar in Dadnaahalpura

Do.

Do. .

Temple of Maroti in Bhiwapur .

Do.

Do. .

A well ia form of Sankh in Dadroahal-
pura.

Do.

Ballupor

A stone fort wall

Carried over

1,*46

1,590

2H2

228

APPENDIX A contd

Dintnot.

Locality.

Name of work and description,

Amount

of
sanctioned
estimate

Allotment
for the

1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-26.

REMARKS.

Bo.

Rs. A. p.

Brought forward

1,646

1.690

CENTBAL PROVISOES ANJ> BEBAK cttntd.

Oh and a

Chanda .

Annual Repairs (rfrumnfj charges) ear-
ned out by the Public Work* Depart,
nuwtr oontd
British monument*) at Lalpeth .

Do.

Monuments to British officers who fell
in siege of Chanda No. at Lalpeth

Do .

Do. .

Monoliths consisting of 10 colossal
stone images at Lulpeth

277

Do .

Bhandak

An old temple near Taka Talao

Do .

Old temple of Parannath .

700

Do. .

Do.

Old temple of Chandika Devi .

Do. .

Do.

Baji Rao cave ....

Do. .

Do.

A stone bndge in tank

600

Do. .
Do. .

Do.
Do

A high knoll immediately to the east
of Bbadranath temple.
Bhawam oavi . ...

5
5

6
6

500
600

Do. .

Do.

Remains of a rery old temple

Do. .

Dewalwara

An old fort and ruined temple

Do. .

Khatora .

Remains of an old fort

Do. .

Palabarae

An old Hcmadpanthi temple

Do. .

Markanda

Mahadeo temple

Do. .
Do. .

Tipagarh
Zarapapra

Fortress of Tipagarh in Moorumgaon
Zammdan
A rook cave .....

100

41
21

Akola .

Balapur .

Fort ....

160

Do. .

Chhatn . ....

Do .

Barai Takli

Bhawam oavo

Do. .

Akot Taluq .

NarnaUa Fort (consisting of 9 items) .

776

775

776

Do. .

Patur

Caves .....

1>0. .

Akola .

Old fort with Da -bar bastion .

Do. .

Do.

Dahihanda gate ....

Amraoti

Ixisur .

Anandeawar temple ....

160

Do .
Do.

A tuner .
C'hikdltia

Tomb of Lai Khun with the tank in
front of it.
Gawiluarh Fort

Carried over

160

510

150
400

134

494

4,090

4,112

229
APPENDIX A contd.

District

Locality.

Name of work and description

Amount of
sanctioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

REMARK*

Its

Ks A F

Brought forward .

4,090

4.112

OUT-HAL PROVINCES AND BERAR- ronld

Annual Repairs (recurring charges) car-
ried otter by the Public Work* Depart-
ment contd

Xeotmal

Lohara .

Temple ....

Ruldana

Rohmkhed

Mosque ....

Do.

Kotbah .

Old temple

Lonar

10 Gairaukh temples

370

Dharamsala .....

Do.

Sq uare kund on the east of the town .

Do,

Do.

Old temple of Daityasudan

Do.

Dhotra

3 temples .....

100

Satesjaon

3 old temples of Vishnu

50 ,

Do.

Images in the vicinity of the old temple
of Vishnu.

Do.

Peolgaon Raja

Moti Samad

Do.

Sake ga on

Templo of Mahadeo ....

Do.

Sindkhed Raja

Stone masonry bnnd of big tank

Do.

17 welln near Cbandm Talao

Do.

Do-

Temple of Mabadeo ....

4<>

Do.

Mcbkar

Madhft monuments ....

Anjam Khurd .

Masjid built after the old style .

Do.

Fatehkhelda .

Largo mosque .....

Raipur .
Do.

Arang
Sirpur .

Old mined Jain temple
Temple of Laxman ....

15
30

18
27

Do.

A new shelter for the sculptures

Do,

Sirpur Aran? .

Area round the Sirpur village and the
mound to the east of Arang where
there are certain monuments.

Do.

Baloda Bazar .

Temple of Mahadeo and two structures
at Narampur.

Drug . .

Deobaloda

Sheo's temple ...

8
20

20
20

Do.
Do.

Oandai .
Dhamd* .

Temple of Shiva ....

Carried over .

0,440

6,446 (l

230
APPENDIX A contd.

District..

Localitj

Name ot work and description

Amount
of
sanctioned
estimate

Allotment
for the

1994-25.

Amount spent 1
during the
year 1924-26

RKMAJUES.

Brought forward

Rs.

Ba.

5,440

Ra. A P.

5,44J

CKNTRAL PRO\ IUCES AND BKKAR contd.

Drug .

Deorbijiya

Annual Repairs (recurring charges) car-
ried out, by the Public Works Depart-
ment- inntd
Temple of Sita Devi and Sati pdlar .

Bilaspur

Pali

Mahadeo temple ....

Janjpr .

The laige Vaishnava temple

O-x

Khtirod .

Bnck temple of Savan, south of the
village

800

Do. .

Small brick tern pie north of the village

Ratanpur

The doorway built into the ruined wall
beside the north gateway of the fort
and the carved stone* and images
lying about within the boundaries of
the village

185

Do.

Do. .

The whole of the area round the town

Do.

Jangjir .

Small temple .....

Do.

Arbhar .

Arbhar temple ....

Do.

Sheormarayan

Sheorinaraj an temple

Bemhu .

Temple

600

Do.

Patgawan

500

Do.

Semaraol

Pah inscription atone

500

Do.

Sheonnarayan

Inscription in old temple called Chan-
dra Chuda Mahadeo temple.

800

Do.

Kharod .

Very old Surya temple

800

Do.

Two inscriptions inside Laxmaneehwar
templo.

200

Do.

Chandrapur

Temple of Mahadeo ....

Do.
Do.

Kanki Korba
Pundkioh Chhuri

J>0

15
15

15
700

Do.

Close to Bag-
dera.

Chaitaurgarh .....

Do.
Do.

Tutmin
Dhtnpur

The remains of a very ancient temple
and mounds of sculptured and on-
Boulptud ettneg.

Rock

800
500

Do.

Bafidrra .

Lafafort

Do.

Kutmi . .

600

Carried over .

5.7W

5,777

231
APPENDIX A contd.

Diatnot

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of
sanctioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924 26.

Amount <*peut
during the
year 1924-?5.

REMARKS.

P.8.

Re. A. r.

Brought forward

8,705

5.777

CKNTRAL PEOVINCES AND BEBAK contd.

Anntwl Repairs (recumng charges) ear-
ned out by tht Public Works Depart-

ment- tontd.

Bilaapur

Near Bargfton .

Kotgath

Do.

Mulhar .

Malhar fort

Do,

Bawanbadi

Kosaigarh fort ....

Do,

Konar .

Konargarh fort ....

300

Do.

Amanala

Ajnurgarh fort ....

500

Do.

Rat an pur

Kantbi Deval temple

800

Do .

MooBekhan'e Dargah

Do.

Madarbada

500

Do.

Do. .

Pandarinath temple in Qila

600

lloshancabad

Jo a

Mughal fort

200

Do.

Panchmartu

Caves

Betal .

Bhainsdehi

Mahadeo temple ....

Do.

Khelda .

Foil with two fine gateways

Do.

Shergarh

Foit with two gateways .

Dhauiangaon .

Temple of Devi ....

Nimar .

Burhanpur

Tomb of Shah Shuja

Do.

Tombs of Adil Shah and Nadir Shah .

235

236

265

Do.

Tomb of Shah Nawaz Khan

118

110

Do.

Raja-ki-ohhatri ....

110

Do.

110

Palace in Fort ....

128

171

Do.

Aaugarh .

Mahadeo temple in Fort .

108

Do.

Mahadeo temple near Inspection Bun-

galow.

Do.

Jumma Mssjid ....

158

202

Bo.

Do, .

Inner and outer walla of fort, with gatee

213

180

J>>.

Do. .

Tomb of Shah Noman

Carried over

7.5r9

7,071

232
APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality

Name of work and description.

Amount oi
sanctioned
estimate.

Allotment
for tbe
vear
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25.

REMARKS

RB. A. P

Brought forward

7,539

7,571

CENTRAL PROVINCES AND BEBAH contd

Annual Rppatra (recitrring charges) car-
ried out by the Publv Works Depart-
mentt. ontil

Nimar
Co.

Asirgarb .
Do. .

Tomb of Sbab Gobar, vnth compound
wall.
Idgah , front wall with open platform

5
29

35
29

41
70

Do. .

Approach road to tbe fort

445

- 227

Do.

Nimbola .

Colonel Praaer's tomb

Jubbulpui

Bheragbat

Cbowsat Jogini temple

Do.

Garba .

Pancbmatha temple

181

133

Madan Mahal

179

Bheraghat

Goun Sbankar temple . . .

Do.

Tegowa .

Kankali DPVI temple

Padana .

Rupnath .....

It)

Do.

Panagar .

Large effigy of Vishnu Varaba

500

Do.
Do
Do

Kantalai
Nanbwara
Bilhen .

Kaohha and Machba (Tortowe and
I'ish)
8 Htone Jain images and a Hindu
temple
Vishnu Varaba temple

10
2
15

3
2
15

300
200
15

Do.

Karanpur

Varaba ner.r Kantalai

Do.
Do
Manilla .

Do .
Burgann .
Mandla .

3 Tumuli and a Lmga and Rtatuee of
Ganenb and Hanuman.
Temple of Somnath and ruins of several
temples
Gond fort called Satkhanda

8
12
158

800
12
158

Do. .

Shabburj

152

162

Do. .
Damoh .

ChnugaoQ Hyot-
wari
Smgergarh

Bajnim Mabal
Singergarh fort ....

255

255
62

255

Do. .

Nobta .

Temple

Do .

Kundalpnt

One flat roofed temple below tbe bill .

600

Do. .

Rajnagar .

Fort

Do. .

H*tt4x .

Rangmahal Palace ....

Do. .

Kauorabari

Temple ......

Oo.

Jatatihonkar

Fort ... .

Do.

Sekhar .

Temple ...
Carried over ,

12 6

6.477

0,354

233

APPENDIX A.~-contd.

District,

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount

of
sanctioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924.25.

Amount went
during the
year 1924*25.

RBMARK3.

RH.

Rs.

Rs. A. P.

Brought forward

9,477

<J,364

OBNTBA& I'ROVINCES ANU BBBAR
con -Id.
Annual Repairs (recurring charge*) car-
ried out by the Public Works Depart-
ment toncld..

Damoh

Raneh .

Math . ....

Do. .

Kodal .

Old temples ab .

].f

Do. .
Do. .
$ugor .
Do. .

Narsingarh
Kanoda .
Kran
Bamoda .

Mogque on Narsinghgarh-Batiaujarh
road.
Remains of old sculptured temple attit-
buted to Chandelas.
Buixied temple with other statues
closed JD a svire fencing
Temple

31
62
132
6

02
129

31
02
129 U
500

Do. .

Garparha

Sish Mahal and Rani Mahal

Do. .
D

Khirolasaa

Tomb of Panj Pirs ....

J50

Do. .
Do

Raliatgarh
Deon

110
30

Chhmdwara .

Deogarh .

l>0

Narsmghpur .

Chowragarh

Temple m the fort ....

TOTAL

10,221

10,088

Agency charges at 23 per cent

2,320

TOTAL ANKUAL REPAIRS

12,408

SUMMARY

Special Repairs earned out by the Pubhc Works Department
Annual Repairs earned out by thf Pubhn Work* Department

GftAND TOTAL B-OR CBNTBAL PEOVIHOES .
Summary of Expenditure incurred on Conservation in the Ct-ntral Circle.

12,301
12,408

24,799

Province.

Total amount spent
on special repairs

^ Total amount *pent
on annual repainu

TOTAL.

Rs.
14,177

Rs.
3,922

K*.
18,099

Central Provinces

12.391

12,408

24799

TOTAL

26,568

10,320

42,898

GRAND TOTAL

....

42,898

2 i

234

APPENDIX A contd.

(b) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION

Eastern Circle.

District.

Looalitv

Xurne of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

REMARKS.

RB.

Re.

Rs. <u r.

Special Repairs (iron rc^umnq charges)
ran ied oui by thf Public Wwis
Department

Rajshahi

Doopaiu .

VmHti notion of boundary pillars round
the lank

14T)

145

143

Completed.

K iiHutnba

Moyqa*

1,844

600

097

Malda .

(<aur

Daraftban Masjid

2,512

1,750

1,813

In progress

Guur & Pandua

Purchasing and fixing notice boards to

250

179

Do.

(Janr

JM^ui wall ....

1,000

GOO

624

Completed,

Burdwan

Gaurangpur

Tehai Oh use's temple

952

000

520

In progress.

Do.

Buddipoie

Pioviclmg wire fencing round the com-
pound of and special repairs to the

422

420

Completed.

Murshidabad

Kluuaul .

Providing vure fencing round the
moftque

1.083

600

520

Do.

Dacca .

Dacca

Surveying the monuments*

300

IX,.

Do, .

Purchasing and fixing notice boardu
to monument* in the Dacca din

tnct

117

+848

]70

123

In progress.

Do .

Dacca .

Hatgambu/ mosque (constructing
Iwunrian pillars).

Completed.

Do .

Atonhkhana

Mosque of Khan Muhammad Mirdha

3,714

2,000

1.920 (

In progress.

Do. .

Kampal .

Ma-sjid of Baba Adam

14,335

1,000

700

Do.

Do .

Kagb uratupu r
(near Ram-

Raja Han^hchan<lra'R tank (fixing of
notice board).

500

Completed.

Khutna .

Maeiidkur

Khan Ji-ban Ali'f. moRque

800

BOO

773

Do.

F'roviding notice boarfiw to tlie monu-
ment m th Khulna Distntt.

TOTAL

142

Do.

9,058

8,433

Agency charges f? 21 i>er tent. .
TOTAL

1,771

10^04

235
APPENDIX A covtd.

Dbtrict.

Locality

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
ior the
year
1924-2&.

Amount spent
during the
year 1024-20.

RWIABJLS,

HK> o Air TO ntd

KB.

Es. A. P.

fipetml KejmitK {non-returnny tharge*)
turned oat by the Arthaiulogical
Department

Bankura

Yiahnupur

19 teiiipleN m and ueai \ i-hnupui

12,513

71)4

704 I)

'omploted.

Bahulaia

Hiddhes^ar tomple

B, 023

(49

(149

Do.

Bxrbhum
Do

Kenduh
Bhadiswai

Teni])le of .lavdfx (Land acquisi-
tion )
Morniih

:t22

322
247

Do.
In pi ogress.

Dacca .

Sabhar

Do. . . .

W)7

007

Do.

Do .

Baghurampui
(neat Rampal)

IUja Haiihluhandia't- Tank

5,327

5,327 ')

Do.

TOTAL

7,80(5

7,85<i O

GUAVli TOTAL SPKCIAL RKPA1RH .

18,060

Annual Rajmira (re* urnttg charyvi)
rarrtfil out fry/ the PxHtC Worl*
Dcpirttnent.

-24-Parganas .

SunderbanB

Jatar Deul temple

74 O

Hooghly

Tnbeni .

Tomb and Mosque <f Zafar Khan (UAI

Do.

Satgaon .

Tomb and Mosque ....

Do.

Serampore

Henry Martin's Pagoda .

194

153

iBurdwan

Burdwan

Tombs of Hher Afghan, Kutubuddm
and Bahram Sakka

Do.

Bamoonarab

Rarhoswar Siva temple

(Ml

Buddipore

Two ancient temples

JU)

Do.

Gaurangpur

Ichai Qhose's temple

103

.18

Do.

Kalna .

Two moacLueis .

(X)

fiirbhum

Kenduh .

Temple of Juydev .

.V)

Do.
Do.

Sanatore

Temple of Damodai

35
248

3.)
24S

34
247

Bankura
Do

Vishnupur
Do.

19 temples in and near Vifehnupur

581
4

189

400

Carried over

1,698

1,479

2i 3

236
APPENDIX A contd.

Dwtfiot.

locality

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-28.

REMARKS.

' 7

Bs.

US. A. P.

Brought forward

1,698

1,479

BBKQAL contd.

Annual Repair* (recurring charges)
carried nut by tfic Ptif.fa JJ'orfcs
Depart me i contd .

Jlunkura

Bahulara

KirldhcH-war teraple ....

iSiiHiima tullh

Rot k inscription of Raja Chandra
Vaiman

Midnapore

Gaganeewar

Karambora Fort

219

181

167

Murshidabftd

Kharaul .

Mosque .,,...

221

182

191 C

Do.

Kntra

Tomb and mosque of Murshid Kub
Khan

200

161

174

Fandtola

Torab of Ahrmadan

Do.

KhiiBhbagh

Tombs of Siraj-ud-daula, All Wardi
Khan and mausoleum and com-
pound wall

121

111

Do.

Rosbnibagh

Tomb of Shujauddm including mauso-
Ifvum.

110

119

132

Do.

Ulbagh .

Tomb of Nawab Sarfaraz Khan

Do.

Kalikapur

Old Dutch Cemetery

Do.

Azimbagh

Tomb of Azimunnesa Bej?um

Do,

Kunjaghata

Tablet of Maharaj* Nanda Kumai .

200

tfadia

Kaligunj

New Plassey monument .

Do. .

Plassey .

Pillars demarcating th* battle-field .

Do. .

OhftkduH

Palpai a temple ....

51)

RJfihahi
Do

Bagha .
Do.

Mosque

200

174
24

Expenditure from

Kvuumba

Do ....

160

126

April 1924 to Jim*
1924 Agaraat the
sanctioned esti-
mate fur Rs. 226
for 1923-24.

Do.

E* nditurc from

Ap^ilieiTtoJune
1924 against tho
sanofctottod wti*

mate for EU. 22
for 1923-24.

C*mii oTnr *

3,102

2,887

237

APPENDIX A contd.

District,

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of aoo-
tioned
eatimate.

Allotment
tot the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25.

RWAM

Rs. A* f.

Brought forward

3.102

2,867

BENGAL COBcW.

Rajahahi

Paharpur

Annual Repairs (recurring charges)
carried out by the Public Works
Departme nt conoid.

Mound

Expenditure from

Malda .

Gaur & Pandua

Archaeological buildings

2,600

2,364

April 1924 to June
1924 against the
sanctioned esti-
mate for Ba. 106
for 1923 24.

Dacca .

Lalbagh .

Tomb of Bibi Pen ....

Do. .

Satmaajid

Satgambuz Mosque ....

Do, .

Munahiganj .

Remains of Idrakpur Fort

Da .

Magrapara

Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Azatn Shah

Da .

Dacca

Maintenance of a Chowkidar to look
after the archaeological buildings in
the Hamna Sub-Division.

144

108

Myznensingh .
Do

Ag&rsindur
Do

Shah Mahmud Mosque

19
27

IS
26

Do.

Masjidpara

Aurangzeb Mosque ....

Khulna

Do. .

Bakarganj .

Bagerhat

Masjidpur
Moajidbari

Satgumbai Mosque .Khan Jahan All's
and Fir All's tombs.

Mosque of Khan Jahan Ah
Mosque

396

00
30

396

432

41
23

Including expend v-
tore of EU 36
incurred from
April to June 1924
not covered by

TOTAL

6,572

6,166

Agency charges @ 21 per cent. .

1,296

TOTAL AxnrVAL RXPAIBS . .

7,461

SjpeeUl Repair.
Special Repair*
Annual Repair*

SUMMARY.

out by the Public Work* Department. .
out by the Archaeological Department .
rat by the PubLo Work* Department ,

1(1204
7.856

OBAND TOTAJ, KOB I

7,461
25,021

238
APPENDIX A cvntd.

District.

locality

Name of work and description

Amount
of Bane-
tionc'd
e^timatxj

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-26.

REMARKS.

Its A. t

ASSAM.

Special Repairs (non-recurring charges)
earned out by the Public Works

Department.

feibMtgar

Sibsagar 8ub-
Dmwon

Fixing notice boards

270

207

Completed.

i>0.

Naxirw, .

Surveying and levelling the palace
ground of Abom Rajas at Garhgaon

2fi

Do.

The palace of the Ahotn Raj at* at Garb.-

1,636

1,428

693

Do.

gaon for 1923-24

Sibeagar .

Katmandu attached to the Sibdolc

204

209

Do.

temple for 1923-24

Gaurisagar

Bishnudole temple tor 1924-25 .

213

Do.

Jaysagar

Runghar rum* for 1923-24 . .

887

332

1H9

Do.

Karanphor rums for 1924-25

1,191

1,214

Do.

Golaghat Sub-
Division.

Protection of the image of Durgu

20 C

Do.

Monoliths at Kfteoman Pathar .

728

300

Do.

Naga Hilla .

Dimapur

Fixing of a notice board in the ruins .

15 3

Cftchar .

Mtabong .

Erecting notice board at the rock out
temple

Do.

Sylhet .

Jamtiapur Niz-
pat.

Old Palace enclosure

565

000

135

In progress

Cachar .

Khaspur

Erection of notire boards in front of

2fl

Sylhet .

Badarpur

Cahari rums nt Khaepur and Old Fort
at Badarjrar

275

271

Completed.

iKamrup

Gauhati .

Providing pathway to the temple at
Kannachaf

109

199

192 13

Do.

TOTAL
Agency charges @ 23 per cent. .

4,805

3,761
865

TOTAL SPECIAL RKpAins .

4,620 O

Annual Repair* (recurring charge*)
carried out by 0* Public Works

S.bsagar

Sibeagar .

tepartment
Three temples .

300

312

fjaunaagar

Ditto

100

161

Do.

Jayuagar

Ditto

300

Do.

Runghbr Ruins ....

150

Do.

Karnughar Ruins . . . . ,

250

260

240

Do.

Oolaghar or Magazine

100

Do.

Nazira .

Ahom Raja's palace at Oarhgaon

200

190

Naga HUla .

Dirnapur

Rums l . . . .

400

317

Darraug ,

Bigtmath

Bfttdole temple

100

" Carried OTW

1,867

1.882 16

239

APPENDIX A contd.

Diatrict.

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
vear
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1984-2C.

REMARKS-

Rs. A. P

Brought forward

1,807

l,8r.2 15

Darrang

Texpur .

ASSAM -fow/rf.
Amntal Repair* (recurring cliarflte)
earned out by the Public Work*
department com 1 Id
Bamum Hills . .

7. r >

Do. .

Dt>. .

Maintenance of platform at the Muni-
cipal Park.

4fl

Ooalpara

Jogighopa

Two rook-out caves ....

Katrirup

Kamakhya

Rock inscription at the foot of Kama-
khya hill.

Do. .
Do. .

Gauhati .
Do.

Carving inscription on the Urbasi
Island

Bock soultpture of Vtuhnu Janardan .

10
30

30
30

10
30

Caohar .

Khaspur

Caohari ruins .....

275

271

Do. .

Maibong .

Rock -out temple and two inscribed
stoned.

720

Sylhet .

Badarpur

Old Fort

Do. .

Khasi and
Jaintia Hilia.
Do.

Jaintiapur Niz-
pat.
Syndai .

Nartianc

Old palace enclosure ...
Tank . ...
Monolith (U Mowthoh Dur) .

iop

> CO

100
50

95 2
fiO

Do.

Bhoi Country

Ditto ditto

TOTAL
Agency charges (^ 23 per cent.

2,012

2.4=80 3
572

TOTAL ANNUAL REPAIRS

3,038 3

HUM MARY

Special Repairs carried out by the Public Works Department
Annual Repairs carried out by the Public Works Department

Rs. A. *
. 4,626
. 3,058 3

D TOTAL r>n ASSAM . 7,884 3
Summary of E&pewfatwtf incwied on dmteivat'ion in the. Eastern Circle.

Province.

Total amount spent
on special repairs.

Total amount spent
on annual repanrs.

TOTAL.

Awam '.'.I'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
TOTAL

Rl. A. P.

18,060
4,626

Rs. A. P.
7,461
3,068 3

Rs A. F.
20,521
7,684 3

22,680

10,519 3

33.203 3

GRAND TOTAL

33,200 3

240

APPHNDIX
(b) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION,
Southern Circle.

Di/ttrict.

locality

Name of work and deacnption

Amount
estimate

Allotment
for the

1924 a 25

Amount spent
dunn$ the
year 1924-25

REMARKS

Us A v

Njn>(int Repair* (-non -rccw ring rharg()
carried out by the Public \\ork
J)ejxirtn>etit

Vi/apapatani

liamatu thum

Buddhist lemamK. Hpeoml icpaith to
watchman's shed

(12

Kmtnii .

MaBulipotam
(Bandar)

Arwnnl and fSodowiiB known a* Poit
and Customs, Powder Magazine,
Tombw and cemeteries, Belfiv and
thf cnnipound round the same

coo

'180

421

OJudmada

Mound containing Buddhist remains
Kepaiix to Notice board at Lania-
dibhn

H 17)

Guntur
Nellore

Guntapalle

Motxipallc
Udayapiri

Butldihut Monument K ProMsion of
a Teakwood notice board and fixing
m concrete
Vitahhadra ( 1 hola tern pit-
Ancient Monumonts Special repairs
(WorkHhp)

30
l,09fi
2,'oOO

( + 30)

140
250

28 (

223

338

An incomplete work
of last year

Do,

Am lent Monuments PIOUMOII of
noti.t board

130

141

Aauntupur

Gooty

Hoik fort Special jepairn

302

369

234

In progress

J)o

Madakasira

flill Fort Special repairs

<12

Completed,

Kantbaduru

(HdKiva temple Hjwial rejiairh

Do.

Ratnagiri

Hill Fort Special repairs

Do.

Ilo.

Penukonda

Ancient Monuments Renewal of
Notice lward

140

iWUry

Thimmalapuram

Kiva and GopalaUmhna templen

330

180

In progress.

Nilagunda

Bhimesvara temple .

148

120

Completed.

Hampi (Vijaya-
nugar).
Do

Vitthala temple ....
HepairK to Sign Boards < .

250
200

116

199
I

Do.

Vishnu temple North-east of Vitthala
temple

16f>

Guard room clone to Elephant Stables

250

174

Jk>.

' Saraarathi temple near Water channel

245

185

Do.

Basement of Queen's Palace near
Zenana enclosure.

190

154

Do.

Elephant Studies ....

230

171

Carried over

3,586

2,896

241
APPENDIX A contd

District.

Locality

Name of work wd description.

Amount
of sane,
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
vetvi
1924 25

Amount Mpent
during the
vear 1 924-2.5

RKMARKS.

Rs.

RH A r

Bioughtforwftid

3,86

2,896

MADRAS PBimDKNCY COHtd.

Spectal Repaira (non-recurring charge*)

carried out by the Public Works De-

partment contd

Bellary .

Hampi (Vijaya-

Hazara Hamarhandia temple

200

14((

14.1 o

Do.

nagar)
Do

Road to Vitthala temple .

200

147

Do.

Large underground temple

200

144i

KiO O O

Do.

Chanel rasekhai a temple

20O

185

1 (>.">

Do.

Octagonal Watei Pavilion

100

79 o

In pnwvMf.

Do.

Two storeyed Mandapa

KiO

120

I',.

Do.

Aehyutaraya templo

74 O

Puiupletecl.

Krishna templo

200

157

Do.

Basement of King's Audience Hall

Du.

Do.

Pftttabhiranm temple

200

140

}(\2

In progitisi

Do.

Jain temple

100

Completed

Do.

Queen's Bath ....

43 O

Do.

Attantaaayana temple

s:>

24(5

4."i

D-

Do.

Removal of rank vegetation in old

200

Water Supply Scheme.

Do.

Laying out new road to Vitthala

1,258

Do. ThiB work was

temple

paid for by the

Cuddapah

Peddaitmdiem

Dismantling tho ruined mandapa in
front of Narasimha temple owing to

1*30

119

t Vntral (vovarn-
ment m 1922-23

its dangeroufl condition

and the expendi-

ture has now been

Chilamkuru

Vipnesvara temple ...

refunded by tho

ftovemmeut of

Do.

Sidhout .

Fort and its buildings

205

209

179

Madras and la

here shown M a

Do. .

Pushpagm

Vaidyanathaswami temple . .

Bfi

( + 70)

i eduction of the

Do. .

Qandikota

Fort and temple Provision of lock
and key and petty repair*.

( + 40)

39 )

total expenditure.

Madras .

West Bastion m the Old Ma draw Town

4.1

KB. 12areth sale

wall

procwdB of two

South Kanara

Mudabidri

17 Jain Tom be. Providing 2 notice
boards and transferring 2 more
notice boards from Hosdrug and
removal of rank vegetation.

i 02
(. 12

notion boarda re-
moved from the
Huadrug Fort
which has been

deleted from the

Lut of Protected

Monument*.

Do.

Barkur .

KathaJa Basti temple. Providing
notice boards, repairs to covering
slabs and pillars and parapet waits,

540

?4rt

219

Inp.o^resr.

etc.

Carned over

5,416

3,930

242

APPENDIX A contd.

Amount

Allotment

Distuct.

Locality

Name of work and dent upturn

of sane-
tioaed
t>htnnato

for the
year
1924 25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

REMABKB.

1th

Ks A v.

Brought forward

5,416

3,939

MAI>RAS PRESIDENCY- conM.

Special Repair* (non-recurring charges)
carried out by the Public Works

Departmen 1 contd

Salem .

Sankatuimg

Hill Foit (a) Removing prukly poar

3<K>

16.1

Iric oinplete work

along the ramparts and uteps for
providmg drystone walln at the

of last year com-
pleted during

Hides of steps and pointing worn oul

the year.

joints with coloured uiortar Gul-

lies formed were filled up and side

drams were excavated to prevent

further gullies forming along the

pathways

(b) Hough stono dry packing with new

150

( + 1.50)

1,10

Completed

tones, pointing with eurki mortar

arid removing vegetation and earth-

work in gravelling soil

Do.

Namakkal

Hill Foit Pointing with coloured

Hfj

123

Do.

mortar, removing, reflxing and re-

painting letters in notion boards,, re-

moving and repacking drystone

wall and clearing vegetation

Do.

Altui

Hill Fort. Plastering, with lime

""(

rnoitar, removing old plaster and
ra< king out joints, laying one course

of fiat tilea in lime mortar, re-

moving prickly pear, grass and otbei
vegetation and keeping all water
course* and providing a kntel

> 1U5

^ 246

186 8

Do*

Removal of prickly pear and brushes

j 30

Do.

Royakottai

Hill Fort Earthwork, rough stone

160

180

140 6 6

JJo.

revetment and removing prickly

pear, etc.

Do. .

Kruhnagm

Hill Fort. Rough Btone dry packing,
making up top of rampart walfo
with concrete jelly, wedging crevices,

300

359

290

Do,

removing hug* boulders ahpped in

step*, making mufootpnnto cleaning

cult and sJuah from tank and clearing

Coimbatore .

Kuntur .

prickly peer and vegetation.
Mahalingmvara temple. Plastering,
and pointing with coloured mortar

(+16)

4 13

Do.

and removing light jungle and

Hhruba.

Do. ,

&roar Periya-
patayam.

Sugnvesvara temple. Special repairs

400

(-MS)

090

No work was dpne
during this yZar,

Xilgmn .

Kotagin .

Group of Dolmens in Banaguduhola
of Jakkenen.

23 5

Completed.

North Arct.t .

Mamandar

Rook-out temple, imbedding a ttonen

Do.

containing macnptionfi in mortar

and oonstructing a masonry pillar

poei aupporting

Carried ovr .

e,?g7

i.BSl 9 6

243
APPENDIX A sontd.

District

locality

Name of work and description

Amount

tinned
estimate

Allotment
for the
ve,r
1924-25

Amount npont
during the
vrai 1924-2JS

RKKAEKS.

Rs.

Rs A r.

Brought forward

6,77

4,931 9

MAUBAS PKESIDKKCY- cnntd

SpecHil JRepatrs (non-recurnnff ikargra)
< arrted out by the Public Works De-
parttruint conoid

.North Aroot .

Vellorc .

Fort. Inner Rampart walls of
Repacking the disturbed revet-
ment

790

1,239

133

Completed.

Do. .

Do .

Jalakanteevara temple in the Forl
Renewing rotten timbers

175

( I 215)

171

Do.

Do. .

Villapakkam
(Pauchapan-
davu malai).

Rock -cut sculptures and Caves Provi-
sion of iron railings and notice
boards.

125

Do.

Do. .

Pudupadi

Vodanarayanaperumal temple
Grouting c racks, etc

( f-123)

200

Do.

Do. .

Biyyamangalam

Rook-cut temple and sculptures .

100

( i 123)

Do.

Do. .

Tirumalai

Jam temple Plastering and closing
oraeks.

2:J

(+21)

Do.

South Aroot .

Gingee .

Fort and its buildings. Special re-
paira

3,321

2,0*5 4

In progroM.

Madura

Alagarkoil

Ancient manumento in Panchapandava,
malai.

124

S3 8

Do.

Tanjore

Tranquebar

Danes borg Castle. Special repairs

1,3.'W

(4372)

372

Do,

Negapatam

Dutoh Cemetery Special repairs

IfiO

186

148

Completed.

Tionevelly

Tutioonn

Dutch Cemetery. Special repairs to
the tombs.

320

1*0.

Adiohanall

Adichanallur .

Prehistoric remains. Repairs to
Notice boards.

Do.

Aajengo

Anjengo

Old Fort. Special repairs

370

37ft

Do.

Trfohinopoly .

Srinivasanallur.

Koranganathan temple. Special re-
pairs.

200

248

115

Do.

Ranjangudi

Ranjangudi Fort Special repairs .
TOTAL

040

310

260

Do.

13,601

aM2 r, (i

Agency charges @ 23 per cent. .
TOTAL

2,192

11,724 5 6

Special Rtpeur* (non-recurring charge*)
earned ovJt by f&e Archaeological De-
partment.

3oirobtoce .

Danayakankot-

tai.

Ancient moanmenta Clearance of
vegetation executed dep&rtraentally.

TOTAL
GBAKD TOTAL SPBCIAL SKFAIBS

460

400

4#0

400 O

14,061

12,124 5 6

244

APPENDIX A- -contd.

District.

Ux-aliU

Nairn- nf work and description

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1024-25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

REMARKS.

Rs A p

MADBAN I'KEMDKMY contcl

Annual Repairs (recurring charges) efe~
ruted by the Public Work* Dtpart-
menl

Uanjfim

,1 aiign da .

Asoka Bock Inscription**

Kottakolla

Siva temple on Brudhakolle hill.

Vitagapatnm .

Sankaratu

Buddhist remain*. Maintenance of
a watchman

144

Do.

ilamatirtbam .

Ditto ....

144

KlbtllH .

Bezwadft

Vkkanna Mad anna Cave temple

200

Do.

Do .

Tw. celled whrinc at the fool of Indra-
kila hill in Public Work* Department
Quarry compound

( + 2)

200

Mogahajapuram

Rock-cut temples

700

laggayyaper, .

Buddhist Stupa. Maintenance of a
watchman

IflO

197

136

Do.

Adamalh

Ancient Mounds Petty repairs and
removal of vegetation.

(+18)

Do.

Quntapalle

Buddhist stupas, chaityas and Rock-cut
oaves. Maintenance of a watchman
and clearance of vegetation.

179

9fi

Do.

'(Bandar)

Dutch Cemetery

123

Guniur

Amaravati .

Buddhist Stupa Maintenance of a
watchman

123

111

Nellore .

Udayagm

Ancient monuments in Hill Fort

365

390

295

Anantapur

(Sooty

Rock Fort Annual repairs

584

431

399

Pcnukonda

Ancient monuments Maintenance of
a watchman.

369

253

BeUary .

Hampi (Vijaya-
nagarj.

Employment of watchmen to look after
Hampi Ruins.

1,475

1,000

938

Chingtoput .

Mahaba lipuram

Seven Pagoda*. Pay of 2 permanent
watchmen

900

372

300

Do.

Seven Pagodas. Pay of 2 watering
coolies for 6 months

150

135

120

Do.

Seven Pagodas Maintenance of roads
and pathwnyn

500

408

1)0.

C'biu^Ioput

Ther Mahal. Annual r*{* ue .

100

196

149

Sadras .

Dutch oemc try and fort . . .

145

179

148

Pulioat ,

Do. ...
Carried over

160

310

188

4,984

3,987

245
APPENDIX A contd.

District

Locality

Name <f work and description

Amount
of anc
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25

Amount pent
during the
year 1924-25

REMARKS.

RS. A 1'

Brought forwaicl

4,9*4

3,987

MADRAS PBKSiKNCiY--rofc/.

Annual Repair* (recurrmg charge*) exe-
cuted by the Public Works De-
partment. contd

Chittoor

t'handragm

Raja and Ram Mahals. Union tax .

231

381

Do.

Inspection Bungalow Annual repairs

183

288

Do.

Gurramkoada .

Mahal Maintenance of a watchman .

144

123

143

Cuddapa

Gandikota

Fort and temple. Maintenance of a
watchman

W atohman employ
ed only from
17th September
1924.

Kurnool

Ancient monuments in Town

If)

(f!4)

Madras .

Madras

Tomb of David Yale and Joseph Hym-
nere in the Law College compound.

Obelwk R. S

Do.

1>0 .

No. 1697 ....

700

Do.

Do. .

No 1816 ....

800

Do.
Do.

1>0. .

Do.

No. 1793
No. 1704

9
7

15
15

800

Do.

Do. .

Old Town Wall Annual repairs and
Municipal tax

f 95
I 98

120
( + 112)

J 187

Malabar

Palghat .

Fort Removal of vegetation from fort
wall and water hyacinth from the
moat.

500

123

122

Do.

TeUwherry

Fort. Removal of vegetation and roots
from walls.

123

Do.

Sultan's Battery

Jam temple Removal of vegetation .

South Kanara

Bekal .

Fort Removal of vegetation

24fi

246

197

Do.

Manure .

Sultan's Battery Clearing plant*
and vegetation, plastering rampart
walls and painting notice board.

40 Q

NOglns.

Kotagir: .

Group of large dolmens at Banagudi
shot* of Jakkenbri.

North Aroot .

Vellore .

Fort. Clearing vegetation in inner and
outer ramparts and clearing Mirth
jungle

090

720

590

Carried over

7,259

6,211

246
APPENDIX A ^ontd.

District.

Locality

Nairn* of work and description

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

RaiCAlUtS.

Rs.

Rs. A r.

111 ought forward

7,259

6,211

MADRAS PRBSIDKNOY condd.

Annual Repair* (reiurnng charges) exe-
cuted by the, Public Works De-
partment conoid.

North Arcot .

Vellore .

Jalakantesvara temple in the Fort.
Maintenance of two watchmen.

340

492

287

Do. .

Mosque in the fort. Clearing plaster-
ing and whitewashing

Do.

Abdullapuram .

Abdul MahaL Clearing vegetation .

Do.

Aroot

Delhi Gate. Maintenance of a watch-
man and annual repairs

160

iya

159

South Aroot .

(Jmgee

Fort and ita buildings Maintenance
of watchmen and annual repairs.

370

372

282 10

Madura

Dindigul .

Bock fort buildings. Maintenance ol
a watchman and Municipal tax.

465

528

514 14

Do.

Vikramangalam

Koilpati Temple. Maintenance of a
watchman.

U36)

3fa

Tanjore

Tanjore .

Maintenance of Sivaganga Little fort .

146

145

132

Tiuaevelly .

Tutwsonn

Dutch cemetery Annual repairs

Do.

AdiohaoaUur .

Prehistoric remains Maintenance o:
a watchman.

178

Tnohiaopoly .

Ranjangudi .

Ranjangudi Fort. Maintenance of a
watchman.

TOTAL

144

186

144

9,546

7,960 8

Agency Charges @ 23 per cent.
TOTAL ANNUAL RXPAIBS

1,830

9,700 8

SUMMARY.

Special vepain owrried out by the Public Worlu Department
Special repairs earned ont l.j tlte ArcbnoloRioal Department
Annual repairs carried out by the Public Works Department

G&AND TOTAL rox THE MADRAS PRBSIDKSTCT

11,724 5 6

400

9,760 8

21,014 1H 6

247

APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locahtyt

Name of work and description

Amount
of none-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
yar
1924 25

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-20

RTOAKKS.

Rs A P

PROVINCE OF Cooius.

Annual Repairs (recurring charges)
carried out by &* P*M Works De-
partment.

Ooorg .

Mercara .

Fort and Raja's Beat. Repairs to
roads, culverts and drains inside
the fort and approaches, repairs
to masonry elephants, fence, well
and patch repairs to the Raja's seat,
and clearing surroundings.

240

243

Do. .

Mallur .

3 Jain temples. Plastering with lime
mortar 2 coats the top of the temple
to repair leaks m the terrace and
clearing jungle

TOTAL .

260

282

Agency charges @ 23 per cent.
GBAVD TOTAL FOR COORG

322

Summary of Expenditure on Conservation in the Southern Circle.

Province.

Total amount spent
on special
repair*.

Total amount spent
on annual
repair*

TOTAL.

Ra. A P.

13,680 6

Rs. A. P.
9,790 K

Rs A. r.
21,9 J 4 13 6

322

TOTAL

1K.686 5 6

10,112 8

82,236 13 f>

GRAND TOTAL

39,23e 13 .6

248

APPENDIX A contd.

(6) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION.

Burma Circle

DlBtlK't.

Locality.

Kamc of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the
year
1924-2f>

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-26.

BEUAKK8.

BURMA

KB.

Bs.

Ra. A. i'

Special Repair* (non-recurring charges)
corned out by the Public Works
Department.

-Myingyan 4

Pagan
Minnanthii

Tilommlo Pagoda
Sulamani Pagoda ....

45,707
14,748

2,870
877

2,867
877

JMandalay

Mandalay

Construction of Gardens on the Palaco
Platform.

89,850

13,860

12,061

Do.

PyatOiats on the Walk of Fort Dufform

4,000

3,931

*eg . .

Pegu .

Constructing a temporary shed over
the inscription ntonee at Pegu.

1,125

1,141

JUyingyan .

PwMtaW .

Dhammayazika Pagoda

37,388

tt,b30

9,734

Maiidalay

Amarapura

Jkdawi>ava'8 Tomb .

510

497

Sagaing

Sagaing .

Constructing an American wire fencing
round the Inscription shed.

TOTAL

584

240

33.462

31,344

Agency charges (S) 23 per cent. .
TOTAL

Special Repairs (non-rccumng charge*)
cwrritd out by fhe Archtrologuxil
Department.

7.69H

7,209

41,168

38,563

Aky*b

Mycihaung

Shitthnung Templft ....

15,078

2,500

2,600

Prome

Hma-wca

Excavation chargi>8 ....

TOTAL
OBANJD TOTAL, SPKOIAL REPAIRS

760

750

3,260

3,280

44,408

41,803

249
APPENDIX A contd,.

District

Locality.

Name of work and description.

Amount
of sanc-
tioned
estimate.

Allotment
for the

1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1024-26.

RD ^

BUBMA contd.

Rs.

Rs. A. r.

Annual Repairs (recurring charge*)
earned out by the Publte Works
Department.

Haathawaddy

Syriam .

Wages of Caretaker and repairs to the
old Portuguese Church.

240

230

Alandalay

Mandalay

Palace buildings ....

4,000

3,863

Do.

Pyatthats on Fort Walls .

4,000

3,921

Do.

Tawyagyaung Pagoda

100

Mandalay

Tomb of King Mindfin

Do.

Tomb of Queen Smbyumaym

Do.

Tomb of Modawgyi, Mother-in-law of
Muid^n.

Do.

Tomb of Nanmadawgyi

Mandalay

Do.
Amarapura

Tomb of Medawgyi (Laungho Queen),
Queen of Mmdfin

Tomb of Bedawpaya

300

140

139

Do.

Tomb of King Bagyidaw .

Do.

Tomb of Shwebo Mia

Do.

Tomb of King Mind fin's Mother

Do.

Taungthaman Kyauktawgyi Pagoda .

400

Do.

Pangnn and Shwediik

100

Kalagyaung

Cleiring jungle around Nandawye
Pagoda.

Do.

Clearing jungle around Letthft Pagoda

Kyaukse -.

Do.

Clearing jungle around Chanthaya

Pagoda.

180

160

Ebya

Clearing jungle around Shwezigon

Metkaya

Clearing jungle around Shweyaungdaw

Tagaung

Clearing jungle around Zma-aunggya-
ahwebontha Pagoda.

Katba

Do.

Mamgdaing .

Clearing jungle around Shwezigon
Pagoda.

Clearing jungle around Mo-mdaung
Pagoda.

240

150

Myadaung

Clearing jungle around Paungdaw-U
Carried over

9,030

8,711

250

APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality

Amount
>f sanc-

Allotment
for the

Amount spent

tioned
estimate.

year
1924-25.

during the
year 1924-25.

REMARKS.

Brought forward

Rs.

Ks.

9,0.50

Rs. A. P.

S.7H

IlURMA tOtitil.

Animal Repair* (recurring cJutrgee)
earned mit by the Public Worfar
Department contd

suwebo .<

Do.

Alaungpaya'e Tomb

Shed over the Inscription stone in
Court Hoxme compound.

150

25
11

COO

:i o o

Sagamg .

Tupayon Pagoda. ....

136

178

169

Do. .

Inscription shed ....

Sagaing .-

A\a

Okkyaung and Watch Tow er
Tazaung and Bell ....

360
150

360
166

363
89

Do. .

Sinbyume Pagoda ....

240

245

Do. .

Pondawpaya ....

Pegu . .

Pali Stone shed and an old buoy

Hmawza

Bawbawgyi Pagoda ....

Prome . 1

Do.

Lerayetlma Pagoda ....

300

273

(

Do.

BSbS Pagoda

Myingyan

Pagan .

Wages of Durwans looking after
Pagodas.

2,172

1,772

1,766

Nyaung-U

Kyaukku-Ohnmm Cave Temple

148

Do.

Hmyathat-Ohnmin Cave Temple

217

Do,

Thftnnhwet-Obnmin Cave Temple

255 0-

Do.

Sapada Pagoda ....

Do.

Kytmzittha'p Ohnmin

Pagan .

Bupaya Pagod* ....

Myingyan -

Do.

Bidagat-Taik or Library .

> 3,600

3,600*

250

Do.

Shwegugyi Pagoda ....

Do.

Thatbyinnyu Pagoda

113

Nathlaunggyaang Temple

Do.
Do.

Ngakywe-Nadaung ....
Patothamva

20
102

Do.

Mi Malaung-gyaung Temple

Carried over

15,693

38,1*4

251

APPENDIX A contd.

District.

Locality

Name of woik and description

Amount
of Bnc-

estnnatc

Allotment
for the
year
1924-25.

Amount spent
during the
year 1924-25

RXMAUCS.

lia

HH. A r.

Brought forward

1 .J,bVU

1.1,144 U

HLRMA towM.

Annual JtH'ptina (recurring ilmrges}
tamed nut by the Public Works
Depai Intent conoid

Pagan

(Jawdawpalm Pagoda

266

Do.

Mmgalazcdi Pagoda . . .

270

JMympagan

Naupaya stone Temple

Do.

Nagayon Pagoda

200

.Myingyan- -
contd.

Do.
TMyipyitsaya .

Soinnvet Ama and Semnyet Nyuna
Pagoda.

Eastern, and Western Petleik Pagoda^

C77
335

Do.

I^awkaiianda Pagoda

700

Pwaaaw .

Dhammayazilta Pagoda

Minnanthu

Pavathonzu, Than bu la and Nanda-
mannya Temjile.

Cst of matenals remaining
TOTAL

15,fi93

1/5,056

Agency cliarges @ 23 per cent. . .

TOT At.

Annu'il Re] air* (lecurrniff cJutrget) rani-
K ,i out by Ih ' ArchtKulogical Department

3,609

3,463

10,302

18,519

-Mtmdalay

Mandalay

Wages of Durwana of Palace buildings
TOTAL

GRAND TOTAL, ANNPAL REPAIRS

3,000

2,868

3,000

2,868

22,302

21,387

Burma Circle,

Total special repaint carried out by thn Archaeological Department
Total annual repairs carried out by the Archaeological Department
Total apaoial repairs carried out by the Public Works Department
Total Annual repairs earned out by the Public Works Department

QUAI> TOIAL ffOtt liVBICA

3,250

,868
38.553
18,519

" 63,190
2L 2

252

APPENDIX A contd.

(b) EXPENDITURE ON CONSERVATION.
and Central India.

Xamo of work and: description.

Amount Bjwnt
during the year
1924-25.

REMARKS.

AJMJCBJS

tips Kil Repairs (nun'recurrm^ charges) tarried out by the
Public Work* Department.

Constructing a Kitchen and Latrine for the Faquc Chowkidar
residing at the Adhai-dm-ka Jhonpra, Ajmer.

Affixing two Nofce Boards at Adhai-dm-ka Jhonpra, Ajmer .

A ntvual Hepatrt (recurring < hat (/*) rarrried out Ity the
Puhhc W<srk* Department,

Annual Repairs to Archaeological Building* during 1924-25

Maintenance of the Marble Baradariea at the Anasagar
Bund.

Special Repairs and strengthening South -West Corner of
Baradari No. 2 at the Anasagar Bund, Ajmer.

Rebuilding a portion of the compound wall at the Adhai-
dia-ka Jhonpra, Ajrner.

Rs. A. P.
1,701 10
30 12

521 3
2,489 1 6
26 4

136 5

4,905 3 6
1,637

Age y g i

TOTAI,

6,542 3 6

253

APPENDIX A contd.

Distribution from the total Archaeological Reserve of JRs.

a.
Allotted for pay of watchman attached to Temple at Gandikota, Cuddappali District,

Madras . .... ... .96

Repair to notice board at Lanjidibba . . . . Ra. 22 ^

Special repair to Veerabhadra Chotea temple, Motupalh - . . ,, 46 J

Boundary pillars around the Deopara Tank at Ra]ahahi 176

Special repair to Masjid of Baba Adam at Rampal, Dacca District . . . 1,000

Annual repair to Roman Catholic Church at Bardhana, District Meenit (half coat) . 150

Improvements to water cistern at Cave No. I, Elephanta, Bombay . . - 4,230

Construction of Petrol and Oil godown at Taxila 307

Maintenance of Hazrat Mian Mir and Baradari of Maharaja Sher Singh in Lahore . 1,071

Repairs to Bandar Fort, Masulipatam 17

Dismantling the ruined mandapa in front of the Narasimha Temple at Poddamudiem,

Cuddappah District .160

Purchase of antiquities ........ 2,000

Repair to Itimaddaulah, Chmika Roza, Khan-i-Alam Garden and Roman Catholic

Cemetery .... - 5,000

Repairs to Dutch Cemetery inside the Fort at Sadras (Madras) .... 29

Laying out of the Shalamar Garden, Lahore ....... 300

Uniform and badge for the ohaukidar at Udaigiri Caves, Bihar and Oriasa . . 16

Repair of Palace enclosure called Nizpat, Jamtiapur, Assam .... 738

Improvements to Asaf Khan's Tomb, Shahdara 360

Excavation at Harappa 3,000

Conservation of antiquities, Dwarahat, (Completion of the work) . 1,068

Excavations at Mohenjo-daro . ..... . 3,000

Revised estimate Bhubaneswar Temple ....'.. . 191

Rebuilding a portion of the compound wall at the Adhai-dm-ka-Jhonpra . . 189

Special repair to mosque at Kusumba, Rajshahi 130

Agency charges for repair to Aeaf Khan's Tomb at Bhahdara . , . . 66
Travelling allowance for officers Superintendent, ATohe&ological Survey, Hindu and

Buddhist Monuments, Northern Circle 1,000

Repair to Raja Rani Temple Bhubaneswar and Khangin Caves, Bihar and Onasa . 856

Karle Oaves 2,000

Construction of godown and caretakers' quarters, Mohenjo-daro .... 2,000

Annual repairs to monuments in Agra District 4,000

Const itucion of groynes below Shah Nawaz's tomb, Burhanpur, Central Provinces 1,000

Annual reports and Merooira 5 >0

Travelling allowance for officers in the office ol the Superintendent, Archaeological

Survey, Eastern Circle *W

Camera for tbe office of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, Western Circle . 400

Biahnudole Temple, Ganmagar 260

Travelling allowance of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, Frontier Cirole r

estabiiahment Rs. 350 and officers Rs. 250 600

Carried over . 40,858

254

APPKNPJX A concld.

Rs.

Brought forward . 40,858

Excavation at Ifaiappa . 2,000

Excavation at Mohenjo-daro 1,000

Repans to Jagnei Fort, Agra District 638

Excavation at Mohonjo-daro 4,000

Preservation of Nanagliat Inscnptions ..... . 200

RepaitB to the tank of Harischandia in the Daoca District 891

Piowding pueca. platform to photographic building at Archaeological office, Patna 32

Repairs to City wall A kola, Central Provinces 200

Directoi Goueial'H Libiary 800

Sho\\ -canen in the oflhoe of the Supeimtendent, Archaeological Section, Indian

Museum . 2,000

Notme-boards in the office of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, Muham-

niadan and British Monumento 725

Tank of Harischandra at Rampal, Dacca 500

I'ublication of Dnector GenemrB Reports and Memoiis 5,075

Purchase of safe m the office of the Superintendent, Archaeological Survey, Western

Cncle, 700

Purchase of antiquities 600

60,119

255

APPENDIX B.

List of exhibits acquired for the Indian Museum, Archaeological Section, during

the year 1924-25.

PURCHASED.
Sculptures of the old Mat Jim a SeJiool of Ait.

1. N.8. 4277. Figure with the head of a bearded buffalo with another figure seated on the

shoulder (3fx 2").
2-3. N. S. 4279-80. Heads (3i"xlf, 2|"x2f).

4. 2V. S. 4964 Fragment of a railing pillar with a female figure (17|"x8 w ).

5. N. S. 4965 .Pedestal of an image with inscription (13|"xl3|*).

6. N. S. 4966. Fragment with an elephant on a lotus (15" x 6").

Later Meehcrral Rculptwesfrom MatJtwa,

7. N. S. 4264.~Lmg& (red sandatono) with a face (4" X 1|")

8. N. S. 4262. Brast image of Lakshnn-Narayana with an msciiption on the back dated flamvat 1633

Wx2f).

9. N 8. 4263. Image of Vishnu (grey sandstone , 4J"x2i").

10. N. S. 4265.In\&ge of Vishnu (blaok basalt ; 4f*x2|*).

11. N, S. 4266. Sculpture showing young Krishna holding up the mountain Govardhana (grey sand-

stone ; 2|"X3").

12. N. S. 4267. Ganesha (blackish sandstone; 2f"x2J/').

13. TV. S. 4278. Head (grey sandstone , 4"x2").

14. N.S. 4963. Image of Saraevati (jrrey sandstone , Iif"x4").

Terracotta jigunwtb from Mathwa

15. JV. -S. 4268 Image of Mahisasuramardmi (7fx3f ).

16. N. S. 426U Image of Kuvera (9"x4f ).

17. IV. S. 4270. Image of a pair of human beings (4| / 'x2r).

18. N. S. 4271. Image of a female (4f X2J*).

19-20. JV. S. 4272-75. Busts of female figures (4"x3", 2J"x2|').
21-22. TV. S, 4273-74- Heads (Sfxdj*, 2"x3^).

23. N.8. 4276. Bustof anape (3i"x2f).

Later Medwval Sculplvrtsfrom Bengal.

24. TV. S. 4282. Qwy sandstone image from Chittagong (15"xir).

25. TV. S. 4283. Black stone image of Viahnu from Abdullapur, Dacca (2'xT 11").

26. TV. 8. 4288 Gwuda of black basalt from Panohaaar near Kampal, Dacca {!' 11' X 1").

27. N. S. 4289. Image of Vishnu from Rampai, Dacca (2'XlOJ*).

28. N. S. 4967. Sandstone image of Siva Natataja. Siva has 12 arms and dances on a bull, From

Durgapur, District Chittagong (4' 5" XI' 6").

29. A T . 8. 4971 Head of a stone figure from Benares (6 J" x 8").

256

APPENDIX B contd.
PRESENTATIONS.

Mr. W. 8. /, Wilson, Calcutta.
"30-31 N. S 4 '>24-4 r >'J6. Ancient Egyptian earthen lamps (4" and 5")

The Nagod Daibar.

82-89. N >S' 49M5-4M12 . 58 specimens of carved atones including sculptures from the Gupta temple at
Bhumara

Mrs Dcvffia.

90. N K 4284 Inscribed Terracotta thumb.

91-93 A'. S. 4285-4287 - Carved rectangular sandstone slabs Excavated at Gunda (Oudh) Railway
Station,

Babu Actiyuta Kumar Mitia.

94. N. 8. 4290. Lower portions of an image of Hara-Gaun (!' 2"x 10"). From Kaukdakuri, District

Hooghly.

95. N. S. 4291. Upper half of an image of Mara (8"x5"). From Bhuvanesvar, District Pun,
Orissa

Superintendent t Archaokgunl burvty, Eastern Circle.

96. N. S. 4281. Terracotta idol, an elephant with a rider From Baranagar temple. District Murshida-

bad, Bengal (3" x 2|"x 2$").

97. N. S. 4259. Inscribed clay seal from Isvanpur, District Khulna, Bengal (2"x2r).

98-99. N. 8. 4256-4257. Two bricks with vfises from the Quoran inscribed from the Mosque at
Samaj, District Pabna (14|"x8", 10-9" X 08")

On loan f torn the Director Gcncial o' Atchogologt/ in India.

Antiquities excavated by Mr. R. D. Banerji at Mohenjo-daro, Smd in 1922-23

Terracotta objects ... 558

Stone, objects .... 580

Stucco and clay objects ... ... 22

Inscribed objects including seals with piotographic legends . . 4

Metal objects . 70

Antiquities excavated by Mr M S. Vats at Moheujo-daro, Bind in 1923-24 :

Terracotta objects 241

Calcium carbonate objects 25

Stone objects 138

Hholl objects 97

Copper objects 44

Miscellaneous objects 21

Seals with piotographio legends 8

N. S. 4488-4489. Two casts of Harappa seals.

N. S. 4292-4329 Fragments of painted Cretan pottery.

N. 8 4330-4368 and 4484 .--Fragments of glazed Seistan pottery and a glass bangle.

y. tf. Mto'.~ Fragment of Manryan Umbrella.

JV. S 42tiO.~ Gandhara sculpture with a seated figure, of Buddha and three worshippers under an arcl

257
APPENDIX B contrf.

N S. 4443-4463. Clay objects (toys) from the neighbourhood of Bhita, District Allahabad-

N . 4486 Iverjr bangle. *)

N. S. 4486. Copper bangle. ^frora Bhita.

N, 8. 4487 Goldsmith's melting cup J

N. S 4493-94. Copies of two irescoe paintings from Polonnaruva

N. S. 4502-4512 Clay seals

N. S 4465-66. Gaharwa Copper plate grant of King Karnnadeva, lord of Tnkahnga and the seal.

N. S 4300.- Crude human figure of unbaked oltty ooated with red paint from Sangla hill in the Punjab

(8"x6f).

N S. 4398-4399 Fragments of sculptured baked bricks from Pagan, Burma
N S 4400-01 --Fragments of baked bricks with floral device and tiacew of glaze
JV. S 4402-05 Clay toys.
JV. S 4397 < Terracotta toy ram.
JV S. 4464.- Miscellaneous beads.

JV. S- 4467-69. Wooden letter carriers from Central Asia.
JV S. 4470-78 Miscellaneous beads from Central Asia.

JV. S. 4479-80. Plaster casts of mythical animals ; winged lions with fish's tails.
JV. 8. 4481-82. Plaster cast of a miniature pillar with a fully caparisoned horse engiaved m the middle,
N S. 4495-01 Casts of seals m the British Museum.
JV. 8 4513-14.fte&\ impressions on wax (later-medurval).
JV. S. 45/5-22. Seal impressions from the British Museum.

JV, S. 4261.- -Bronze image of Nataraja Siva with a circular halo of flames (ht 3' 6"xbd. 3'}.
JV. S. 4370.- Brass images of Siva and Durga seated on 9 high throne with one leg of eaoh dangling down

to the pedestal and serving an legs of the throne , small figure of a snake, Ganesa and a bull (6" X

2|") on the pedoital

JV. S. 4371, 4374, 4375, 1379, 4380, 4382, 438t - -Miscellaneous brass images.
JV. S. 4372 Brass pedestal of images (?) with a half-knoelmg figure with folded hands in front of it

(^'Xlf')-
IV. 8 4373 Two cows of brass each with a calf standing on a pedestal of four legs (3f X 2 f *).

JV. -S 4376 Brass image of Lakshrai (3|"xlf")-

N. S 4377. Copper image of Ganosa with four arms.

JV 8. 4378 Brass figure of a male holding an elephant goad in each hand (3|*X2*).

JV. 8 4381.- -Five headed cobra of brass (2" x 1").

N. S. 4383 Brass image of Bala-Knshna ; high top-knot of hai* on head (2|"x 1 *)

JV. 8. 4385-4396 ~ Fragments of bras* reliefs with ngures of Buddha and other deities. From Lhassa.

JV. S 4490-91 Brass seals (modern)

JV. 8. 4492.Rras plate with inscription.

JV. S 523. Gold plated nag with a signet seal.

2t.S. 4255. Person orved ivory Hword handle with a passage from the Quran engraved on it (5$ X2J ).

JV. S. 4258. A Mughal dagger The scabbard has a stone handle (15i* length).

N. S. 4407-4442.- Torki manuscripts,

AT. 8. 4483. Brass cup with Quianic verses and Arabic charms inscribed on it.

On permanent lorn from the Government of India.

y.8. *P7MOT.-Carved fcnofcslrom the-MftBJulof Baba Adam** Qaw Qftiba, Rarnpal, Dutnot Dacca.

2 M

258
APPENDIX B contd.

LIST O* COlNb ACQUIRED FOB THT, INDIAN MUSEUM, ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION, DURING THE YEAR 1924-25.

1. NoH-Muhammadan.

Hull f * mime

Dynaslj

Gold

Silver

Copper

Plaster
Cast.

TOTAI*

By whom pre-
sented or lent.

Afifttbov.li"-

Indo-Ciw^k

On loan from D G.
A,

Apollo.loK,'

1)0

btrnt.i \

IK*

Do,

lclct.hu-

Do.

Mum--,

Indo-Pftithian .

Axes 1

Do .

Ayilwt-K

Do. .

A/es 11 .

J>0 .

Do.

Gondd i there*

Do. .

Soter Me^ah

Do .

Do.

Do .

Kadphue*

Kuahan .

Kadphuen 11

Do. ...

Kanuhka .

Do ...

Huvishka ....

Do.

Vasudevo ....

Do.

Do (Ktdara)

8varaL B liita

Kuahano-Sasgftnian .

Do,

Pun (Orissan) Kiisban

910

Preuented by the
Asiatic Society
of Bengal who re-
oeived it from the
Collector of Bala-
BOW. if

Kriahaaraja

Roahtrakuta

Proaented by" the
Director of Indus-
tries, Central
Provinces.

Rudra Simha 1 .

\\ Kabiitiapft .

1 1

On loan from D. G.

....

Do .

....

Balabhi .

Do.

Jiahnu (?) .

Carried over

Do.

1,065

Ul*

259
APPENDIX B contd.

Ruler's name.

Dy nasty.

Gold

Silver

Coppor

Plaster

Cast

TOTAL.

By whom pre
sented or tout

Brought forward

1,055

1.112

...

Ancient India
Punch- marked.

140

141

On loan from D G,
A,

....

North -Inch a ii locals
Ayodhya

....

North-Indian locals
Avanti.

Do,

.Brihaajmtimitra .

North-Indian locale
Kosani.

....

Notth-indian locals
Koeam

....

N<Mth-Indian locals.
Taxila

....

Pandialatmttra

Do,

....

North Indian Miscel-
laneous.

101

104

....

Andhra .

Do.

....

Mediaeval Imlo-Sa*-
sanian.

Do.

....

!><> Gadhaiya .

Do.

....

Mediaeval Northern
India (Kotu)

Do.

....

Kangra

Do.

Surendra Vikrama

Nepal

Do.

~ ~ * * * *

South Indian

Presented by the
Superintendent ,
GoTt. Miueum,
Jtf&dra*

....

Ancient Ceylon .

On loan from D G.
A.

....

Ancient Chinese

224

Do.

....

Ancient Indo-Chinese

Do.

....

Modern European

Purobaaed.

....

CJ. B. America .

Do.

....

Modern Awatic .

Do.

....

French East India Co.

Presented bv the
Supdt,, Govt,
Museum, Madras.

....

E. I. Co .

Purchased.

....

Indian Empire .

I>>.

Native State .
TOTJU.

Do.

1,57

1,768

260

APPENDIX B contd.
II. Muhammadan.

Ruler's name.

]>ynaty.

Billon

Gold.

Silver.

Copper.

Plaeter
Cast.

TOTAL.

By whom
presented
orient,

Muhammad Tughlmj
Mahmud Tughlaq .

Delhi
Do

2
1

2
3

On loan from
D. G. A.
Do.

QhiyaHuddm Tughlaq

Do.

Pimz Hhah Tughlaq

Do.

Muhammad 11

Do.

Mubarak Hhah

Do.

Ibrahim Lndi .

Do.

Dudet'iphered .

Do.

Kahmullah

Bahmani

Muhammad Shah .

Do.

]

Do.

Mahmud Shah

Do.

Ghiyas Shah

Malw.ih

Do.

Mh mud Hhah

Do.

Hoahang Shah

I'o .

Do.

Undeuphered

Do .

Do.

Mueaffar Shah III .

Gujrat

]

Do.

Mahmud Shh III .

Do.

Bahadur Shah

Do. .

Do.

Muhammad Shah I .

Undecnphered

Ho.

Do.

Murtaza

Nizam Shahi

Do.

Mahmud Shah

Jaunpur

]

Do.

bang ram 8inh

Mewar

Do.

Jawa

Do.

Egyp*

Do.

Akbarl ....

Mughal

Do.

Jahftngir

Do.

Shfthjahan

Do.

108

Do.

Auraugzb

Do.

Morad Baksh .

Do.

Shab Shuja .

Do.

Shah Alm I .

Do.

!fi

Do.

Jfttmndar Shah

Do.

( Darned over

190

131

831

APPENDIX B contd.

Ruler's name.

Dynasty.

Billon.

Gold.

Silver.

Copper.

Plaster

OftBt.

TOTAL.

Bv whom
prewmtod

or lent.

Brought forward.

190

131

331

Farrukhaiyar .

Mughal .

On loan from
I) (3. A.

Rafiuddarajat .

Do.

Do,

Ibrahim .

Do.

Muhammad Shah .

Do.

1)0

Ahmad Shah .

Do.

Alamgir 11

Do.

Shahjahan III

Shah Alam II .

BedarBakht .

Do.

Muhammad ALbar 11

Do.

Undeciphered .

Do.

Akbar I

Do.

Piesentod by
Rao Krishna

pal Singh of

Avagarh.

Do.

Presented by

Director of

Indus t r i e g,

Central Pro-

vinces

Shah ahan

Do.

Aurangzeb

Do.

Shah Alam I .

Do.

Muhammad Shah

Do.

Presented by
Uw Govern-

ment of the

United Pro

vincea.

Alamgir II ...

Do.

Shahjahan III

Do.

Shah Alam II .

Do.

Akbar I

Do.

Presented L>y

Mr. N. A

Do. .

Do.

Carried over

170

262

ArrENDix B contd.

By whom

Ruler's name.

J)jaetv

Billon

Gold.

Silver.

Copper,

Plaster
Cast.

TOTAL.

presented
or lent.

Brought toward.

3U5

176

593

Shah Ala in Jl .

Mughal

Mi N. A
Hilton.

Muhammad TuKliloq

Delhi

Do.

Asafjah ....

H\ dot abed

Do.

\\ ajed Ah

Luc-know

Turkish

Egypt

Do.

Muhammud Shah .

Mughal

Purchased.

Shah Alum 11 .

Do.

Shuh Alani

Do .

Presented by
the Govt.

M u s e u ro.

Madras

KaUmulluh

Bahinam

Alampir .

Mughal

Do.

bhab Alain JI .

Do .

Muhammad Shall

Do. .

Ahmad Khali .

Do. .

hhabjahan

Do .

Presented by
tho Bombay

B r a n c h,

Roval Asiatic

SoJitty.

Muhammad Shah .

Do. .

Do.

TOTAL

418

177

024

GKAD Tout.

Billon
Gold

Silver .
Copper
PlMtor cast

474

1,834

2,382

263

APPENDIX B conttL
List of exhibits acquired for the Delhi Museum during the year 1924-25.

PRESENTED.

Chief Commissioner, Delhi.
88 Specimens of Goveinment of India postage stamps issued between 1865-1876.

The Superintendent} Muhammadan and ttittufi Monument*, Northern Circli
Photograph of Humayun's tomb at Delhi.

PURCHASED.

Farman of Akbar granting 1,451 bigfias and 8 h&was of land, one hundred rupees cash and one rupee daily
for the maintenance of a tomb at Sohfia (a village m the Gurgaon district) Subah Barker Delhi. It is dated the
5th year of the reign of that emperor (1560 A,D.)

On loan from the Director General of Arcliaeohgy in India.

1 . Farman of Shahjahan issued in favour of Sayyid Muhaid-d-Dm of Delhi granting him 150 l,ghas of arable
land from the Pargana of Jhajjar, Sarkar Delhi as a means of livelihood. It is dated the 8th year of the reign
of Shahjahan.

2 Farman of Aurangzeb issued in favour of a lady named Nur Bano, the wife of Shaikh Mahmud granting
her 40 faghwt of land from the Pargana of Jhajjar, Subah Daru-1-Khilafat of Shabjahanabad as a means of
livelihood. It is dated the 29th of Muharrain, the 36th year of Aurangzeb's reign.

3 Sanad issued by the prince Jawan Bakht Bahadur, the heir-apparent of Shah Alam II, in favour of
Sayyid Arshad All and others to the efiect that an income of 45,781 darns was conferred upon them from the
jagir of the Pargana of Amroha, Sarkar Sambhal, Subah Daru-1-Khilafat Shahjahanabad. It IB dated the
7th year (1765-1766 A.D.) of the reign of Shah Alam II.

4. Portrait representing Akbar and Jahangir shooting tigers.

5. Thirty broken pieces of marble JdU work.

6. Bound Volume of " the Punjabee ", a weekly newspaper published from Lahore m 1857.

7. Twenty-three Persian tiles (from Mr. H. Nelson Wright's collection).

8. Eight Persian vases (from Mr. H. Nelson Wright's collection)

9. Tapestry carpet.

10. Portrait of Begum Samru.

264

APPENDIX B contd.
LIST or COINS ACQUIRED FOR THE DELHI MESEUM DURING THE YEAR 1924-25

Hiilor'H name.

Dynasty

Gold

Silver

Copper.

TOTAL.

PKKSHNTKD

The (ionrnment of the United ProviiWtH

Alauddiu Muhammad Shah II

Khalji

(ihiyafltiddm TiiKhla<|

Tiighlaq

Huam Baicjia . ...

King of Khorusan .

Babar . - .

Mughal

llumnvnn

Do .

Akbar . ...

Do .

Jahan^ir .... ...

Shahjnhan ......

A I

Do.

Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I

Do .

Jabaadar Shah

Do. .

Farrukhftiyar .

Muhammad Shah . ...

Ahmad Shah .

Do .

AUmairll

Do
Do

The Punjab Government.

Mughal

Do .

Finmbay Branch Royal Astattr Society.

S'ltthjftimn

Mughal ...

AuruHg/b

Do ....

Carried over

265
APPENDIX B contd.

Rufer'i name.

Dynasty.

Gold

Silver.

Copper.

TOTAL.

]

Brought forward

ft>

The Director of Industries, Central Provinces.

Muelial ....

Do ...

]

Muhammad Shah bm Latif 8hah ....
Ahmad Shah II ... .
HoshaafShah

Kalyan Das of BaretUy.
Qutbuddm Mubarak fehah

Mr. H. kelson Wrtgkt.
Sultans of Delhi . . " .

King of Gujr&t
Bahmanis ....
King of Malwa

Khalj.
(Unclaerifiwl coins)

10
4

J,.M4

1
JO
4

1
1.344

O LQAXT F80M THX DlBBOTOB GKHKBAI. OT

AAOHJKJI.OOY
Muhammad bin Sam ......

Slave . .
Do ...

10
5

Rau

Do
Do

1
1

Do. ...

Noairuddin Mahmud
Gbiyasuddin Balban . . . .
Muizzuddin Ktuqubad ...

Do
Do.
Do. .
Do

<4
;i
G

4
U

Ohaznawid .

]

Durrani . .

Khalj i

Do ....

Canted over

174

1,301

1,000

APPENDIX B contd.

Ruler'* name.

Dynwty.

Gold

Silver

Copper

TOTAfc.

Brought forward

174

1,361

1,600

ON LOAN FROM THE DlBBOTQB QXKVBAZ. OF

AmoH^oiiOor condct.

Kh*lji .

Do. . .

Ghiyftftuddm Tughlaq . ....

TuRhlaq

Muhammad bin Tughlaq

Do ....

Fath Khan, Firoz Shah

GhiyaBuddin Tughlaq 11 ...

Do ...

1
1

Muhammad bin v irnx . ....

Do ...

QhiyaHtiddiu Mtvhnaud . ....

Do. ...

NuwatShab. . ....

Do ...

Zafar Khan, Firo? Shah

Mubarak Shah - . .

Savvul

Muhammad bin Kand

Do .

Sber Shnh

Sui

Islam bhali

Do ....

Mubanunad Add Sliah ...

Do ....

Hikandar . ...

Akbar .... .

Mughal ....
Do. .

9
3

15
3

Shah ahan

Auranpzub . .

lit

Shah Alain Bahadur 8hah . .

Do ....

Jahandar Shah ... ...

Do ....

Farrukhwyat ... ...

Do ....

Muhammad Shah ... ...

Ahmad Mhah

Alawgir 11

Sbahjahan 111

Do ....

Shah Alain 11

Ik)
Io

20
2

GRAND TOTAL

102

429

1,368

267

APPENDIX B contd:
IList of exhibits acquired for the Taj Museum, Agra during the year 1924-25.

PRESENTED.
Mr. H. R. Ntxttt.
One Marahta GUI).

PURCHASED.

1. A sanad issued by Amjad Khan, the Sadru-s-Sadur of Shah Alam Bahadur Shnh appointing one Hatiz
Muhammad Hasan to teaoh the Quran to new Muslim converts at the tomb of the Empctoi Shahjahan (i.f. t
the Taj).

2. 22 Photographic vie\\s of the floods of 1924

3. A sanad issued under the seal impression of Abdul Haq, an official of the Emperor Auiang/eb, in lavouT
ofaladyBibi Zohra and others granting 100 bighas of land from the Pargana of Jhajjat Subah Daru-1-
Khilafat Shahjahanabad as a means of livelihood. The sanad is dated the 46th yeat of the reign of Aurangzob.

List of antiquities found at Taxila and added to the Museum during

the year 1924-25.

Sir leap- -

Tenacotta and potteries, consisting of gharas, handi, lota, cups, lamps, wheels, toy,

human figures and animals, spindle whirls, brioks, etc 404

Stone objects, consisting of caskets, cups, cunystones, pestles, plaques, spindle whirl,

etc 64

Copper and Bronze objects, consisting of pans, ladles, cups, goblets, rings, ant imony

lods, incense burnt rs, hair-pins, etc . ....... 87

Iron consisting of wheels, pans, nails, keys, picLaxs, hammers, arrow-heads, jarnper,

chisels, bells, stables, etc 75

Gold, consisting of ear-rings, necklace, pendants, beads, bangles, seals, etc. . . 12

Silver consisting of hngei ring, and bangles . 3

Lead, antimony painter .... ...... 1

Stucco objects (Jleadrf, etc ) 4

Glass and miscellaneous objects, consisting of fragments of bangles, crucibles, mi<:a>

etc 43

Shell and bone objects consisting oi fragments of bangles, stands, hail divides, JHJIB,

playing dice, oouric, mother of pearl, etc ....... 7ti

Beads, pendants and gems of various shapes consisting of agate, cornelian, shell, lapis-

lazuli, glass, ivory, chalcedony, amethyst, garnets, etc 242

ijBAtr Mound

Terracotta and potteries water bottles, gharas, dram pipes, pedestals, miniature
ghara, jar, etc , handi, flask, tumblers, cups, lamps, lids, spindle whirls, toy,

human figure and animals, etc. . oi;

Stone objects curry stone, pestles, spindle whirl, potters' dabber, touch-stone, grind-

x ing stone, wheels, etc .39

Ooppur and broniie objects, consisting of bangles, antimony rods, nails, rods, etc. 58

Silver-ring 1

Lead-hook and scroll .... . . 2

268

APPENDIX

s, tods, elephant's goad, arrow-heads, olarnps, axes, knives, square stool, etr. 38'

Glass and miscellaneous objoots, fragments of bangles, raioa, etc ..... 23

Beads, pendants ana gems, etc , of various utonefl ....... 145

Bono and Hhell objects, consisting of arrow-heads, hair dividers, reels, placing dice,

fragments of bangles eto .......... 91

Terracotvta and potteries lids, cups, lamps, lotas, Bpmdle whirl, eto. ... 36

Stone, ball and Gandhara head ......... . 2

Btiads and gems of glass, agate, cornelian, eto. ....... 14

Shell and bone objects, mother of pearl and coune ....... 4

Metal Bronze, ear-ring ........... 1

Iron, ring and sickle . ........ 2

Fragments of glass objects . ..... , . . 3

List of coins purcJtased for the Tamla Museum.

Silver com of Auilises ............ 1

Silver coin of Agathokles ........... 1

Silver coin of A^is I ........... . 1

Silver punch -marked coins . ........ 12

TOTAL . 16

269

APPENDIX
LIST OF COINS UNEARTHED AT TAXILA.

Gold

Coppci

Shtr Mound.

Punch-marked coin* ....
Local Taxila .....
Illegible

Sirkap.

Local Taxila

Ai>ollodotaB ......

Menander ......

Stralo

Diotnedee ....

Hermaios .......

Mauoe .

Azis I

AzisII

Aria with Aapav&rma ....

Gondopharee

Abdagasee

Hermaios with Kadphiaen .

Kadphiae*

Kaniahka

VaBtideva

Rajuvala ... .
Illegible

fieri stupa

Looal Taxila

SotarMeg*.

4
18
2

1
1

90
102

16
1

102

41-

Illegible

Bvjran.

270

APPENDIX G.

Additions to Departmental Libraries.

Namo of office.

1'xiok* purchaMt^d

Books presented

TOTAL.

REMARKS.

Director (Jonoral ....

IK.

1J5*

251

* Include* 90 received in
exchange 85 journals
weir aho received.

Not them Oirc-le

Miiiiamiuiulan nnd Bntinh Monu-

IHMltH

Hitidu ii nd Buddhist MonuomnUi

<)7

J-'i'Mili'M Circle

\V>.n>in (irclc

:io

(Vnttu'dicfci

Ka-toru l)iKlc>

151

Southern rude

TlurnmCiitU'
GOT. fi itiuent EpigrajihiBt

28
118

I27t

Uf,
200

t lacludo-* (>1 prest-nteil
by the CJ'Jvrmmont of
Sioni

AfcniHtiit ArohfD(>lo(iioa] Sujxsnnten-
dent for Epigrajdiy, 8<mthern
( m Ic-

58J

132

% Included 25 icceived in
exchange

Ai *- hieologu'dl Cht-rnist

ArLtuBtilcgirut S*t'tion, Indian

160

197

MOIIVM X S-26~30>8.27 600.

I'AIJAK; 1>HAMMAVAKJKA 1'MiGBA,

12 1,1 NI.'IH I )

!) TAMI.A THK

MOHCNJO-DARO

MonENTOl>AHO CONTOIK IM.VN OF \NrJISTSlIl-S

MOHKNJO- D.VMO ; WBM^PRBSKKVKO I,NTK VAHR

KXr.VVATFONH.

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